What We Spend and What We Get: Public and Private Provision of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

Fiscal Studies

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 1-40

  Witte, Ann Dryden ^a   Witt, Robert ^b  

^a NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0348238641     PISSN: 01435671     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-5890.2001.tb00033.x     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Anderson, D. A. (1999), 'The aggregate burden of crime', Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 42, pp. 611-42.
2. Argersinger v. Hamilin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972).
3. Aronowitz, A. (2000), 'Germany', World Factbook of Criminal Justice Systems, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/ascii/wfbcjger.txt, accessed 7 July 2000.
4. Ayres, I. and Levitt, S. D. (1998), 'Measuring positive externalities from unobservable victim precaution: an empirical analysis of Lojack', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 113, pp. 43-77.
5. Becker, G. (1968), 'Crime and punishment: an economic approach', Journal of Political Economy, vol. 76, pp. 169-217.
6. Benson, B. L. (1998), To Serve and Protect, New York: New York University Press.
7. Biles, D. (1997), 'Private prisons: welcome or not?', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 29, pp. 3-8.
8. Block, M., Nold, F. and Sidak, J. (1981), 'The deterrent effect of antitrust enforcement', Journal of Political Economy, vol. 89, pp. 429-45.
9. Brand, S. and Price, R. (2000), The Economic and Social Costs of Crime, Home Office Research Study no. 217, London: Home Office.
10. Carr-Hill, G. and Carr-Hill, R. (1972), 'Reconviction as a process', British Journal of Criminology, vol. 12, pp. 35-43.
11. Carr-Hill, R. A. and Stern, N. H. (1973). 'An econometric model of the supply and control of recorded offences in England and Wales', Journal of Public Economics, vol. 2, pp. 289-318.
12. Cook, P. J. (1979), 'The clearance rate as a measure of criminal justice effectiveness', Journal of Public Economics, vol. 11, pp. 135-42.
13. _ and Ludwig, J. (2000), Gun Violence: The Real Costs, New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Cooter, R. and Ulen, T. (2000), Law and Economics, third edition, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
15. Corman, H. and Mocan, H. N. (2000), 'A time-series analysis of crime and drug use in New York City', American Economic Review, vol. 90, pp. 584-604.
16. Domberger, S. and Jensen, P. (1998), 'Contracting out by the public sector: theory, evidence, prospects', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 13, pp. 67-78.
17. Donohue, J. J. and Siegelman, P. (1998), 'Allocating resources among prisons and social programs in the battle against crime', Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 27, pp. 1-43.
18. Ehrlich, I. (1973), 'Participation in illegitimate activities: a theoretical and empirical investigation', Journal of Political Economy, vol. 81, pp. 521-65.
19. _ (1981), 'On the usefulness of controlling individuals: an economic analysis of rehabilitation, incapacitation and deterrence', American Economic Review, vol. 71, pp. 307-22.
20. Evans, W., Oates, W. and Schwab, R. (1992), 'Measuring peer group effects: a study of teenage behavior', Journal of Political Economy, vol. 100, pp. 966-91.
21. Freeman, R. (1996), 'Why do so many young American men commit crimes and what might we do about it?', Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 10, pp. 25-42.
22. _ (1999), 'The economics of crime', in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds), Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 3c, Amsterdam, New York and Oxford: Elsevier Science, North-Holland.
23. Friedman, D. (2000), Law's Order, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
24. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963).
25. Glaeser, E. L. and Sacerdote, B. (1999), 'Why is there more crime in cities?', Journal of Political Economy, vol. 107, pp. S225-58.
26. _ and _ (2000), 'The determinants of punishment: deterrence, incapacitation and vengeance', National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper no. 7676.
27. _, _ and Scheinkman, J. (1996), 'Crime and social interactions', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 111, pp. 507-48.
28. Goldblatt, P. and Lewis, C. (eds) (1998), Reducing Offending: An Assessment of Research Evidence on Ways of Dealing with Offending Behaviour, Home Office Research Study no. 187, London: Home Office.
29. Granger, C. (1969), 'Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods', Econometrica, vol. 37, pp. 424-38.
30. Groves, W., Newman, G. and Corrado, C. (1987), 'Islam, modernization and crime: a test of the religious ecology thesis', Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 13, pp. 23-9.
31. Harrell, A., Cavanagh, S. and Sridharar, S. (1999), Evaluation of the Children at Risk Program: Results 1 Year after the End of the Program, Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
32. Hart, H. L. A. (1994), The Concept of Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
33. Hart, O., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (1997), 'The proper scope of government: theory and an application to prisons', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 112, pp. 1163-202.
34. Hawkins, J. D. (1999), 'Preventing crime and violence through communities that care', European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, vol. 7, pp. 443-58.
35. Howard, G. J., Newman, G. and Pridemore, W. A. (2000), 'Theory, method, and data in comparative criminology', in D. Duffee (ed.), Criminal Justice 2000, Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, vol. 4, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
36. Justice Policy Institute (2000), Texas Tough? An Analysis of Incarceration and Crime Trends in the Lone Star State, http://www.cjcj.org.
37. Jurgen-Tas, J., Terlouw, G. and Klein, M. (eds) (1994), Delinquent Behavior of Young People in the Western World, Amsterdam: Kugler Publications.
38. Kansas City, Mo., Missouri Police Department (1977), Response Time Analysis, Kansas City, Mo.
39. Kaplan, J., Skolnick, J. and Feeley, M. (1991), Criminal Justice, fifth edition, Westbury, NY: Foundation Press.
40. Kaplow, L. and Shavell, S. (1999), 'Economic analysis of law', National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper no. 6960.
41. Kaufman, D., Kraay, A. and Zoido-Lobaton (1999a), 'Aggregating governance indicators', World Bank, Working Paper no. 2196.
42. _, _ and _ (1999b), 'Governance matters', World Bank, Working Paper no. 2195.
43. _, _ and _ (2000), Aggregate Governance Indicators Data and Charts, http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/gov_matrs_new.htm, accessed 28 June 2000.
44. Kessler, D. and Levitt, S. (1999), 'Using sentence enhancements to distinguish between deterrence and incapacitation', Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 42, pp. 343-63.
45. Laband, D. N. and Sophocleus, J. P. (1992), 'An estimate of resource expenditures on transfer activity in the United States', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 107, pp. 959-83.
46. Lattimore, P. J., Baker, J. and Witte, A. D. (1992), 'The influence of probability on risky choice: a parametric examination', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, vol. 17, pp. 377-400.
47. Levitt, S. (1996), 'The effect of prison population size on crime rates: evidence from prison overcrowding litigation', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 111, pp. 319-51.
48. _ (1997), 'Using electoral cycles in police hiring to estimate the effect of police on crime', American Economic Review, vol. 87, pp. 270-90.
49. _ (1998), 'Why do increased arrest rates appear to reduce crime: deterrence, incapacitation, or measurement error?', Economic Inquiry, vol. 36, pp. 353-72.
50. Lindgren, S. A. and Gifford, L. S. (2000), Criminal Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts Program, National Criminal Justice 178273, Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
51. Marvell, T. and Moody, C. (1996), 'Specification problems, police levels, and crime rates', Criminology, vol. 34, pp. 609-46.
52. Merritt v. Faulkner, United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, 1983. 697 F.2d 761.
53. Miller, W. (1977), Cops and Bobbies: Police Authority in New York and London, 1830-1870, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
54. Mirrlees-Black, C. and Ross, A. (1995a), Crime against Retail Premises in 1993, Research Findings no. 26, London: Home Office.
55. _ and _ (1995b), Crime against Manufacturing Premises in 1993, Research Findings no. 27, London: Home Office.
56. Moriyama, T. (2000), 'Japan', World Factbook of Criminal Justice Systems, www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ bjs/pub/ascii/wfbcjjap.txt, accessed 8 July 2000.
57. Nagin, D. (1998), 'Criminal deterrence research: a review of the evidence and a research agenda for the outset of the 21st century', in M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, vol. 23, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58. _ and Paternoster, R. (1991), 'The preventive effect of the perceived risk of arrest', Criminology, vol. 29, pp. 561-73.
59. Newman, G. (ed.) (1999), Global Report on Crime and Justice, New York: Oxford University Press.
60. Philipson, T. J. and Posner, R. A. (1996), 'The economic epidemiology of crime', Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 39, pp. 405-33.
61. Polinsky, A. M. and Shavell, S. (1999), 'The economic theory of public enforcement of law', National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper no. 6993.
62. Posner, R. (1992), Economic Analysis of Law, fourth edition, Boston: Little Brown and Company.
63. Reinganum, J. (1988), 'Plea bargaining and prosecutional discretion', American Economic Review, vol. 78, pp. 713-25.
64. Sah, R. (1991), 'Social osmosis and patterns of crime', Journal of Political Economy, vol. 99, pp. 1272-95.
65. Sampson, R. and Groves, W. (1989), 'Community structure and crime: testing social-disorganisation theory', American Journal of Sociology, vol. 94, pp. 774-802.
66. Schochet, P. Z., Burghardt, J. and Glazerman, S. (2000), National Job Corps Study: The Short-Term Impacts of Job Corps on Participants' Employment and Related Outcomes, Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.
67. Shapland, J. (2000), 'Auditing criminal justice', in N. G. Fielding, A. Clarke and R. Witt (eds), The Economic Dimensions of Crime, London and New York: MacMillan Press and St Martin's Press.
68. Shavell, S. (1987), 'The model of optimal incapacitation', American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, vol. 77, pp. 107-10.
69. Shaw, S. (ed.) (1994), Privatisation and Market Testing in the Prison Service, London: Prison Reform Trust.
70. Sherman, L. W., Gottfredson, D., Mackenzie, D., Eck, J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S. (1997), Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising, Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
71. Smith, S. and DeFrances, C. (1996), Indigent Defense, National Criminal Justice 158909, Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
72. Stigler, G. (1970), 'The optimum enforcement of laws', Journal of Political Economy, vol. 78, pp. 526-36.
73. Tauchen, H., Witte, A. D. and Griesinger, H. (1994), 'Criminal deterrence: revisiting the issues with a birth cohort', Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 76, pp. 399-412.
74. Thomas, C. W. (2000), Home Page, http://web.crim.ufl/pcp/, accessed 6 August 2000.
75. Trumbull, W. (1989), 'Estimation of the economic model of crime using aggregate and individual data', Southern Economic Journal, vol. 94, pp. 423-39.
76. United States v. Bergman, United States District Court, Southern District of New York, 1976, 416 F.Supp.496.
77. van Dijk, F. and de Waard, J. (2000), Legal Infrastructure of the Netherlands in International Perspective, Amsterdam: Ministry of Justice, http://www.minjust.nl:8080/c_actual/rapport/ index.htm.
78. Walker, I. and Sansfacon, D. (2000), Investing Wisely in Crime Prevention: International Experiences, Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
79. Williams, J. (1996), 'On the dynamic decision to participate in crime', Ph.D. thesis, Rice University.
80. _ and Sickles, R. (1999), 'Turning from crime: a dynamic perspective', mimeo, University of Adelaide.
81. Witt, R. and Witte, A. D. (2000), 'Crime, prison and female labor supply', Journal of Quantitative Criminology, vol. 16, pp. 69-85.
82. Witte, A. D. (1980), 'Estimating the economic model of crime with individual data', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 94, pp. 59-87.