Detection of oncogenes in chronic pancreatitis

HPB

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 214-225

  Paramythiotis, D ^a   Kleeff, J ^a   Schmidt, J ^a   Buchler J ^a   Friess, Helmut ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cationic trypsinogen; CFTR; Chronic pancreatitis; DNA array; K ras; Mutation; Oncogenes; p53; SPINK 1

Indexed keywords

APROTININ; PROTEIN P16; PROTEIN P53; SMAD4 PROTEIN; TRYPSINOGEN;

ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS; BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCEDURES; CHRONIC PANCREATITIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DNA MICROARRAY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOLLOW UP; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC MARKER; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; ONCOGENE; PANCREAS CANCER; PATHOGENESIS; PROGNOSIS; PROTO ONCOGENE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SAFETY; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 0347527377     PISSN: 1365182X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13651820310017804     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Kloppel G, Maillet B. Pathology of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 1993;8:659-70.
2. Kloppel G. Progression from acute to chronic pancreatitis. A pathologist's view. Surg Clin North Am 1999;79:801-14.
3. Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: Diagnosis, classification, and new genetic developments. Gastroenterology 2001;120:682-707.
4. Lankish PG, Assmus D, Pfchthofer D, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB. The burden of pancreatic disease in a well-defined population. Gastroenterology 1998;114:A24.
5. Copenhagen Pancreatitis Study Group. Copenhagen Pancreatitits Study. An interim report from a prospective epidemiological multicentre study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981;16:305-12.
6. Ammann RW. A clinically based classification system for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: Summary of an international workshop on chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 1997;14:215-21.
7. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Cavellini G, Ammann RW. Prognosis of chronic pancreatitis, an international multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:1567-71.
8. Comfort M, Steinberg A. Pedigree of family with hereditary chronic relapsing pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1952:21:54-63.
9. Perrault J. Hereditary pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1994;23:743-52.
10. Sossenheimer MJ, Aston CE, Preston RA, et al. Clinical characteristics of hereditary pancreatitis in a large family, based on high risk haplotype. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:1113-16.
11. Whitcomb DC. Genetic predisposition to acute and chronic pancreatitis. Med Clin North Am 2000;84:531-47.
12. Whitcomb DC. Hereditary pancreatitis: New insights into acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gut 1999;45:317-22.
13. Bruno MJ. Current insights into the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36(S234)103-8.
14. Braganza JM, Schofield D, Snehalatha C, Mohan V. Micronutrient antioxidant status in tropical compared with temperate-zone chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993;28:1098-104.
15. Narendranathan M, Cheriyan A. Lack of association between cassava consumption and tropical pancreatitis syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994;9:282-5.
16. Bhatia E, Choudhuri G, Sikora SS, et al. Tropical calcific pancreatitis: Strong association with SPINK1 trypsin inhibitor mutations. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1020-5.
17. Schneider A, Suman A, Rossi L, et al. SPINK1/PSTI mutations are associated with tropical pancreatitis and type II diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1026-30.
18. Kino-Ohsaki J, Nishimori I, Morita M, et al. Serum antibodies to carbonic anhydrase I and II in patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis and Sjögren's syndrome. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1579-86.
19. Frulloni L, Bovo P, Brunelli S, et al. Elevated serum levels of antibodies to carbonic anhydrase I and II in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 2000;20:382-8.
20. Lönnerholm G, Selking O, Wistrand PJ. Amount and distribution of carbonic anhydrases CA I and CA II in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 1985;88:1151-61.
21. Gu ZY, Zhang KH. Chronic pancreatitis in China: Etiology and management. World J Surg 1990;14:28-31.
22. Misra SP, Dwivedi M. Do gallstones cause chronic pancreatitis? Int J Pancreatol 1991;10:97-102.
23. Friess H, Büchler MW, Müller C, Malfertheiner P. Immunopathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1018-22.
24. DiMagno EP. A short, eclectic history of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1993;104:1255-62.
25. Steer ML, Waxman I, Freedman S. Chronic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1482-90.
26. Braganza JM. A framework for the aetiogenesis of chronic pancreatitis. Digestion 1998;59:1-12.
27. Okazaki K, Uchida K, Ohana M, et al. Autoimmune-related pancreatitis is associated with autoantibodies and a Th1/Th2-type cellular immune response. Gastroenterology 2000;118:573-81.
28. Chiari H. Ueber die Selbstverdauung des menschlichen Pankreas. Zeitschrift für Heilkunde 1896;17:69-96.
29. Rinderknecht H. Activation of pancreatic zymogens. Normal activation, premature intrapancreatic activation, and protective mechanisms against inappropriate activation. Dig Dis Sci 1986;31:314-21.
30. Jansen JBMJ, Te Morsche R, Van Goor H, Drenth JPH. Genetic basis of chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37:91-4.
31. Whitcomb DC, Gorry MC, Preston RA, et al. Hereditary pancreatitis is caused by a mutation in the cationic trypsinogen gene. Nat Genet 1996;14:141-5.
32. Whitcomb DC, Preston RA, Aston CE, et al. A gene for hereditary pancreatitis maps to chromosome 7q35. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1975-80.
33. Le Bodic L, Bignon JD, Raguenes O, et al. The hereditary pancreatitis gene maps to long arm of chromosome 7. Hum Mol Genet 1996;5:549-54.
34. Rowen L, Koop BF, Hood L, et al. The complete 685 kilobase DNA sequence of the human beta T-cell locus. Science 1996;272:1755-62.
35. Gorry MC, Gabbaizedeh D, Furey W, et al. Mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene are associated with recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1997;113:1063-8.
36. Antonarakis SE, the Nomenclature Workgroup. Recommendations for a nomenclature system for human gene mutations. Hum Mutat 1998;11:1-3.
37. Witt H, Luck W, Becker M. A signal peptide cleavage site mutation in the cationic trypsinogen gene is strongly associated with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1999;117:7-10.
38. Witt H, Luck W, Hennies HC, et al. Mutations in the gene encoding the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 are associated with chronic pancreatitis. Nat Genet 2000;25:213-16.
39. Jansen JBMJ, Te Morsche R, Van Goor H, Drenth JPH. Genetic basis of chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37(S236)91-4.
40. Pfötzer RH, Barmada MM, Brunskill AP, et al. SPINK1/PSTI polymorphisms act as disease modifiers in familial and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2000;119:615-23.
41. Threadgold J, Greenhalf W, Ellis I, et al. The N34S mutation of SPINK 1 (PSTI) is associated with a familial pattern of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis but does not cause the disease. Gut 2002;50:675-82.
42. Drenth JPH, Te Morsche R, Jansen JBMJ. Mutations in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 are strongly associated with chronic pancreatitis. Gut 2002;50:687-93.
43. Chen JM, Mercier B, Audrezet MP, et al. Mutational analysis of the human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) gene in hereditary and sporadic chronic pancreatitis. J Med Genet 2000;37:67-9.
44. Witt H, Hennies H, Becker CM. SPINK1 mutations in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2001;120:1060-1.
45. Witt H, Luck W, Becker M, et al. Mutation in the SPINK1 trypsin inhibitor gene, alcohol use, and chronic pancreatitis. JAMA 2001;285:2716-17.
46. Cohn JA, Friedman KJ, Noone PG, Knowles MR, Silverman LM, Jowell PS. Relation between mutations of the cystic fibrosis gene and idiopathic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1998;339:653-8.
47. Sharer N, Schwarz M, Malone G, et al. Mutations of the cystic fibrosis gene in patients with chronic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1998;339:645-52.
48. Cohn JA, Bornstein JD, Jowell PS. Cystic fibrosis mutations and genetic predisposition to idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. In: Whitcomb DC, Cohn JA, Ulrich II CD (eds). The Medical Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000:621-32.
49. Truninger K, Malik N, Ammann RW, et al. Mutations of the cystic fibrosis gene in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2657-61.
50. Carey MC, Fitzerald O. Hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic pancreatitis in a family. Gut 1968;9:700-3.
51. Wilson DDE, Hata A, Kwong LK, et al. Mutations in exon 3 of the lipoprotein lipase gene segregating in a family with hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Invest 1993;92:203-11.
52. Beil FU, Fojo SS, Brewer HJ, Greten H, Beisiegel U. Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency syndrome due to apo C-II Hamburg: Clinical and biochemical features and HphI restriction enzyme polymorphism. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22:88-95.
53. Fojo SS, Brewer HB. Hypertriglyceridemia due to genetic defects in lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein C-II. J Intern Med 1992;231:669-77.
54. Bos JL. Ras oncogenes in human cancer: A review. Cancer Res 1989;49:4682-9.
55. Levi S, Urbano-Ispizua A, Gill R, et al. Multiple K-ras codon 12 mutations in cholangiocarcinomas demonstrated with a sensitive polymerase chain reaction technique. Cancer Res 1991;51:3497-502.
56. Lemoine NR, Jain S, Hughes C, et al. Ki-ras oncogene activation in pre-invasive pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 1992;102:230-6.
57. Almoguera C, Shibata D, Forrester K, Martin J, Arnheim N, Perucho M. Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes. Cell 1988;53:549-54.
58. Solmi L, Gandolfi L, Muratori R, et al. Echo-guided fine-needle biopsy of pancreatic masses. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82:744-8.
59. Hartner LP, Moss AA, Goldberg HI, Gross BH. CT-guided fine-needle aspirations for diagnosis of benign and malignant diseases. Am J Roentgenol 1983;140:363-7.
60. Tada M, Komatsu Y, Kawabe T, et al. Quantitative analysis of K-ras gene mutation in pancreatic tissue obtained by endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration: Clinical utility for diagnosis of pancreatic tumor. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2263-9.
61. Sawada Y, Gonda H, Hayashida Y. Combined use of brushing cytology and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography for the early detection of pancreatic cancer. Acta Cytol 1989;33:870-4.
62. Kubota Y, Takaoka M, Tani K, et al. Endoscopic trans-papillary biopsy for diagnosis of patients with pancreaticobiliary ductal strictures. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:1700-4.
63. Pugliese V, Pujic N, Saccomanno S, et al. Pancreatic intraductal sampling during ERCP in patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer: Cytologic studies and k-ras-2 codon 12 molecular analysis in 47 cases. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:595-9.
64. Iguchi H, Sugano K, Fukayama N, et al. Analysis of Ki-ras codon 12 mutations in the duodenal juice of patients with pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 1996;110:221-6.
65. Theodor L, Melzer E, Sologov M, Bar-Meir S. Diagnostic value of K-ras mutations in serum of pancreatic cancer patients. Ann NY Acad Sci 2000;906:19-24.
66. Fernandez E, La Vecchia C, Porta M, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, Boyle P. Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 1995;11:185-9.
67. Flanders TY, Foulkes WD. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Epidemiology and genetics. J Med Genet 1996;33:889-98.
68. Berndt C, Haubold K, Wenger F, et al. K-ras mutations in stool and tissue samples from patients with malignant and nonmalignant pancreatic diseases. Clin Chem 1998;44:2103-7.
69. Wenger FA, Zieren J, Peter FJ, Jacobi CA, Muller JM. K-ras mutations in tissue and stool samples from patients with pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1999;384:181.
70. Caldas C, Hahn SA, Hurban RH, Redston MS, Yeo CJ, Kern SE. Detection of K-ras mutations in the stool of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal hyperplasia. Cancer Res 1994;54:3568-73.
71. Smit VTHBM, Boot AJM, Fleuren GJ, Cornelisse CJ, Bos JL. K-ras codon 12 mutations occur very frequently in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Nucleic Acids Res 1989;16:7773-82.
72. Rozenblum E, Schutte M, Goggins M, et al. Tumor-suppressive pathway in pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer Res 1997;57:1731-4.
73. Van Laethem JL, Bourgeois V, Parma J, et al. Relative contribution of Ki-ras gene analysis and brush cytology during ERCP for the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic diseases. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:479-85.
74. Kimura W, Zhao B, Futakawa N, Muto T, Makuuchi M. Significance of K-ras codon 12 point mutation in pancreatic juice in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Hepatogastroenterology 1999;46:532-9.
75. Yanagisawa A, Ohtake K, Ohnishi K, et al. Frequent c-Kiras oncogene activation in mucous cell hyperplasia of pancreas suffering from chronic inflammation. Cancer Res 1993;53:953-6.
76. Löhr M, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB. K-ras mutations and benign pancreatic disease. Int J Pancreatol 2000;27:93-103.
77. Berthélemy P, Bouisson M, Escourrou J, Vayesse N, Rumeau JL, Pradayrol L. Identification of K-ras mutations in pancreatic juice in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:188-91.
78. Hsiang D, Friess H, Büchler MW, Ebert M, Butler J, Korc M. Absence of k-ras mutations in the pancreatic parenchyma of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1997;174:242-6.
79. Orth M, Gansauge F, Gansauge S, Beger HG, Adler G, Schmid RM. K-ras mutations at codon 12 are rare events in chronic pancreatitis. Digestion 1998;59:120-4.
80. Nakaizumi A, Uehara H, Takenaka A, et al. Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer by cytology and measurement of oncogene and tumor markers in pure pancreatic juice aspirated by endoscopy. Hepatogastroenterology 1999;46:31-7.
81. Lohr M, Muller P, Mora J, et al. p53 and K-ras mutations in pancreatic juice samples from patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:734-43.
82. Kubrusly MS, Cunha JEM, Bacchella T, et al. Detection of K-ras point mutation at codon 12 in pancreatic diseases: A study in a Brazilian casuistic. JOP 2002;3:144-51.
83. Tada M, Omata M, Kawai S, et al. Detection of ras gene mutations in pancreatic juice and peripheral blood of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1994;53:2472-4.
84. Watanabe H, Sawabu N, Ohta H, et al. Identification of K-ras oncogene mutations in the pure pancreatic juice of patients with ductal pancreatic cancers. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993;84:961-5.
85. Kondo H, Sugano K, Fukayama N, et al. Detection of point mutations in the K-ras oncogene at codon 12 in pure pancreatic juice for diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer 1994;73:1589-94.
86. Furuya N, Kawa S, Akamatsu T, Furihata K. Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic pancreatitis and K-ras gene mutation detected in pancreatic juice. Gastroenterology 1997;113:593-8.
87. Van Laethem JL. Ki-ras oncogene mutations in chronic pancreatitis: Which discriminating ability for malignant potential? Ann NY Acad Sci 1999;880:210-18.
88. Furaya N, Kawa S, Akamatsu T, Furihata K. Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic pancreatitis and K-ras gene mutation detected in pancreatic juice. Gastroenterology 1997;113:593-8.
89. Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA. The p53 tumor suppressor gene. Nature 1991;351:453-6.
90. Barton CM, Staddon SL, Huges C, et al. Abnormalities of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in human pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 1991;64:1076-82.
91. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M, Harris CC. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: Clue to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res 1994;54:4855-78.
92. Berrozpe G, Schaeffer J, Peinado MA, Real FX, Perucho M. Comparative analysis of mutations in the p53 and K-ras genes in pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 1994;58:1185-1191.
93. Suwa H, Ohshio G, Okada N, et al. Clinical significance of serum p53 antigen in patients with pancreatic carcinomas. Gut 1997;40:647-53.
94. Ruggeri BA, Huang L, Berger D, et al. Molecular pathology of primary and metastatic ductal pancreatic lesions: Analyses of mutations and expression of the p53, mdm-2, and p21/WAF-1 genes in sporadic and familial lesions. Cancer 1997;79:700-16.
95. Weyrer K, Feichtinger H, Haun M, et al. p53, Ki-ras, and DNA ploidy in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Lab Invest 1996;74:279-89.
96. Linder S, Parrado C, Falkmer UG, Blasjo M, Sundelin P, Von Rosen A. Prognostic significance of Ki-67 antigen and p53 protein expression in pancreatic duct carcinoma: A study of the monoclonal antibodies MIB-1 and DO-7 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour material. Br J Cancer 1997;76:54-9.
97. Gansauge S, Schmid RM, Muller J, Adler G, Mattleldt T, Beger HG. Genetic alterations in chronic pancreatitis: Evidence for early occurrence of p53 but not K-ras mutations. Br J Surg 1998;85:337-40.
98. Casey G, Yamanaka Y, Friess H, et al. p53 mutations are common in pancreatic cancer and are absent in chronic pancreatitis. Cancer Lett 1993;69:151-60.
99. Costentin L, Pages P, Bouisson M, et al. Frequent deletions of tumor suppressor genes in pure pancreatic juice from patients with tumoral or nontumoral pancreatic diseases. Pancreatology 2002;2:17-25.
100. Tascilar M, Sturm PD, Caspers E, et al. Diagnostic p53 immunostaining of endobiliary brush cytology: Preoperative cytology compared with the surgical specimen. Cancer 1999;87:306-11.
101. Chin L, Pomerantz J, DePinho RA. The INK4a/ARF tumour suppressor: One gene-two products-two pathways. Trends Biochem Sci 1998;23:291-6.
102. Sherr CJ. Cancer cell cycles. Science 1996;276:1672-7.
103. Naumann M, Savitskaia N, Eilert C, Schramm A, Kalthoff H, Schmiegel W. Frequent codeletion of p16/MTS1 and p15/MTS2 and genetic alterations in p16/MTS1 in pancreatic tumors. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1215-24.
104. Caldas C, Hahn SA, Da Costa LT, et al. Frequent somatic mutations and homozygous deletions of the p16 (MTS1) gene in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Nat Genet 1994;8:27-32.
105. Schutte M, Hruban RH, Geradts J, et al. Abrogation of the Rb/p16 tumor-suppressive pathway in virtually all pancreatic carcinomas. Cancer Res 1997;57:3126-30.
106. Klump B, Hsieh CJ, Nehls O, et al. Methylation status of p14ARF and p16INK4a as detected in pancreatic secretions. Br J Cancer 2003;88:217-22.
107. Yamano M, Fujii H, Takagaki T, et al. Genetic progression and divergence in pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2000;156:2123-2133.
108. Wilentz RE, Geradts J, Maynard R, et al. Inactivation of the p16 (INK4A) tumor-suppressor gene in pancreatic duct lesions: Loss of intranuclear expression. Cancer Res 1998;58:4740-4.
109. Hu YX, Watanabe H, Ohtsubo K, et al. Frequent loss of p16 expression and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters in pancreatic carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1997;3:1473-7.
110. Coppola D, Lu L, Fruehauf JP, et al. Analysis of p53, p21WAF, and TGF-beta 1 in human ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. TGF-beta 1 protein expression predicts longer survival. Am J Clin Pathol 1998;110:16-23.
111. Tascilar M, Skinner HG, Rosty C, et al. The Smad4 protein and prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:4115-21.
112. Bartsch D, Barth P, Bastian D, et al. Higher frequency of DPC4/Smad4 alterations in pancreatic cancer cell lines than in primary pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Cancer Lett 1999;139:43-9.
113. Friess H, Ding J, Kleeff J, et al. Identification of disease-specific genes in chronic pancreatitis using DNA array technology. Ann Surg 2001;234:769-78.
114. Talamini G, Falconi M, Bassi C, et al. Incidence of cancer in the course of chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1253-60.
115. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, DiMagno EP, et al. Hereditary pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Hereditary Pancreatitis Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:442-6.
116. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Cavallini G, et al. Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Pancreatitis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1433-7.
117. Malka D, Hammel P, Maire F, et al. Risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in chronic pancreatitis. Gut 2002;51:849-52.
118. Augustine P, Ramesh H. Is tropical pancreatitis premalignant? Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87:1005-8.
119. Chari ST, Mohan V, Pitchumoni CS, Viswanathan M, Madanagopalan N, Lowenfels AB. Risk of pancreatic carcinoma in tropical calcifying pancreatitis: An epidemiologic study. Pancreas 1994;9:62-6.
120. Sheldon CD, Hodson ME, Carpenter LM, Swerdlow AJ. A cohort study of cystic fibrosis and malignancy. Br J Cancer 1993;68:1025-8.
121. Neglia JP, FitzSimmons SC, Maisonneuve P, et al. The risk of cancer among patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis and Cancer Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;332:494-9.
122. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Whitcomb DC, et al. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer in patients with hereditary pancreatitis. JAMA 2001;286:169-70.
123. DiGiuseppe JA, Hruban RH, Offerhaus GJ, et al. Detection of K-ras mutations in mucinous pancreatic duct hyperplasia from a patient with a family history of pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1994;144;889-95.