Balloonborne in situ gas chromatograph for measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Volumn 108, Issue 5, 2003, Pages

  Moore, F L ^a,b   Elkins, J W ^a   Ray, E A ^a,b   Dutton, G S ^a,b   Dunn, R E ^c   Fahey, D W ^a   McLaughlin, R J ^a   Thompson, T L ^a   Romashkin, P A ^a,b   Hurst, D F ^a,b   Wamsley, P R ^d  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c Dynojet Research Inc   (United States)

^d BALL AEROSPACE AND TECHNOLOGIES CORP   (United States)

Author keywords

Atmospheric tracers; Balloonborne; Chromatography; Transport

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BALLOON OBSERVATION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; INSTRUMENTATION; STRATOSPHERE; TRACER; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 0347899435     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000891     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. 2: Implications for stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26,581-26,595, 1999.
2. Bujok, O., et al., GHOST- A novel airborne gas chromatograph for in situ measurements of long-lived tracers in the lower stratosphere: Method and applications, J. Atmos. Chem., 39, 37-64, 2001.
3. Chang, A. Y., A comparison of measurements from ATMOS and instruments aboard the ER-2 aircraft: Halogenated gases, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2393-2396, 1996a.
4. Chang, A. Y., A comparison of measurements from ATMOS and instruments aboard the ER-2 aircraft: Tracers of atmospheric transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2389-2392, 1996b.
5. Ehhalt, H. D., P. E. Roth, and U. Schmidt, On the temporal variance of stratospheric trace gas concentrations, J. Atmos. Chem., 1, 27-51, 1983.
6. Elkins, J. W., T. M. Thompson, T. H. Swanson, J. H. Butler, B. D. Hall, S. O. Cummings, D. A. Fisher, and A. G. Raffo, Decrease in the growth rates of atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12, Nature, 364, 780-783, 1993.
7. Elkins, J. W., et al., Airborne gas chromatograph for in situ measurements of long-lived species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 347-350, 1996.
8. 6: Observed latitudinal distribution and trends, derived emissions and interhemispheric exchange time, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 675-678, 1997.
9. 2O height profile measurements at several latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 413-423, 1980.
10. Graf, H. F., I. Kirchner, and J. Perlwitz, Changing lower stratospheric circulation: The role of ozone and greenhouse gases, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11,251-11,261, 1998.
11. Hall, T. M., and R. A. Plumb, Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1059-1070, 1994.
12. 6, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,327-13,336, 1998.
13. Hall, T. M., D. H. Waugh, K. A. Boering, and R. A. Plumb, Evaluation of transport in stratospheric models, J. Geophys. Res., 94, XX-XX, 1999.
14. Harnisch, J., W. Bischof, R. Borchers, P. Fabian, and M. Maiss, A stratospheric excess of C02: Due to tropical deep convection?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 63-66, 1998.
15. Heidt, L. E., J. F. Vedder, W. H. Pollock, R. A. Lueb, and B. E. Henry, Trace gases in the Antarctic atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,599-11,611, 1989.
16. 4 observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2781-2784, 1998.
17. 4 measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during STRAT and POLARIS, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19,811-19,822, 2000.
18. Jost, J., M. Loewenstein, L. Pfister, J. J. Margitan, A. Y. Chang, R. J. Salawitch, and H. A. Michelsen, Laminae in the tropical middle stratosphere: Origin and age estimation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4337-4340, 1998.
19. Kuster, W. C., P. D. Goldan, and F. C. Fehsenfeld, Controlled environment portable g.c. for in situ aircraft or balloon-borne applications, J. Chromatogr., 205, 271-279, 1981.
20. Maiss, M., L. P. Steele, R. J. Francey, P. J. Fraser, R. L. Langenfelds, N. B. A. Trivett, and I. Levin, Sulfur hexafluoride-A powerful new atmospheric tracer, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1621-1629, 1996.
21. McNair, H. M., E. J. Bonelli, Basic Gas Chromatography, Consolidated Printers, Berkeley, Calif., 1965.
22. Minschwaner, K., A. E. Dessler, J. W. Elkins, C. M. Volk, D. W. Fahey, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, A. E. Roch, and K. R. Chan, Bulk properties of isentropic mixing into the tropics in the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9433-9439, 1996.
23. Montzka, S. A., J. H. Butler, R. C. Myers, T. M. Thompson, T. H. Swanson, A. D. Clarke, L. T. Lock, and J. W. Elkins, A decline in the tropospheric abundance of halogen from halocarbons: Implications for stratospheric ozone depletion, Science. 272, 1318-1322, 1996.
24. Mote, P. W., K. H. Rosenlof, M. E. Mclntyre, E. S. Carr, J. C. Gille, J. R. Holton, J. S. Kinnersley, H. C. Pumphrey, J. M. Russell III, and J. W. Waters, An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3989-4006, 1996.
25. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Atmospheric Effects of Aviation: First Report of the Subsonic, edited by A. M. Thompson, R. R. Friedl, and H. L. Wesoky, NASA Ref. Publ. 1385, 221 pp., Washington, D. C., May 1996.
26. Phillips, M. P., R. E. Sievers, P. D. Goldan, W. C. Kuster, and F. C. Fehsenfeld, Enhancement of electron capture detector sensitivity to nonelectron attaching compounds by addition of nitrous oxide to the carrier gas, Anal. Chem., 51(11), 1819-1825, 1979.
27. Plumb, R. A., A "tropical pipe" model of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3957-3972, 1996.
28. Plumb, R. A., and M. K. Ko, Interrelationships between mixing ratios of long-lived stratospheric constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,145-10,156, 1992.
29. Proffitt, M. H., D. W. Fahey, K. K. Kelly, and A. F. Tuck, High-latitude ozone loss outside the Antarctic ozone hole, Nature, 342, 233-237, 1989.
30. Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwartzkopf, and K. P. Shine, Radiative forcing of climate from halocarbon induced global stratospheric ozone loss, Nature, 355, 810-812, 1992.
31. Ravishankara, A. R., S. Solomon, A. A. Turnispeed, and R. F. Warren, Atmospheric lifetimes of long-lived species, Science, 259, 194-199, 1993.
32. Ray, E. A., F. L. Moore, J. W. Elkins, G. S. Dutton, D. W. Fahey, H. Vömel, S. J. Oltmans, and K. H. Rosenlof, Transport into the Northern Hemisphere lowermost stratosphere revealed by in situ tracer measurements, J. Geophys. Res.. 104, 26,565-26,580, 1999.
33. Ray, E. A., F. L. Moore, J. W. Elkins, D. F. Hurst, P. Romashkin, G. S. Dutton, and D. W. Fahey, Descent and mixing in the 1999/2000 northern polar vortex inferred from in situ tracer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8285, doi:10.1029/2001JD000961, 2002.
34. Romashkin, P. A., D. F. Hurst, J. W. Elkins, G. S. Dutton, D. W. Fahey, R. E. Dunn, F. L. Moore, R. C. Myers, and B. D. Hall, In situ measurements of long-lived trace gases in the lower stratosphere by gas chromatograph, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol, 18, 1195-1204, 2001.
35. Salawitch, R. J., Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, JPL Pabl., 94-126, 1994.
36. Salawitch, R. J., et al., Chemical loss of ozone during the Arctic winter of 1999/2000: An analysis based on balloon-borne observations, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8269, doi:10.1029/2001JD000620, 2002.
37. Schauffler, S. M., E. L. Atlas, F. Flocke, R. A. Lueb, V. Stroud, and W. Travnicek, Measurements of bromine containing organic compounds at the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 317-320, 1998.
38. Schmidt, U., et al., Profile observations of long-lived trace gases in the Arctic vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 767-770, 1990.
39. Shindell, D. T., D. Rind, and P. Lonergan, Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations, Nature, 392, 589-592, 1998.
40. Thompson, T. L., A data acquisition and control system for airborne stratospheric measurements: A users manual for scientists and technical staff, NOAA Tech. Rep., Silver Spring, Md., 1991.
41. Toon, G. C., et al., Comparison of MkIV balloon and ER-2 aircraft measurements of atmospheric trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26,779-26,790, 1999.
42. Volk, C. M., et al., Quantifying transport between the tropical and midlatitude lower stratosphere, Science, 272, 1763-1768, 1996.
43. Volk, C. M., J. W. Elkins, D. W. Fahey, G. S. Dutton, J. M. Gilligan, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, K. R. Chan, and M. R. Gunson, Evaluation of source gas lifetime from stratospheric observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25,543-25,564, 1997.
44. Volk, C. M., O. Riediger, M. Strunk, U. Schmidt, F. Ravegnani, A. Ulanovsky, and V. Rudakov, In situ tracer measurements in the tropical tropopause region during APE-THESEO, Eur. Comm. Air Pollut. Res. Rep., 73, 661-664, 2000.
45. Vömel, H., S. J. Oltmans, D. J. Hofmann, T. Deshler, and J. M. Rosen, The evolution of the dehydration in the Antarctic stratospheric vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D7), 13,919-13,926, 1995.
46. Wamsley, P. R., et al., Distribution of halon-1211 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and the 1994 total bromine budget, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1513-1526, 1998.
47. Waugh, D. W., and T. M. Hall, Age of stratospheric air: Theory, observations, and models, Rev. Geophys., 40(4), 1010, doi:10.1029/2000RG000101, 2002.
48. Waugh, D. W., et al., Three-dimensional simulations of long-lived tracers using winds from MACCM2, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21,493-21,513, 1997.
49. 2O, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,087-22,096, 1998.
50. Woodbridge, E. L., et al., Estimates of total organic and inorganic chlorine in the lower stratosphere from in situ and flask measurements during AASE II, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3057-3064, 1995.
51. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 1994, edited by D. L. Albritton, R. T. Watson, and P. J. Aucamp, World Meteorol. Org., Geneva, 1995.