Labor Conflict in the Suburbs: Organizing Retail in Metropolitan New York, 1954-1958

International Labor and Working-Class History

Volumn , Issue 64, 2003, Pages 55-73

  Ziskind, Minna P ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347595222     PISSN: 01475479     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s014754790300019x     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Negative #14288, District 65-UAW Photograph Collection, Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, New York, NY. All District 65 materials referred to in this are article are held by the Wagner Archives unless otherwise noted.
2. See for example: George Lipsitz, Rainbow at Midnight: Labor and Culture in the 1940s (Urbana and Chicago, 1994), 240-47; Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60 (Urbana and Chicago, 1994), 89-96; Nelson Lichtenstein, "From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy in the Postwar Era," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (eds.), The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order (Princeton, 1989), 142-3; and Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War (New York, 1988), 164-65.
3. See for example: George Lipsitz, Rainbow at Midnight: Labor and Culture in the 1940s (Urbana and Chicago, 1994), 240-47; Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60 (Urbana and Chicago, 1994), 89-96; Nelson Lichtenstein, "From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy in the Postwar Era," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (eds.), The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order (Princeton, 1989), 142-3; and Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War (New York, 1988), 164-65.
4. See for example: George Lipsitz, Rainbow at Midnight: Labor and Culture in the 1940s (Urbana and Chicago, 1994), 240-47; Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60 (Urbana and Chicago, 1994), 89-96; Nelson Lichtenstein, "From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy in the Postwar Era," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (eds.), The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order (Princeton, 1989), 142-3; and Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War (New York, 1988), 164-65.
5. See for example: George Lipsitz, Rainbow at Midnight: Labor and Culture in the 1940s (Urbana and Chicago, 1994), 240-47; Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60 (Urbana and Chicago, 1994), 89-96; Nelson Lichtenstein, "From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy in the Postwar Era," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (eds.), The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order (Princeton, 1989), 142-3; and Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War (New York, 1988), 164-65.
6. "The Bachelor and the Bride," Union Voice (June 6, 1948): 11. The Union Voice was District 65's newspaper until June 1954.
7. George G Kirstein, Stores and Unions: A Study of the Growth of Unionism in Dry Goods and Department Stores (New York, 1950), 77-78; and Nick Carnes, interviewed by David Paskin, 1 March 1982, District 65-UAW Oral History Collection.
8. George G Kirstein, Stores and Unions: A Study of the Growth of Unionism in Dry Goods and Department Stores (New York, 1950), 77-78; and Nick Carnes, interviewed by David Paskin, 1 March 1982, District 65-UAW Oral History Collection.
9. Macy's Local 1-S did not join District 65, but Locals 2, 3, 5, and 1250 did.
10. Joshua B. Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor Since World War II (New York, 2000), 9.
11. James A. Gross, Broken Promise: The Subversion of U.S. Labor Relations Policy, 1947-1994 (Philadelphia, 1995), 92, 129-30.
12. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, County and City Data Book, 1952 (Washington, DC, 1953), 50, 252-62.
13. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Business, 1954 (Washington, DC, 1957), 1:10-13, 6.19
14. Edgar M. Hoover and Raymond Vernon, Anatomy of a Metropolis: The Changing Distribution of People and Jobs Within the New York Metropolitan Region (Cambridge, MA, 1959), 120.
15. Census of Business, 1954, 2:32.6-32.15.
16. Robert Rogow, "Relationships Among the Environment, Policies, and Government of a Labor Union: A Study of District 65, Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union, AFL-CIO" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1965), 114.
17. Bernard Stephens, "Independent Stores Folding as Chains Boom," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 3, 1957):9; "Namm-Loeser's to Close Store, Brooklyn Landmark Since 1886," New York Times (February 13, 1957):1, 51; and "Old Stores Die if They Stay Old," New York Times (February 17, 1957): 3:1, 8. See also Mark Stevens, "Like No Other Store in the World": The Inside History of Bloomingdale's (New York, 1979), 45; Ida Torres, interview with author, 13 September 1999, in author's possession. Beginning in June 1954, the RWDSU-CIO Record became District 65's newspaper.
18. Bernard Stephens, "Independent Stores Folding as Chains Boom," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 3, 1957):9; "Namm-Loeser's to Close Store, Brooklyn Landmark Since 1886," New York Times (February 13, 1957):1, 51; and "Old Stores Die if They Stay Old," New York Times (February 17, 1957): 3:1, 8. See also Mark Stevens, "Like No Other Store in the World": The Inside History of Bloomingdale's (New York, 1979), 45; Ida Torres, interview with author, 13 September 1999, in author's possession. Beginning in June 1954, the RWDSU-CIO Record became District 65's newspaper.
19. Bernard Stephens, "Independent Stores Folding as Chains Boom," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 3, 1957):9; "Namm-Loeser's to Close Store, Brooklyn Landmark Since 1886," New York Times (February 13, 1957):1, 51; and "Old Stores Die if They Stay Old," New York Times (February 17, 1957): 3:1, 8. See also Mark Stevens, "Like No Other Store in the World": The Inside History of Bloomingdale's (New York, 1979), 45; Ida Torres, interview with author, 13 September 1999, in author's possession. Beginning in June 1954, the RWDSU-CIO Record became District 65's newspaper.
20. Bernard Stephens, "Independent Stores Folding as Chains Boom," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 3, 1957):9; "Namm-Loeser's to Close Store, Brooklyn Landmark Since 1886," New York Times (February 13, 1957):1, 51; and "Old Stores Die if They Stay Old," New York Times (February 17, 1957): 3:1, 8. See also Mark Stevens, "Like No Other Store in the World": The Inside History of Bloomingdale's (New York, 1979), 45; Ida Torres, interview with author, 13 September 1999, in author's possession. Beginning in June 1954, the RWDSU-CIO Record became District 65's newspaper.
21. Bernard Stephens, "Independent Stores Folding as Chains Boom," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 3, 1957):9; "Namm-Loeser's to Close Store, Brooklyn Landmark Since 1886," New York Times (February 13, 1957):1, 51; and "Old Stores Die if They Stay Old," New York Times (February 17, 1957): 3:1, 8. See also Mark Stevens, "Like No Other Store in the World": The Inside History of Bloomingdale's (New York, 1979), 45; Ida Torres, interview with author, 13 September 1999, in author's possession. Beginning in June 1954, the RWDSU-CIO Record became District 65's newspaper.
22. Lizabeth Cohen, "From Town Center to Shopping Center: The Reconfiguration of Community Marketplaces in Postwar America," American Historical Review 101 (1996):1052; and Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York, 2003), 263.
23. Lizabeth Cohen, "From Town Center to Shopping Center: The Reconfiguration of Community Marketplaces in Postwar America," American Historical Review 101 (1996):1052; and Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York, 2003), 263.
24. Bernard Stephens, "Independent Stores Folding as Chains Boom," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 3, 1957):9; and "Namm-Loeser's to Close Store, Brooklyn Landmark Since 1886," New York Times (February 13,1957):1, 51.
25. Bernard Stephens, "Independent Stores Folding as Chains Boom," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 3, 1957):9; and "Namm-Loeser's to Close Store, Brooklyn Landmark Since 1886," New York Times (February 13,1957):1, 51.
26. Cohen, "Town Center to Shopping Center," 1067.
27. Robert Dobbs, "Store 65ers Face-up to Growing Job Threat," Union Voice (April 4, 1954):M7.
28. Carl Andren, "Strike at Hearn's Looming," Union Voice (March 8, 1953):3; Bill Michelson, "Organization Report," General Council Meeting, June 10, 1953, District 65-UAW Minutes; and "Hearn Dept. Stores v. Livingston," Labor Relations Reference Manual, 32:2332.
29. Carl Andren, "Strike at Hearn's Looming," Union Voice (March 8, 1953):3; Bill Michelson, "Organization Report," General Council Meeting, June 10, 1953, District 65-UAW Minutes; and "Hearn Dept. Stores v. Livingston," Labor Relations Reference Manual, 32:2332.
30. Carl Andren, "Strike at Hearn's Looming," Union Voice (March 8, 1953):3; Bill Michelson, "Organization Report," General Council Meeting, June 10, 1953, District 65-UAW Minutes; and "Hearn Dept. Stores v. Livingston," Labor Relations Reference Manual, 32:2332.
31. Michael Harrington, The Retail Clerks (New York, 1962), 3; Cohen, A Consumers' Republic, 274.
32. Michael Harrington, The Retail Clerks (New York, 1962), 3; Cohen, A Consumers' Republic, 274.
33. "Bloomingdale's Branches Targets of '65' Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 1, 1954):6.
34. "Biggest Meetings Mark Store Security Drive," Union Voice (March 21, 1954):3.
35. I b i d.
36. Ibid.; "Report on Membership Mobilization," Joint General Council Meeting, March 3, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes; John Meegan, "Collective Bargaining Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, March 31, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
37. Ibid.; "Report on Membership Mobilization," Joint General Council Meeting, March 3, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes; John Meegan, "Collective Bargaining Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, March 31, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
38. Ibid.; "Report on Membership Mobilization," Joint General Council Meeting, March 3, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes; John Meegan, "Collective Bargaining Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, March 31, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
39. Biggest Meetings.
40. "Gimbels Settlement Reported Near," Union Voice (April 4, 1954):3; "Store Workers Hail Pension at Gimbels," Union Voice (April 18, 1954):3.
41. "Gimbels Settlement Reported Near," Union Voice (April 4, 1954):3; "Store Workers Hail Pension at Gimbels," Union Voice (April 18, 1954):3.
42. Bill Michelson, "Report on Special Organizing Drive," General Council Meeting, August 4, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes.
43. "Pensions Won in Saks-34th Dept. Store Pact," RWDSU-CIO Record (October 31, 1954):6; "Wanamaker Closing Seen Proving Branch Drive Need," RWDSU-CIO Record (October 31, 1954):1-A.
44. "Pensions Won in Saks-34th Dept. Store Pact," RWDSU-CIO Record (October 31, 1954):6; "Wanamaker Closing Seen Proving Branch Drive Need," RWDSU-CIO Record (October 31, 1954):1-A.
45. Torres, ibid.
46. Nick Carnes, interviewed by David Paskin, March 9, 1982, District 65-UAW Oral History Collection.
47. "Membership Mobilization Report," Joint General Council Meeting, April 7, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes.
48. "Open 'Brass-Tack' Talks at B'dale," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 1, 1954):1-A.
49. Rogow, "Relationships," 354.
50. "Bloomingdale's Branches Targets of '65' Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 1, 1954): 6; Bill Michelson, "Report on Special Organizing Drive," General Council Meeting, August 4, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes.
51. "Bloomingdale's Branches Targets of '65' Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 1, 1954): 6; Bill Michelson, "Report on Special Organizing Drive," General Council Meeting, August 4, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes.
52. Bill Michelson, "Report on Special Organizing Drive," August 4, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes; "B'dale Suburban Campaign Set," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 29, 1954):1-A; and "Suburban Store Drive Begun by '65'," RWDSU-CIO Record (September 12, 1954):5.
53. Bill Michelson, "Report on Special Organizing Drive," August 4, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes; "B'dale Suburban Campaign Set," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 29, 1954):1-A; and "Suburban Store Drive Begun by '65'," RWDSU-CIO Record (September 12, 1954):5.
54. Bill Michelson, "Report on Special Organizing Drive," August 4, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes; "B'dale Suburban Campaign Set," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 29, 1954):1-A; and "Suburban Store Drive Begun by '65'," RWDSU-CIO Record (September 12, 1954):5.
55. "Bloomingdale's Pact Scores Gains; Picketing Begins at Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record (November 28, 1954):1; "Call to 65ers: You're Needed in B'dale Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (November 28, 1954):2-A; [photographs] RWDSU-CIO Record, District 65 edition (December 21, 1954):2-A.
56. "Bloomingdale's Pact Scores Gains; Picketing Begins at Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record (November 28, 1954):1; "Call to 65ers: You're Needed in B'dale Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (November 28, 1954):2-A; [photographs] RWDSU-CIO Record, District 65 edition (December 21, 1954):2-A.
57. "Bloomingdale's Pact Scores Gains; Picketing Begins at Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record (November 28, 1954):1; "Call to 65ers: You're Needed in B'dale Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (November 28, 1954):2-A; [photographs] RWDSU-CIO Record, District 65 edition (December 21, 1954):2-A.
58. Robert Dobbs, "Ann McMahon of A&S Tells: 'Why We Need to Organize,'" RWD-SU-CIO Record (May 1, 1955):13.
59. "Organizational Report," General Council Meeting, January 12, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; and John Meegan, "Organizational Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, February 15, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
60. "Organizational Report," General Council Meeting, January 12, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; and John Meegan, "Organizational Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, February 15, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
61. "District 65 Reports Progress in Wage Talks, A&S Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 20, 1955): 5; "'65 Moves Ahead at A&S, B'dale Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record (May 29, 1955): 5; "Department Store Report," General Council Meeting, 1 June 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; [Report on Arbitrations and Negotiations], Local 3 Executive Board Meeting, 14 September 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
62. "District 65 Reports Progress in Wage Talks, A&S Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 20, 1955): 5; "'65 Moves Ahead at A&S, B'dale Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record (May 29, 1955): 5; "Department Store Report," General Council Meeting, 1 June 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; [Report on Arbitrations and Negotiations], Local 3 Executive Board Meeting, 14 September 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
63. "District 65 Reports Progress in Wage Talks, A&S Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 20, 1955): 5; "'65 Moves Ahead at A&S, B'dale Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record (May 29, 1955): 5; "Department Store Report," General Council Meeting, 1 June 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; [Report on Arbitrations and Negotiations], Local 3 Executive Board Meeting, 14 September 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
64. "District 65 Reports Progress in Wage Talks, A&S Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 20, 1955): 5; "'65 Moves Ahead at A&S, B'dale Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record (May 29, 1955): 5; "Department Store Report," General Council Meeting, 1 June 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; [Report on Arbitrations and Negotiations], Local 3 Executive Board Meeting, 14 September 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
65. "Collective Bargaining, Organization, and Strike Report," General Council Meeting, August 10, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Pres. Greenberg Asks Locals to Support '65' in Stern's Fight," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 21, 1955):5.
66. "Collective Bargaining, Organization, and Strike Report," General Council Meeting, August 10, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Pres. Greenberg Asks Locals to Support '65' in Stern's Fight," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 21, 1955):5.
67. "Collective Bargaining Report," General Council Meeting, March 2, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Dist. 65 Opens A&S Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 6,1955):3; "'65 Moves Ahead at A&S, B'dale Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record (May 29, 1955):5.
68. "Collective Bargaining Report," General Council Meeting, March 2, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Dist. 65 Opens A&S Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 6,1955):3; "'65 Moves Ahead at A&S, B'dale Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record (May 29, 1955):5.
69. "Collective Bargaining Report," General Council Meeting, March 2, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Dist. 65 Opens A&S Drive," RWDSU-CIO Record (March 6,1955):3; "'65 Moves Ahead at A&S, B'dale Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record (May 29, 1955):5.
70. [Minutes], General Council Meeting, September 7, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes.
71. "Department Store Organizing Drive," General Council Meeting, October 5, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Organization Report," General Council Meeting, November 2, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Breakthrough at A&S and Stern's Great Neck: '65' Dept Store Drive Scoring," RWDSU-CIO Record (November 27, 1955):3; Milton Reverby, interview with author, 25 October 1999, in author's possession.
72. "Department Store Organizing Drive," General Council Meeting, October 5, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Organization Report," General Council Meeting, November 2, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Breakthrough at A&S and Stern's Great Neck: '65' Dept Store Drive Scoring," RWDSU-CIO Record (November 27, 1955):3; Milton Reverby, interview with author, 25 October 1999, in author's possession.
73. "Department Store Organizing Drive," General Council Meeting, October 5, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Organization Report," General Council Meeting, November 2, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Breakthrough at A&S and Stern's Great Neck: '65' Dept Store Drive Scoring," RWDSU-CIO Record (November 27, 1955):3; Milton Reverby, interview with author, 25 October 1999, in author's possession.
74. "Department Store Organizing Drive," General Council Meeting, October 5, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Organization Report," General Council Meeting, November 2, 1955, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Breakthrough at A&S and Stern's Great Neck: '65' Dept Store Drive Scoring," RWDSU-CIO Record (November 27, 1955):3; Milton Reverby, interview with author, 25 October 1999, in author's possession.
75. "To Build '65,'" General Council Meeting, January 11, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes.
76. "District 65 Maps Great Organizing Campaign," RWDSU-CIO Record (May 27, 1956):5; "Organization Report," General Council Meeting, June 6, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes.
77. "District 65 Maps Great Organizing Campaign," RWDSU-CIO Record (May 27, 1956):5; "Organization Report," General Council Meeting, June 6, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes.
78. "Report on Contracts," General Council Meeting, January 30, 1957, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Collective Bargaining Strikes, and Organization," General Council Meeting, August 7, 1957, District 65-UAW Minutes.
79. "Report on Contracts," General Council Meeting, January 30, 1957, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Collective Bargaining Strikes, and Organization," General Council Meeting, August 7, 1957, District 65-UAW Minutes.
80. "Collective Barganing and Organization," General Council Meeting - Part IV, November 6, 1957, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Sterns Strike Looms March 1; Full Labor Backing Pledged," RWDSU-CIO Record (February 16, 1958:5.
81. "Collective Barganing and Organization," General Council Meeting - Part IV, November 6, 1957, District 65-UAW Minutes; "Sterns Strike Looms March 1; Full Labor Backing Pledged," RWDSU-CIO Record (February 16, 1958:5.
82. Negative #s: 14118-14120, 14122, 14288, District 65-UAW Photograph Collection.
83. "'65' Over Majority at Stern's in Great Neck," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 19, 1956):5; "Union Drive Speeds at Stern's Store in Jersey," RWDSU-CIO Record (July 5, 1959):5; "Stern Brothers and Local 5, District 65, RWDSU, AFL-CIO," Decisions of the National Labor Relations Board, 118:910-911; John Meegan, "Organizational Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, June 27, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; Dean Zavattaro, "Stern's Paramus Report," Local 5 Membership Meeting, June 24, 1959, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; John Meegan, "Department Store Negotiations," General Council Meeting, April 6, 1960, District 65-UAW Minutes.
84. "'65' Over Majority at Stern's in Great Neck," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 19, 1956):5; "Union Drive Speeds at Stern's Store in Jersey," RWDSU-CIO Record (July 5, 1959):5; "Stern Brothers and Local 5, District 65, RWDSU, AFL-CIO," Decisions of the National Labor Relations Board, 118:910-911; John Meegan, "Organizational Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, June 27, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; Dean Zavattaro, "Stern's Paramus Report," Local 5 Membership Meeting, June 24, 1959, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; John Meegan, "Department Store Negotiations," General Council Meeting, April 6, 1960, District 65-UAW Minutes.
85. "'65' Over Majority at Stern's in Great Neck," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 19, 1956):5; "Union Drive Speeds at Stern's Store in Jersey," RWDSU-CIO Record (July 5, 1959):5; "Stern Brothers and Local 5, District 65, RWDSU, AFL-CIO," Decisions of the National Labor Relations Board, 118:910-911; John Meegan, "Organizational Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, June 27, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; Dean Zavattaro, "Stern's Paramus Report," Local 5 Membership Meeting, June 24, 1959, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; John Meegan, "Department Store Negotiations," General Council Meeting, April 6, 1960, District 65-UAW Minutes.
86. "'65' Over Majority at Stern's in Great Neck," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 19, 1956):5; "Union Drive Speeds at Stern's Store in Jersey," RWDSU-CIO Record (July 5, 1959):5; "Stern Brothers and Local 5, District 65, RWDSU, AFL-CIO," Decisions of the National Labor Relations Board, 118:910-911; John Meegan, "Organizational Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, June 27, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; Dean Zavattaro, "Stern's Paramus Report," Local 5 Membership Meeting, June 24, 1959, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; John Meegan, "Department Store Negotiations," General Council Meeting, April 6, 1960, District 65-UAW Minutes.
87. "'65' Over Majority at Stern's in Great Neck," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 19, 1956):5; "Union Drive Speeds at Stern's Store in Jersey," RWDSU-CIO Record (July 5, 1959):5; "Stern Brothers and Local 5, District 65, RWDSU, AFL-CIO," Decisions of the National Labor Relations Board, 118:910-911; John Meegan, "Organizational Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, June 27, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; Dean Zavattaro, "Stern's Paramus Report," Local 5 Membership Meeting, June 24, 1959, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; John Meegan, "Department Store Negotiations," General Council Meeting, April 6, 1960, District 65-UAW Minutes.
88. "'65' Over Majority at Stern's in Great Neck," RWDSU-CIO Record (August 19, 1956):5; "Union Drive Speeds at Stern's Store in Jersey," RWDSU-CIO Record (July 5, 1959):5; "Stern Brothers and Local 5, District 65, RWDSU, AFL-CIO," Decisions of the National Labor Relations Board, 118:910-911; John Meegan, "Organizational Report," Local 2 General Membership Meeting, June 27, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; Dean Zavattaro, "Stern's Paramus Report," Local 5 Membership Meeting, June 24, 1959, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals; John Meegan, "Department Store Negotiations," General Council Meeting, April 6, 1960, District 65-UAW Minutes.
89. Zavattaro, "Stern's Paramus Report," June 24 1959, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
90. "Organizing and Collective Bargaining Report," General Council Meeting, August 15, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes.
91. Milton Reverby, interview with author, October 20, 1999, in author's possession.
92. Carl Andren, "Report on Organization," Local 3 Membership Meeting, September 13, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
93. Gross, Broken Promises, 106. In 1953, the NLRB reversed previous decisions and allowed management to make preelection speeches on company time and premises without a union response.
94. Zavattaro, "Stern's Paramus Report," June 14, 1959, District 65-UAW Minutes - Department Store Locals.
95. Bill Michelson, "Organizational Report," General Council Meeting, February 8, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes.
96. Milton Reverby, interview with author, 25 October 1999.
97. "Groups of 750 Bloomingdale Contingents Signed in Lightening Organization Campaign," RWDSU-CIO Record, (October 10, 1954):2; "Bloomingdale's Pact Scores Gains; Picketing Begins at Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record, (November 28, 1954):1; and "Collective Bargaining Report," General Council Meeting, December 1, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes.
98. "Groups of 750 Bloomingdale Contingents Signed in Lightening Organization Campaign," RWDSU-CIO Record, (October 10, 1954):2; "Bloomingdale's Pact Scores Gains; Picketing Begins at Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record, (November 28, 1954):1; and "Collective Bargaining Report," General Council Meeting, December 1, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes.
99. "Groups of 750 Bloomingdale Contingents Signed in Lightening Organization Campaign," RWDSU-CIO Record, (October 10, 1954):2; "Bloomingdale's Pact Scores Gains; Picketing Begins at Branches," RWDSU-CIO Record, (November 28, 1954):1; and "Collective Bargaining Report," General Council Meeting, December 1, 1954, District 65-UAW Minutes.
100. Bill Michelson, "Organizational Report," February 8, 1956, District 65-UAW Minutes. 59.
101. Torres, ibid.
102. I b i d.
103. Negative #s: 14118-14120, 14288, 10787, District 65-UAW Photograph Collection
104. Negative #s: 14118-14120, 14288, 10787, District 65-UAW Photograph Collection; [photographs] RWDSU-CIO Record, District 65 edition, (December 12, 1954):2-A.