Beak Trimming Methods - Review

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Volumn 13, Issue 11, 2000, Pages 1619-1637

  Glatz, P C ^a  

^a SOUTH AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Beak Trimming; Cannibalism; Poultry Welfare

Indexed keywords

EID: 0348247015     PISSN: 10112367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2000.1619     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Abrahamsson P., R. Tauson and K. Elwinger. 1996. Effects on production, health and egg quality of varying proportions of wheat and barley in diets for two hybrids of laying hens kept in different housing systems. Acta. Agric. Scand. An. Sci. 46:173-182.
2. Adams, R. L. 1992. Effect of red plastic lenses on egg production, feed per dozen eggs, and mortality of laying hens. J. App. Poult Res. 1:212-220.
3. Ali, A and M. A. Wahid. 1985. Control measures of feather pecking in layers-a review. Poult. Adviser, October, pp. 53-56.
4. Allen, J. and G. C. Perry. 1975. Feather pecking and cannibalism in a caged layer flock. Br. Poult. Sci. 16:441-451.
5. Ambrosen, T. and V. E. Petersen. 1997. The influence of protein level in the diet on cannibalism and quality of plumage of layers. Poult. Sci. 76:559-563.
6. Andrade, A. N. and J. R. Carson. 1975. The effect of age of debeaking on future performance of White Leghorn pullets. Poult. Sci. 54:666-674.
7. Appleby, M. C., G. S. Hogarth, J. A. Anderson, B. O. Hughes and C. T. Whittemore. 1988. Performance of a deep litter system for egg production. Br. Poult. Sci. 29:735-751.
8. Appleby, M. C. and B. O. Hughes. 1991. Welfare of laying hens in cages and alternative systems, environmental, physical and behavioural aspects. Wlds. Poult. Sci. J. 47:109-128.
9. Arbi, A., R. B. Cumming and M. Wodzica-Tomaszewska. 1983. Effects of vision-restricting polypeepers on the behaviour of laying hens during adaptation, feeding, on general activity, agonistic behaviour and pecking damage. Br. Poult Sci. 24:371-381.
10. Atteh, J. O. and A. Ajakaiye. 1993. Preference of laying hens for different protein sources in a cafeteria type feeding system. Nig. J. An. Prod. 20:128-136.
11. Bakker, I. F. 1999. Precision debeaking in heavy breeders. Avian Farms Technical Literature. Newsletter on line, accessed 26 May, 1999. URL:http://www.avianfarms.com/ english/news/TN697ENg.html.
12. Beane, W. L., P. B. Siegel and J. S. Dawson. 1967. Size of debeak guide and cauterisation time on the performance of leghorn chickens. Poult. Sci. 46:1232.
13. Bell, D. D. 1982. Effects of beak-trimming and cage density on laying hens. Progress in Poult., no 24.
14. Bell, D. D. 1984. California vaccination, beak-trimming and moving practices. University of California Cooperative Extension Miscellaneous Publication.
15. Bell, D. D. 1996. Can egg producers afford too not beak-trim their flocks? 45th Western Poultry Disease Conference. Cancun, Mexico.
16. Bell, D. D. 1998. Performance and fearfulness during the production phase of Leghorn Hens reared utilising alternative beak-trimming techniques. Californian Poult. Letter, January.
17. Blokhuis, H. J. and J. H. M. Metz. 1996. An evaluation on aviary housing for laying hens. Proceedings XVth Worlds Poultry Congress, New Delhi, 2-5 Sept, Vol. 2. pp. 821-830.
18. Blokhuis, H. J. and P. R. Wiepkema. 1998. Studies of feather pecking in poultry. The Veterinary Quarterly. 20:6-9.
19. Bock, R. R. and Y. Samberg. 1990. Vaccination of day-old-chicks against Fowl Pox with the Robot AG-4500. Israel J. Vet. Med. 45(3):187.
20. Bolla, G. K. 1977. Proper debeaking vital to successful layer management. Poult. Notes July. pp. 19-22.
21. Bolla, G. K. 1990. Beak-trimming-the precision block method. Agfact A5.2.5, second edition. NSW Agriculture and Fisheries.
22. Bramhall, E. L. 1967. Development of precision debeaking for week-old chicks. Poult. Sci. 46:1237.
23. Breward, J. and M. J. Gentle. 1985. Neuroma formation and abnormal afferent nerve discharges after partial beak amputation (beak-trimming) in poultry. Experientia. 41: 1132-1135.
24. Carey, J. B. 1989. Timing beak-trimming. Egg Industry, September. pp. 26-27.
25. Carey, J. B. 1990. Influence of age at final beak-trimming on pullet and layer performance. Poult. Sci. 69:1461-1466.
26. Carey, J. B. and B. W. Lassiter. 1995. Influence of age at final beak-trim on productive performance of commercial layers. Poult. Sci. 74:615-619.
27. Church, J. S. 1992. The effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour and productivity of caged White Leghorn hens, Gallus gallus domesticus, MSc Thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
28. Cunningham, D. L. and J. M. Mauldin. 1996. Cage housing, beak-trimming and induced moulting of layers. A review of welfare and production issues. J. App. Poult. Res. 5:63-69.
29. Craig, J. V. 1992. Beak-trimming benefits vary among egg-strain pullets of different genetic stocks. Poult. Sci. 71:55-58.
30. Craig, J. V. and H. -Y. Lee. 1990. Beak-trimming and genetic stocks effects on behaviour and mortality from cannibalism in White Leghorn-type pullets. App. An. Beh. Sci. 25:107-123.
31. Craig, J. V. and W. M. Muir. 1993. Selection for reduction of beak-inflicted injuries among caged hens. Poult. Sci. 72:411-420.
32. Craig, J. V. and W. M. Muir. 1996. Group selection for adaptation to multiple-hen cages beak-related mortality, feathering, and body weight responses. Poult. Sci. 75:294-302.
33. Devor, M. and Z. H. Rappaport. 1990. In: Pain Syndromes in Neurology (Ed. H. L. Fields). Butterworths, London. pp. 47-76.
34. Duncan, I. J. H. and B. O. Hughes. 1973. The effect of population size and density on feather pecking. 4th European Poult. Conference, London. pp. 629-634.
35. Duncan, I. J. H., G. S. Slee, E. Seawright and J. Breward. 1989. Behavioural consequences of partial beak amputation (beak-trimming) in poultry. Br. Poult. Sci. 30:479-488.
36. Eidson, C. S., S. H. Kleven and P. Villegas. 1975. Efficacy of intratracheal administration of Newcastle Disease vaccine in day-old chicks. Poult. Sci. 55:1252-1267.
37. Elliot, M. 1995. Factors influencing feathering in commercial pullets and layers. Poult. Adviser. 28(5):45-48.
38. Ellson, H. A. 1990. Design and management of different production systems. In: Proceedings of the 8th European Poult. Conference, Barcelona. pp. 186-195.
39. Engstrom, B. and G. Schaller. 1993. Experimental studies of the health of laying hens in relation to housing system. In: Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. C. J. Savory and B. O. Hughes). Potters Bar, University Federation for Animal Welfare. pp. 87-96.
40. Euribrid. 1985. Prevention of pecking. Zootechnica International. November. pp. 18-19.
41. Fairfull, R. W. and R. S. Gowe. 1987. The effects of red vs white incandescent lights during brooding and rearing on subsequent performance of White Leghorn hens. Archives Geflugelkunde. 51(3):109-112.
42. Faure, J. M., J. M. Mellen and C. C. Mantovani. 1993. Welfare of guinea fowl or game birds. In: Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. C. J. Savory and B. O. Hughes). Potters Bar, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, pp. 148-157.
43. Foster, W. H. and Z. T. Taha. 1978. Whole grain diets for pullets. Br. Poult. Sci. 19:233-242.
44. Gentle, M. J. 1986a. Neuroma formation following partial beak amputation (beak-trimming) in the chicken. Res. Vet. Sci. 41:383-385.
45. Gentle, M. J. 1986b. Beak-trimming in poultry. Wld's. Poult. Sci. J. 42:268-275.
46. Gentle, M. J. 1992. Pain in birds. Animal Welfare. 1:235-247.
47. Gentle, M. J., B. O. Hughes and R. C. Hubrecht. 1982. The effect of beak-trimming on food intake, feeding behaviour and body weight in adult hens. App. An. Ethology. 8:147-151.
48. Gentle, M. J., D. Waddington, L. N. Hunter and R. Bryan Jones. 1990. Behavioural evidence for persistent pain following partial beak amputation in chickens. App. An. Behav. Sci. 27:149-157.
49. Gentle, M. J., L. N. Hunter and D. Waddington. 1991. The onset of pain related behaviours following partial beak amputation in the chicken. Neuroscience Letters. 128: 113-116.
50. Gentle, M. J., B. O. Hughes, A. Fox and D. Waddington. 1997. Behavioural and anatomical consequences of two beak-trirnming methods in 1- and 10-d-old chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 38:453-463.
51. Gibson, S. W., P. Dun and B. O. Hughes. 1988. The performance and behaviour of laying fowls in a covered strawyard system. Research and Development in Agriculture. 5:153-163.
52. Gibson, S. W., P. Dun and D. G. B. Riddell. 1985. The covered strawyard system for egg-laying fowls. Farm Building Progress. 79:21-28.
53. Glatz, P. C. 1987. Effects of beak trimming and restraint on heart rate, food intake, body weight and egg production in hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 28:601-611.
54. Glatz, P. C. 1990. Effect of age of beak-trimming on the production performance of hens. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 30:349-355.
55. Glatz, P. C., L. B. Murphy and A. P. Preston. 1990. Analgesic therapy of beak-trimmed chickens. Australian Veterinary Journal. 69:18.
56. Glatz, P. C. and C. A. Lunam. 1994. Production and heart rate responses of chickens beak-trimmed at hatch or at 10 or 42 days-of-age. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 34:443-447.
57. Glatz, P. C., C. A. Lunam, J. L. Barnett and E. C. Jongman. 1998. Prevent chronic pain developing in layers subject to beak-trimming and re-trimming. A report to RIRDC, June.
58. Gleaves, J. W. 1999. Cannibalism. Cause and prevention in poultry. WWW article published by Cooperative extension Institute of Agriculture and Natural resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
59. Grigor, P. N., B. O. Hughes and M. J. Gentle. 1995. An experimental investigation of the costs and benefits of beak-trimming in turkeys. The Veterinary Record. 136(11):257-265.
60. Gvaryahu, G. E., E. Ararat, E. Asaf, M. Lev, J. I. Weller, B. Robinson and N. Snapir. 1994. An enrichment object that reduces aggressiveness and mortality in caged laying hens. J. Physiol. and Behav. 55(2):313-316.
61. Hargreaves, R. C. and L. R. Champion. 1965. Debeaking of caged layers. Poult. Sci. 44:1223-1227.
62. Hausberger, M. 1992a. Visual pecking preferences in domestic chicks. Part I. Responses of different breeds of chicks to different sorts of seeds. C.R. Academie des Science. 314:273-278.
63. Hausberger, M. 1992b. Visual pecking preferences in domestic chicks. Part II. Responses of different breeds of chicks to different sorts of seeds. C.R. Academie des Science. 314:331-335.
64. Heidweiller, J., J. A. van Loon and G. A. Zweers. 1992. Flexibility of the drinking mechanism in adult chickens (Gallus gallus) (Aves). Zoomorphology. 111:141-159.
65. Hill, J. A. 1986. Egg production in alternative systems- a review of recent research in the UK. Research and Development in Agriculture. 3:13-18.
66. Hocking, P. M. 1994. Role of genetics in safeguarding and improving the welfare of poultry. In: Symposium on Future Directions for Welfare Research. Proceedings of the 9th European Poultry Conference, Glasgow. pp. 233-236.
67. Hooge, D. M. and R. D. Thomas. 1984. Debeaking age keys pullet performance. Poultry Tribune, November. pp. 40-41.
68. House of Commons Agriculture Committee. 1981. Animal welfare in Poultry, Pig and Veal Calf Production. Vol 1 Report, Proceedings of the Committee and Appendices. London. H.M.S.O.
69. Hughes, B. O. 1973. The effect of implanted gonadal hormones on feather pecking and cannibalism in pullets. Br. Poult. Sci. 14:341-348.
70. Hughes, B. O. and I. J. H. Duncan. 1972. The influence of strain and environmental factors upon feather pecking and cannibalism in fowls. Br. Poult. Sci. 13:525-547.
71. Hughes, B. O. and M. J. Gentle. 1995. Beak-trimming of poultry: its implications for welfare. Wld's. Poult. Sci. J. 51:51-61.
72. Hughes, B. O. and W. Michie. 1982. Plumage loss in medium-bodied hybrid hens: the effect of beak-trimming and cage design. Br. Poult. Sci. 23:59-64.
73. Hunton, P. 1982. The finer points of debeaking starter pullets. Poultry Digest, February. pp. 66-67.
74. Hunton, P. 1990. Management in focus. Shaver Focus, Vol 19 no 1.
75. Johnson, R. N. 1978. How we do 7-to-9-day precision debeaking. Poultry Digest, December. pp. 620-622.
76. Kathle, J. and N. Kolstad. 1996. Non debeaked laying hens in aviaries. I Production performance in cages and three types of aviaries. Norw. J. Agric. Sci. 10:413-424.
77. Kawai, M., N. Kawaguchi and I. Umeda. 1990. Histological changes in the chick beak caused by debeaking. Jap. Poult. Sci. 27:363-372.
78. Keeling, L. J., B. O. Hughes and P. Dun. 1988. Performance of free range laying hens in a polythene house and their behaviour on range. Farm Buildings Progress. 94:21-28.
79. Kjaer, J. B. 1997. Effect of light intensity on growth, feed intake and feather pecking behaviour in beak-trimmed and bitted pheasant chickens (Phasianus colchicus). Arch. fur Geflugelkunde. 61(4):167-171.
80. Kuo, F. -L., J. V. Craig and W. M. Muir. 1991. Selection and beak-trimming effects on behaviour, cannibalism, and short term production traits in White leghorn pullets. Poult. Sci. 70:1057-1068.
81. Kull, K. -E. 1948. The prevention and treatment of cannibalism and feather eating in fowls. Eighth World's Poultry Congress, Vol 1, Copenhagen, Denmark. pp. 124-125.
82. Lee, H -Y. and J. V. Craig. 1990. Beak-trimming effects on the behaviour and weight gain of floor-reared, egg strain pullets from three genetic stocks during the rearing period. Poult. Sci. 69:568-575.
83. Lee, H. -Y. and J. V. Craig 1991. Beak-trimming effects on behaviour patterns, fearfulness, feathering, and mortality among threes stocks of White Leghorn pullets in cages or floor pens. Poult. Sci. 70:211-221.
84. Leeuwin, A. 1981. Debeaking- the long and the short of it. Poultry Adviser, December. pp. 69-70.
85. Lunam, C. A., P. C. Glatz and Y. -J. Hsu. 1996. The absence of neuromas in beaks of adult hens after conservative trimming at hatch. Aust. Vet. J. 74:46-49.
86. Lunam, C. A. and P. C. Glatz. 1996. Prevention of beak regrowth and chronic pain following trimming: a physiological, anatomical, and behavioural approach. Final Report submitted to Egg Industry Research and Development Council.
87. Lyon Electric Company Inc. 1982. A general guide to beak-trimming. Bulletin No. 144.
88. Maizama, D. G. and A. W. Adams. 1994. Effect of beak-trimming, blade temperature, and age of beak-trimming on performance of two strains of egg layers. App. Poult. Sci. 3:69-73.
89. March, B. E., J. Beily and R. Soong. 1975. The effects of rapeseed meal fed during the growing and/or laying periods on mortality and egg production in chickens. Poult. Sci. 54:1875-1882.
90. Megret, S., F. Rudeaux, J. -M. Faure and M. Picard. 1996. The role of the beak in poultry. Effects of debeaking. INRA Production Animals. 9(2):113-119.
91. Mench, J. A. 1992. The welfare of poultry in modern production systems. Poult. Sci. Review. 4:107-128.
92. Michie, W. and C. W. Wilson. 1985. The perchery system for housing layers. The Scottish Agricultural Colleges Research and Development Note (March). ISSN 0261 3719.
93. Miller, B. S. 1987. A crack in the shell. The violence in the egg carton. The Animals Agenda, September, pp. 28-57.
94. Moiniche, S., J. B. Dahl and H. Kehlet. 1993. Time course of primary and secondary hyperalgesia after heat injury to the skin. Br. J. Anaesth. 71:201-205.
95. Morgan, D. 1987. Cannibals and peckers: poultry vice problems. African Farming and Food Processing. March-April. pp. 15-17.
96. Muir, W. M. and J. V. Craig. 1998. Improving animal well being through genetic selection. Br. Poult. Sci. 77:1781-1788.
97. Neal, W. M. 1956. Cannibalism, pick-outs and methionine. Poult. Sci. 35:10-13.
98. Noble, D. O. and K. E. Kestor. 1997. Beak-trimming of turkeys. 2. Effects of arc trimming on weight gain, feed intake, feed wastage, and feed conversion. Poult. Sci. 76:668-670.
99. Noble, D. O., F. V. Muir, K. K. Krueger and K. E. Nestor. 1994. The effect of beak-trimming on two strains of commercial tom turkeys. 1. Performance traits. Poult. Sci. 73:1850-1857.
100. Norgaard-Nielsen, J., G. Kjaer and H. B. Simonsen. 1993. Afprovning af to alternative aegproduktions-systemer-Hans Kier Systemet og Boleg II systemet. Statens Husdyrbrugsforsog Forskningsrapport 9/1993.
101. Nowland, W. J. 1969, De-beaking. Poultry Notes, January. pp. 1-3.
102. OMalley, P. 1999. Declawing emu chicks. Final report to RIRDC, May.
103. Peckham, M. C. 1984. Vices and miscellaneous diseases. In: Diseases of Poultry, Edition 8 (Ed. M. S. Hofstad, B. W. Calneck, C. F. Helmboldt, W. M. Reid and H. W. Joder Jr.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. pp. 741-782.
104. Peterson Farms. 1999. Peterson Farms, Avian Health and Technical Services. Precision debeaking. (on line, accessed 26 May, 1999 URL:http://petersonfarms.com/ PMManaul-debeaking.html).
105. Petersen, J. 1994. Evaluation of alternative housing systems for laying hens. Arch. Geflugelkunde. 58(5):197-206.
106. Pickett, I. J. 1969. Debeaking of poultry. J. Agri. 72:417-419.
107. Renganathan, P., T. S. Thiagasundaram, R. C. Goyal, S. C. Mohapatra, D. C. Johari and V. Ayyagari. 1982. Ind. J. Poult. Sci. 17:214-218.
108. Renner, P. A., K. E. Nestor and G. B. Havenstein. 1989. Effects of turkey mortality and body weight of type of trimming age at beak-trimming, and injection of poults with vitamin and electrolyte solution at hatching. Poult. Sci. 68:369-373.
109. Ridlen, S. F. 1981. Some thoughts about debeaking. Poultry Adviser, February. pp. 57-58.
110. Roberts, P. H. 1986. Mutilations which are done for the convenience of man-not for the benefit of the animals. Agscene. 82:12.
111. Robinson, D. 1979. Effect of cage shape, colony size, floor area and cannibalism preventatives on laying performance. Br. Poult. Sci. 20:345-356.
112. Rooijen, J. van and J. W. van der Haar. 1997. Comparison of laser trimming with traditional beak-trimming at day 1 and week 6. Proceedings 5th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Wageningen, The Netherlands, June 7-10. pp. 141-142.
113. Rooijen, J. van and H. J. Blokhuis. 1990. The quality of beak-trimming. Proceedings of Summer Meeting Society for Veterinary Ethology, Pistoia, Italy. p. 115.
114. Rushen, J. and J. Ladewig. 1991. Stress-induced hypoalgesia and opiod inhibition of pigs. Responses to restraint. Physiol. and Behav. 50:1093-1096.
115. Savory, C. J. 1995. Feather pecking and cannibalism. Wld's. Poult. Sci. J. 51:215-219.
116. Shaver Focus. 1982. Minimising the blow out problem in caged layers. April. pp. 1-4.
117. Schonewille, H. 1985. Debeaking: Why When and How. Poultry Misset, January. pp. 10-11.
118. Seetha Rama Rao, V. 1988. Vices in a commercial broiler farm. Poultry Adviser, Vol 21, issue VII. pp. 29-31.
119. Savory, C. J. and J. S. Mann. 1997. Behavioural development in groups of pen-housed pullets in relation to genetic strain, age and food form. Br. Poult. Sci. 38:38-47.
120. Savory, C. J. and J. D. Hetherington. 1997. Effects of anti-pecking devices on food intake and behaviour of laying hens fed on pellets or mash. Br. Poult. Sci. 38:125-131.
121. Sherman, R. A., C. J. Sherman and N. G. Gall. 1980. A survey of current phantom limb pain treatment in the United States. Pain. 8:85-100.
122. Shirley, H. V. 1977. The influence of the method of debeaking on the incidence of impacted beaks in chickens, Tennessee Farm and Home Science Progress Report. 103:12-13.
123. Shirley, H. V. and S. Srinivasan. 1972. Tennessee Farm and Home Science Report. 84:13.
124. Singh, B. P., G. Shyam Sunder and A. K. Dev Roy. 1981. Debeaking and broiler performance. Poultry Guide, January. pp. 99-101.
125. Smith, R. 1982. Debeaking management can minimise blowout losses. Feedstuffs, April. pp. 10-11.
126. Smith, T. W. 1997. Miscellaneous management related diseases. Cooperative Extension Service, Mississippi State University (on line accessed http://www.msstate.edu/dept/ poultry/dismisc.htm).
127. Strong, C. F. 1990. Beak-trimming-doing it right. Shaver Focus, Vol 19, no 1.
128. Strong, C. F. and R. D. Reynnells. 1984. Poultry Tips, April, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia College of Agriculture.
129. Sundarasen, K. and I. A. Jayaprasad. 1979. The art of debeaking chickens. Poultry Adviser, January. pp. 45-47.
130. Sundaresan, K., I. Alfred Jayaprasad and P. Kothandaraman. 1979. The effect of debeaking at different stages on the growing performance of White Leghorn pullets. Cheiron. 8(3): 149-152.
131. Tauson, R. and P. Abrahamson. 1992. Keeping systems for laying hens-effects on production, health, behaviour and working environment. Proceedings XIX World's Poultry Congress, Amsterdam, 20-24 Sept. 2:327-332.
132. Van Liere, P. 1995. Responsiveness to a novel preening stimulus long after partial beak amputation (beak-trimming) in laying hens, Behavioural Processes. 34:169-174.
133. Van Loliger, H. C. 1985. The evaluation of housing and husbandry systems for poultry using clinical criteria. Tierarztl. Umschau. 40:791-802.
134. Wall, P. D. 1981. On the origin of pain associated with amputation. In: Phantom and Stump Pain (Ed. J. Siegfried and M. Zimmermann). Springer Verlag: Berlin. pp. 2-14.
135. Wells, R. 1982. Danger in last resort trim. Poultry World 25, November.
136. Wells, R. 1983. Beak-trimming. Is it really necessary? World Poultry, June. pp. 28-31.
137. Woolfe, C. J. 1989. Recent advances in the pathophysiology of acute pain. Br. J. Anaesth. 63:139-146.
138. Wood-Gush, D. G. M. 1959. A history of the domestic fowl from antiquity to the 19th century. Poult. Sci. 38:321-326.
139. Yastomi, M. and N. Adachi. 1987. Effects of playthings on prevention of cannibalism in rearing chickens. Jap. Poult. Sci. 24:372-373.