Is modern lifestyle a cause of the increased occurrence of allergic diseases?;Auka forekomst av allergi - Finn vi årsakene i moderne livsstil?

Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening

Volumn 120, Issue 27, 2000, Pages 3287-3291

  Løvik, Martinus ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GERMANY; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMEDIATE TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOLOGY; LIFESTYLE; MICROBIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SWEDEN; SWITZERLAND;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY; GERMANY; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE; LIFE STYLE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SWEDEN; SWITZERLAND;

EID: 0347746651     PISSN: 00292001     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Sibbald B, Rink E, D'Souza M. Is the prevalence of atopy increasing? Br J Gen Pract 1990; 40: 338-40.
2. Nakagomi T, Itaya H, Tominaga T, Yamaki M, Hisamatsu S, Nakagomi O. Is atopy increasing? Lancet 1994; 343: 121-2.
3. Butland BK, Strachan DP, Lewis S, Bynner J, Butler N, Britton J. Investigation into the increase in hay fever and eczema at age 16 observed between the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts. BMJ 1997; 315: 717-21.
4. Howarth PH. Is allergy increasing? - early life influences. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28 (suppl 6): 2-7.
5. Faresjö T, Roel E, Faresjö AO, Kjellman MN-I. Astma hos barn blir allt vanligare. Läkartidningen 1999; 96: 5368-9.
6. Von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritzsch C, Nicolai T, Roell G, Thiemann H-H. Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 358-64.
7. Bråbäck L, Breborowicz A, Dreborg S, Knutsson A, Pieklik H, Björksten B. Atopic sensitization and respiratory symptoms among Polish and Swedish school children. Clin Exp Allergy 1994; 24: 826-35.
8. Jõgi R, Janson C, Björnsson E, Boman G, Björkstén B. The prevalence of asthmatic respiratory symptoms among adults in Estonian and Swedish university cities. Allergy 1996; 51: 331-6.
9. Wichmann HE. Environment, life-style and allergy: the German answer. Allergo J 1995; 4: 315-6.
10. Von Mutius E, Weiland SK, Fritzsch C, Duhme H, Keil U. Increasing prevalence of hay fever and atopy among children in Leipzig, East Germany. Lancet 1998; 351: 862-6.
11. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. Lancet 1998; 351: 1225-32.
12. Williams HC, Strachan DP, Hay RJ. Childhood eczema: disease of the advantaged? BMJ 1994; 308: 1132-5.
13. Strachan DP. Epidemiology of hay fever: towards a community diagnosis. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 296-303.
14. Shaheen SO, Aaby P, Hall AJ, Barker DJP, Heyes CB, Shiell AW et al. Measles and atopy in Guinea-Bissau. Lancet 1996; 347: 1792-6.
15. Forastiere F, Agabiti N, Corbo GM, Dell'Orco V, Porta D, Pistelli R et al. Socioeconomic status, number of siblings, and respiratory infections in early life as determinants of atopy in children. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 566-70.
16. Yemaneberhan H, Bekele Z, Venn A, Lewis S, Parry E, Britton J. Prevalence of wheeze and asthma and relation to atopy in urban and rural Ethiopia. Lancet 1997; 350: 85-90.
17. Crain EF, Weiss KB, Bijur PE, Hersh M, Westbrook L, Stein REK. An estimate of the prevalence of asthma and wheezing among inner-city children. Pediatrics 1994; 94: 356-62.
18. Von Mutius E, Illi S, Hirsch T, Leupold W, Keil U, Weiland SK. Frequency of infections and risk of asthma, atopy and airway hyperresponsiveness in children. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 4-11.
19. Grant EN, Wagner R, Weiss KB. Observations on emerging patterns of asthma in our society. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104 (suppl): 1-9.
20. Duran-Tauleria E, Rona RJ. Geographical and socioeconomic variation in the prevalence of asthma symptoms in English and Scottish children. Thorax 1999; 54: 476-81.
21. Nilsson L, Castor O, Lofman O, Magnusson A, Kjellman NI. Allergic disease in teenagers in relation to urban or rural residence at various stages of childhood. Allergy 1999; 54: 716-21.
22. Nystad W, Magnus P, Røksund O, Svidal B, Hetlevik Ø. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma among school children in three different areas of Norway. Ped Allergy Immunol 1997; 8: 35-40.
23. Njå F, Røksund OD, Svidal B, Nystad W, Carlsen K-H. Asthma and allergy among school-children in a mountainous, dry, non-polluted area in Norway. Ped Allergy Immunol 2000; 11: 40-8.
24. Björkstén B. Environmental factors and respiratory hypersensitivity: experiences from studies in Eastern and Western Europe. Toxicol Lett 1996; 86: 93-8.
25. Aim JS, Swartz J, Lilja G, Scheynius A, Pershagen G. Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle. Lancet 1999; 353: 1485-8.
26. Braun-Fahrländer C, Gassner M, Grize L, Neu U, Sennhauser FH, Varonier HS et al. Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmer's children and their peers living in the same rural community. Clin Exp All 1999; 29: 28-34.
27. Krämer U, Heinrich J, Wjst M, Wichmann H-E. Age of entry to day nursery and allergy in later childhood. Lancet 1999; 353: 450-4.
28. Schöneck A. Melkesyregæring af grønsager. København: Borgens Forlag, 1984.
29. Taubes G. Epidemiology faces its limits. Science 1995; 269: 164-9.
30. Christie GL, Helms PJ, Godden DJ, Ross SJ, Friend JAR, Legge JS et al. Asthma, wheezy bronchitis, and atopy across two generations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 125-9.
31. Hurwitz ES, Gunn WJ, Pinsky PF, Schonberger LB. Risk of respiratory illness associated with day-care attendance: a nationwide study. Pediatrics 1991; 87: 62-9.
32. Marbury MC, Maldonado G, Waller L. Lower respiratory illness, recurrent wheezing, and day care attendance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 156-61.
33. Baxendale HE, Davis Z, White HN, Spellerberg MB, Stevenson FK, Goldblatt D. Immunogenetic analysis of the immune response to pneumococcal polysaccharide. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30: 1214-23.
34. Løvik M. Infeksjon og allergi: mikrobiell stimulering av immunsystemet - hvilke mekanismer kjenner vi? Allergi i Praksis 2000; nr. 1: 33-42.
35. Sudo N, Sawamura S, Tanaka K, Aiba Y, Kubo C, Koga Y. The requirement of intestinal bacterial flora for the development of an IgE production system fully susceptible to oral tolerance induction. J Immunol 1997; 159: 1739-45.
36. Holt PG, Clough JB, Holt BJ, Baron-Hay MJ, Rose AH, Robinson BWS et al. Genetic «risk» for atopy is associated with delayed postnatal maturation of T-cell competence. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22: 1093-9.
37. Holt PG. Postnatal maturation of immune competence during infancy and childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1995; 6: 59-70.
38. Sepp E, Julge K, Vasar M, Naaber P, Björkstén B, Mikelsaar M. Intestinal microflora of Estonian and Swedish infants. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 956-61.
39. Björkstén B, Naaber P, Sepp E, Mikelsaar M. The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 342-6.
40. Holt PG. Infections and the development of allergy. Toxicol Lett 1996; 86: 205-10.
41. Gassner-Bachmann M. Allergie und Umwelt. Allergologie 1989; 12: 492-502.
42. Von Mutius E, Illi S, Nicolai T, Martinez FD. Relation of indoor heating with asthma, allergic sensitization, and bronchial responsiveness: survey of children i South Bavaria. BMJ 1996; 312: 1448-50.
43. Kohler F, Kohler C, Patris A, Grilliat JP. Fréquence de l'allergie pollinique chez les agriculteurs par rapport aux autres catégories socio-professionelles. Rev Fr Allergol 1983; 23: 119-24.
44. Rautalahti M, Terho EO, Vohlonen I, Husman K. Atopic sensitization of dairy farmers to work-related and common allergens. Eur J Respir Dis 1987; 71 (suppl 152): 155-64.
45. Iversen M, Pedersen B. The prevalence of allergy in Danish farmers. Allergy 1990; 45: 347-53.
46. Sigsgaard T, Hjort C, Omland Ø, Miller MR, Pedersen OF. Skin prick test to house dust mite, asthma and hyperreactivity in a cohort of young rurals. Eur Respir J 1996; 9 (suppl): 378.
47. Parvaneh S, Kronqvist M, Johansson E, van Hage-Hamsten M. Exposure to an abundance of cat (Fel d 1) and dog (Can f 1) allergens in Swedish farming households. Allergy 1999; 54: 229-34.
48. Aberg N. Asthma and allergic rhinitis in Swedish conscripts. Clin Exp Allergy 1989; 19: 59-63.
49. Kilpeläinen M, Terho EO, Koskenvuo M. Asthma and atopic diseases among Finnish university students. Eur Respir J 1997; 10 (suppl): 143.
50. Von Ehrenstein OS, von Mutius E, Illi S, Baumann L, Böhm O, von Kries R. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 187-93.
51. Riedler J, Eder W, Oberfeld G, Schreuer M. Austrian children living on a farm have less hay fever, asthma and allergic sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 194-200.
52. Kilpeläinen M, Terho EO, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. Farm environment in childhood prevents the development of allergies. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 201-8.
53. Holt PG. A potential vaccine strategy for asthma and allied atopic diseases during early childhood. Lancet 1994; 344: 456-8.
54. Holt PG, Sly PD. Allergic respiratory disease: strategic targets for primary prevention during childhood. Thorax 1997; 52: 1-4.
55. Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: 179-85.
56. Murosaki S, Yamamoto Y, Ito K, Inokuchi T, Kusaka H, Ikeda H et al. Heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 suppresses naturally fed antigen-specific IgE production by stimulation of IL-12 production in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 57-64.
57. De Simone D, Salvadori BB, Negri R, Ferrazzi M, Baldinelli L, Vesly R. The adjuvant effect of yoghurt on production of gamma-interferon by Con A-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Nutr Rep Int 1986; 33: 419-33.
58. Black PN, Sharpe S. Dietary fat and asthma: is there a connection? Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 6-12.
59. Bodner C, Godden D, Seaton A. Family size, childhood infections and atopic diseases. The Aberdeen WHEASE Group. Thorax 1998; 53: 28-32.
60. Lewis SA, Britton JR. Measles infection, measles vaccination and the effect of birth order in the aetiology of hay fever. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 1493-500.
61. Leung R, Ho P, Lam CWK, Lai CKW. Sensitization to inhaled allergens as a risk factor for asthma and allergic diseases in Chinese population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: 594-9.
62. Selassie FG, Stevens RH, Cullinan P, Pritchard D, Jones M, Harris J et al. Total and specific IgE (house dust mite and intestinal helminths) in asthmatics and controls from Gondar, Ethiopia. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 356-8.
63. Nystad W, Skrondal A, Njå F, Hetlevik Ø, Carlsen K-H, Magnus P. Recurrent respiratory tract infections during the first 3 years of life and atopy at school age. Allergy 1998; 53: 1189-94.
64. Nystad W, Skrondal A, Magnus P. Day care attendance, recurrent respiratory tract infections and asthma. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28: 882-7.
65. Lapa e Silva JR, Possebon da Silva MD, Lefort J, Vargaftig BB. Endotoxins, asthma, and allergic immune responses. Toxicology 2000; 152: 31-5.
66. Bohle B, Jahn-Schmid B, Maurer D, Kraft D, Ebner C. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs induce IL-12, IL-18 and IFN-γ production in cells from allergic individuals and inhibit IgE synthesis in vitro. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29: 2344-53.
67. Shirota H, Sano K, Kikuchi T, Tamura G, Shirato K. Regulation of T-helper type 2 cell and airway eosinophilia by transmucosal coadministration of antigen and oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22: 176-82.