C. V. Raman and the Discovery of the Raman Effect

Physics in Perspective

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 399-420

  Singh, Rajinder ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OLDENBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adolf Smekal; Albert Einstein; Arnold Sommerfeld; Arthur Holly Compton; Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman; Compton effect; Grigorii Samuilovich Landsberg; Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam; Light quanta; Light scattering; Nobel Prize in Physics; Raman effect

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347370636     PISSN: 14226944     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000160200002     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. Quoted in Helge Kragh, Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 68.
2. Arthur H. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements, Physical Review 21 (1923), 483-502. For a full account, see Roger H. Stuewer, The Compton Effect: Turning Point in Physics (New York: Science History Publications, 1975).
3. Arthur H. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements, Physical Review 21 (1923), 483-502. For a full account, see Roger H. Stuewer, The Compton Effect: Turning Point in Physics (New York: Science History Publications, 1975).
4. Robert W. Wood, "Wavelength Shifts in Scattered Light," Nature 122 (1928), 349.
5. For accounts of Raman's life and work, see Indian Scientists: Biographical Sketches with an Account of their Researches, Discoveries and Inventions (Madras: G. A. Natesan and Co., 1929), pp. 183-246; P. Krishnamurti, Sir C. V. Roman: A Short Biographical Sketch (Bangalore: The Bangalore Press, 1938); Jagdish Mehra, "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman," in Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XI (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), pp. 264-267; G. H. Keswani, Raman and His Effect (New Delhi: National Book Trust India, 1980); P. R. Pisharoty, C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1982); S. N. Sen, Prof. C. V. Raman: Scientific Work at Calcutta (Calcutta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1988); G. Venkataraman, Journey Into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988); A. Jayaraman, C. V. Raman: A Memoir (New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Private Ltd., 1989); and G. Venkataraman, Raman and His Effect (Hyderabad: University Press (India) Ltd., 1995.
6. For accounts of Raman's life and work, see Indian Scientists: Biographical Sketches with an Account of their Researches, Discoveries and Inventions (Madras: G. A. Natesan and Co., 1929), pp. 183-246; P. Krishnamurti, Sir C. V. Roman: A Short Biographical Sketch (Bangalore: The Bangalore Press, 1938); Jagdish Mehra, "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman," in Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XI (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), pp. 264-267; G. H. Keswani, Raman and His Effect (New Delhi: National Book Trust India, 1980); P. R. Pisharoty, C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1982); S. N. Sen, Prof. C. V. Raman: Scientific Work at Calcutta (Calcutta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1988); G. Venkataraman, Journey Into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988); A. Jayaraman, C. V. Raman: A Memoir (New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Private Ltd., 1989); and G. Venkataraman, Raman and His Effect (Hyderabad: University Press (India) Ltd., 1995.
7. For accounts of Raman's life and work, see Indian Scientists: Biographical Sketches with an Account of their Researches, Discoveries and Inventions (Madras: G. A. Natesan and Co., 1929), pp. 183-246; P. Krishnamurti, Sir C. V. Roman: A Short Biographical Sketch (Bangalore: The Bangalore Press, 1938); Jagdish Mehra, "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman," in Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XI (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), pp. 264-267; G. H. Keswani, Raman and His Effect (New Delhi: National Book Trust India, 1980); P. R. Pisharoty, C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1982); S. N. Sen, Prof. C. V. Raman: Scientific Work at Calcutta (Calcutta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1988); G. Venkataraman, Journey Into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988); A. Jayaraman, C. V. Raman: A Memoir (New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Private Ltd., 1989); and G. Venkataraman, Raman and His Effect (Hyderabad: University Press (India) Ltd., 1995.
8. For accounts of Raman's life and work, see Indian Scientists: Biographical Sketches with an Account of their Researches, Discoveries and Inventions (Madras: G. A. Natesan and Co., 1929), pp. 183-246; P. Krishnamurti, Sir C. V. Roman: A Short Biographical Sketch (Bangalore: The Bangalore Press, 1938); Jagdish Mehra, "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman," in Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XI (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), pp. 264-267; G. H. Keswani, Raman and His Effect (New Delhi: National Book Trust India, 1980); P. R. Pisharoty, C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1982); S. N. Sen, Prof. C. V. Raman: Scientific Work at Calcutta (Calcutta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1988); G. Venkataraman, Journey Into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988); A. Jayaraman, C. V. Raman: A Memoir (New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Private Ltd., 1989); and G. Venkataraman, Raman and His Effect (Hyderabad: University Press (India) Ltd., 1995.
9. For accounts of Raman's life and work, see Indian Scientists: Biographical Sketches with an Account of their Researches, Discoveries and Inventions (Madras: G. A. Natesan and Co., 1929), pp. 183-246; P. Krishnamurti, Sir C. V. Roman: A Short Biographical Sketch (Bangalore: The Bangalore Press, 1938); Jagdish Mehra, "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman," in Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XI (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), pp. 264-267; G. H. Keswani, Raman and His Effect (New Delhi: National Book Trust India, 1980); P. R. Pisharoty, C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1982); S. N. Sen, Prof. C. V. Raman: Scientific Work at Calcutta (Calcutta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1988); G. Venkataraman, Journey Into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988); A. Jayaraman, C. V. Raman: A Memoir (New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Private Ltd., 1989); and G. Venkataraman, Raman and His Effect (Hyderabad: University Press (India) Ltd., 1995.
10. For accounts of Raman's life and work, see Indian Scientists: Biographical Sketches with an Account of their Researches, Discoveries and Inventions (Madras: G. A. Natesan and Co., 1929), pp. 183-246; P. Krishnamurti, Sir C. V. Roman: A Short Biographical Sketch (Bangalore: The Bangalore Press, 1938); Jagdish Mehra, "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman," in Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XI (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), pp. 264-267; G. H. Keswani, Raman and His Effect (New Delhi: National Book Trust India, 1980); P. R. Pisharoty, C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1982); S. N. Sen, Prof. C. V. Raman: Scientific Work at Calcutta (Calcutta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1988); G. Venkataraman, Journey Into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988); A. Jayaraman, C. V. Raman: A Memoir (New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Private Ltd., 1989); and G. Venkataraman, Raman and His Effect (Hyderabad: University Press (India) Ltd., 1995.
11. For accounts of Raman's life and work, see Indian Scientists: Biographical Sketches with an Account of their Researches, Discoveries and Inventions (Madras: G. A. Natesan and Co., 1929), pp. 183-246; P. Krishnamurti, Sir C. V. Roman: A Short Biographical Sketch (Bangalore: The Bangalore Press, 1938); Jagdish Mehra, "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman," in Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XI (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), pp. 264-267; G. H. Keswani, Raman and His Effect (New Delhi: National Book Trust India, 1980); P. R. Pisharoty, C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1982); S. N. Sen, Prof. C. V. Raman: Scientific Work at Calcutta (Calcutta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1988); G. Venkataraman, Journey Into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988); A. Jayaraman, C. V. Raman: A Memoir (New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Private Ltd., 1989); and G. Venkataraman, Raman and His Effect (Hyderabad: University Press (India) Ltd., 1995.
12. For accounts of Raman's life and work, see Indian Scientists: Biographical Sketches with an Account of their Researches, Discoveries and Inventions (Madras: G. A. Natesan and Co., 1929), pp. 183-246; P. Krishnamurti, Sir C. V. Roman: A Short Biographical Sketch (Bangalore: The Bangalore Press, 1938); Jagdish Mehra, "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman," in Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XI (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), pp. 264-267; G. H. Keswani, Raman and His Effect (New Delhi: National Book Trust India, 1980); P. R. Pisharoty, C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1982); S. N. Sen, Prof. C. V. Raman: Scientific Work at Calcutta (Calcutta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1988); G. Venkataraman, Journey Into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988); A. Jayaraman, C. V. Raman: A Memoir (New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Private Ltd., 1989); and G. Venkataraman, Raman and His Effect (Hyderabad: University Press (India) Ltd., 1995.
13. For accounts of Raman's life and work, see Indian Scientists: Biographical Sketches with an Account of their Researches, Discoveries and Inventions (Madras: G. A. Natesan and Co., 1929), pp. 183-246; P. Krishnamurti, Sir C. V. Roman: A Short Biographical Sketch (Bangalore: The Bangalore Press, 1938); Jagdish Mehra, "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman," in Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XI (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), pp. 264-267; G. H. Keswani, Raman and His Effect (New Delhi: National Book Trust India, 1980); P. R. Pisharoty, C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1982); S. N. Sen, Prof. C. V. Raman: Scientific Work at Calcutta (Calcutta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1988); G. Venkataraman, Journey Into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman (New Delhi: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988); A. Jayaraman, C. V. Raman: A Memoir (New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Private Ltd., 1989); and G. Venkataraman, Raman and His Effect (Hyderabad: University Press (India) Ltd., 1995.
14. S. Ramaseshan, "C. V. Raman Memorial Lecture," Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, March 3, 1978.
15. C. V. Raman, in Books That Have Influenced Me: A Symposium (Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., 1947), pp. 21-29.
16. C. V. Raman, The Physiology of Vision (Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1968).
17. C. V. Raman, "Unsymmetrical Diffraction Bands due to a Rectangular Aperture," Philosophical Magazine 12 (1906), 494-498.
18. See C. V. Raman's comments in his paper, "Remarks on a Paper by J. S. Stokes on 'Some Curious Phenomena Observed in Connection with Meld's Experiment'," Physical Review 32 (1911), 307-308.
19. Quoted in Pisharoty, Raman (ref. 4), p. 10.
20. C. V. Raman, "Convocation Speech delivered at Coimbatore," February 28, 1953.
21. Ibid.
22. A. Mookerjee to Viceroy of India, June 29, 1912, Churchill College Archives, University of Cambridge.
23. Venkataraman, Journey Into Light (ref. 4), p. 38.
24. V. R. Krishnan, "Lokasundari Raman," Femina (May 22, 1978).
25. Minutes of the Syndicate, Calcutta University, May 11, 1917, pp. 810-811.
26. J. C. Bose to D. P. Sarbadhikari, August 30, 1917 (private copy).
27. G. Chattopadhyay, "The Other Side of Genius," The Illustrated Weekly of India (September 24, 1989), 44-47.
28. M. N. Saha to P. K. Kichlu, August 15, 1927, Nehru Memorial Library, New Delhi.
29. M. N. Saha and B. N. Srivastava, A Treatise of Heat (Allahabad: The Indian Press, 1965), p. viii.
30. J. C. Chaudhuri, Indian Fellows of the Royal Society and Others (Calcutta: Academic Publishers, 1992), pp. 58-61.
31. A Century (Calcutta: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1976), p. 227.
32. Secretary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal to C. V. Raman, December 4 and 11, 1922.
33. C. V. Raman Nomination Certificate, November 1921, Royal Society of London Archives.
34. Chattopadhyay, "Other Side of Genius" (ref. 18); Amrita Bazar Patrika (June 21, 1934).
35. Chattopadhyay, "Other Side of Genius" (ref. 18); Amrita Bazar Patrika (June 21, 1934).
36. Chattopadhyay, "Other Side of Genius" (ref. 18); S. Chatterjee, "Meghnad Saha and C. V. Raman: Fact and Fiction," Indian Physical Society: Diamond Jubilee Number (Indian Physical Society, 1995), pp. 43-47.
37. Chattopadhyay, "Other Side of Genius" (ref. 18); S. Chatterjee, "Meghnad Saha and C. V. Raman: Fact and Fiction," Indian Physical Society: Diamond Jubilee Number (Indian Physical Society, 1995), pp. 43-47.
38. R. S. Krishnan, "Prof. Sir C. V. Raman," Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 30 (1971), 2-7.
39. Sen, Raman (ref. 4), pp. 136-137.
40. Krishnamurti, Raman (ref. 4), pp. 13-16.
41. N. H. Fletcher, "The Non-linear Physics of Musical Instruments," Reports of Progress in Physics 62 (1999), 723-764.
42. A. Hirschberg, J. Kergomar and G. Weinreich, ed., Mechanics of Musical Instruments (Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1995), p. 227; N. H. Fletcher and Thomas D. Rossing, The Physics of Musical Instruments (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998), p. 329.
43. A. Hirschberg, J. Kergomar and G. Weinreich, ed., Mechanics of Musical Instruments (Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1995), p. 227; N. H. Fletcher and Thomas D. Rossing, The Physics of Musical Instruments (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998), p. 329.
44. C. V. Raman, "On the Mechanical Theory of the Vibrations of Bowed Strings and of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family, with Experimental Verification of the Results," Part 1, Bulletin of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 15 (1918), 1-158.
45. Editor, Nature 90 (1912), 367; ibid. 93 (1914), 622.
46. Editor, Nature 90 (1912), 367; ibid. 93 (1914), 622.
47. Sen, Raman (ref. 4), p. 137.
48. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Annual Report (1926), p. 268.
49. C. V. Raman, "Musikinstrumente und ihre Klänge," in Hans Geiger and Karl Scheel, ed., Handbuch der Physik, Band 8 (Berlin: Springer, 1927), pp. 354-427.
50. Ibid., pp. 151-295.
51. Editor, "Origin of the Society," The Journal of the Astronomical Society of India 1 (1910-1911), 1-2; hereafter JASI.
52. J. J. Meikle, Editor, "Report of the Meeting of the Society, March 1912," ibid. 2 (1911-1912), 144-146; C. T. Letton, Editor, "Report ..., November 5, 1912," ibid. 3 (1911-1912), 2; "Report ..., February 25, 1913," ibid. 3 (1912-1913), 121; "Report ..., October 1913," ibid. 4 (1913-1914), 27.
53. J. J. Meikle, Editor, "Report of the Meeting of the Society, March 1912," ibid. 2 (1911-1912), 144-146; C. T. Letton, Editor, "Report ..., November 5, 1912," ibid. 3 (1911-1912), 2; "Report ..., February 25, 1913," ibid. 3 (1912-1913), 121; "Report ..., October 1913," ibid. 4 (1913-1914), 27.
54. J. J. Meikle, Editor, "Report of the Meeting of the Society, March 1912," ibid. 2 (1911-1912), 144-146; C. T. Letton, Editor, "Report ..., November 5, 1912," ibid. 3 (1911-1912), 2; "Report ..., February 25, 1913," ibid. 3 (1912-1913), 121; "Report ..., October 1913," ibid. 4 (1913-1914), 27.
55. J. J. Meikle, Editor, "Report of the Meeting of the Society, March 1912," ibid. 2 (1911-1912), 144-146; C. T. Letton, Editor, "Report ..., November 5, 1912," ibid. 3 (1911-1912), 2; "Report ..., February 25, 1913," ibid. 3 (1912-1913), 121; "Report ..., October 1913," ibid. 4 (1913-1914), 27.
56. C. V. Raman, "Astronomical Optics," JASI 2 (1911-1912), 224-229; "The Diffraction of Light and its Relation to the Performance of the Telescope," ibid., 195-203; "Spectroscopic Notes," ibid., 3 (1911-1912), 49-52; "Observations of the Gegenschein," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 102-103; "Saturn in a Small Telescope," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 154-155; "Saturn and its System," ibid., 5 (1913-1916), 149-150.
57. C. V. Raman, "Astronomical Optics," JASI 2 (1911-1912), 224-229; "The Diffraction of Light and its Relation to the Performance of the Telescope," ibid., 195-203; "Spectroscopic Notes," ibid., 3 (1911-1912), 49-52; "Observations of the Gegenschein," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 102-103; "Saturn in a Small Telescope," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 154-155; "Saturn and its System," ibid., 5 (1913-1916), 149-150.
58. C. V. Raman, "Astronomical Optics," JASI 2 (1911-1912), 224-229; "The Diffraction of Light and its Relation to the Performance of the Telescope," ibid., 195-203; "Spectroscopic Notes," ibid., 3 (1911-1912), 49-52; "Observations of the Gegenschein," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 102-103; "Saturn in a Small Telescope," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 154-155; "Saturn and its System," ibid., 5 (1913-1916), 149-150.
59. C. V. Raman, "Astronomical Optics," JASI 2 (1911-1912), 224-229; "The Diffraction of Light and its Relation to the Performance of the Telescope," ibid., 195-203; "Spectroscopic Notes," ibid., 3 (1911-1912), 49-52; "Observations of the Gegenschein," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 102-103; "Saturn in a Small Telescope," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 154-155; "Saturn and its System," ibid., 5 (1913-1916), 149-150.
60. C. V. Raman, "Astronomical Optics," JASI 2 (1911-1912), 224-229; "The Diffraction of Light and its Relation to the Performance of the Telescope," ibid., 195-203; "Spectroscopic Notes," ibid., 3 (1911-1912), 49-52; "Observations of the Gegenschein," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 102-103; "Saturn in a Small Telescope," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 154-155; "Saturn and its System," ibid., 5 (1913-1916), 149-150.
61. C. V. Raman, "Astronomical Optics," JASI 2 (1911-1912), 224-229; "The Diffraction of Light and its Relation to the Performance of the Telescope," ibid., 195-203; "Spectroscopic Notes," ibid., 3 (1911-1912), 49-52; "Observations of the Gegenschein," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 102-103; "Saturn in a Small Telescope," ibid., 4 (1913-1914), 154-155; "Saturn and its System," ibid., 5 (1913-1916), 149-150.
62. C. T. Letton, Editor, "Report of the Meeting of the Society, March 25, 1913," JASI 3 (1912-1913), 145; "Report ..., June 24, 1913," ibid., p. 227; J. Mitchell, "Jupiter, the Giant Planet," ibid. 5 (1913-1916), 136.
63. C. T. Letton, Editor, "Report of the Meeting of the Society, March 25, 1913," JASI 3 (1912-1913), 145; "Report ..., June 24, 1913," ibid., p. 227; J. Mitchell, "Jupiter, the Giant Planet," ibid. 5 (1913-1916), 136.
64. C. T. Letton, Editor, "Report of the Meeting of the Society, March 25, 1913," JASI 3 (1912-1913), 145; "Report ..., June 24, 1913," ibid., p. 227; J. Mitchell, "Jupiter, the Giant Planet," ibid. 5 (1913-1916), 136.
65. Council Members, JASI 10 (1919-1920), 2; C. V. Raman, "On the Diffraction Phenomena Observed in the Testing of Optical Surfaces [Abstract]", ibid. 7 (1916-1917), 30.
66. Council Members, JASI 10 (1919-1920), 2; C. V. Raman, "On the Diffraction Phenomena Observed in the Testing of Optical Surfaces [Abstract]", ibid. 7 (1916-1917), 30.
67. C. V. Raman, "What would I do if I lived my Life Again?" The Illustrated Weekly of India (April 23, 1939), 19.
68. Keswani, Raman (ref. 4), pp. 145-147.
69. C. V. Raman, Molecular Diffraction of Light (Calcutta: Calcutta University Press, 1922).
70. A Century (ref. 22), p. 241.
71. Rajinder Singh and Falk Riess, "Bidhu Bhushan Ray and His Contacts to Western Scientists," Science and Culture 66 (2000), 177-181.
72. There is some disagreement here with the list of visitors to the Bohr Institute between 1920 and 1930 given in Peter Robertson, The Early Years: The Niels Bohr Institute 1921-1930 (Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1979), pp. 156-159, on p. 158. Robertson shows Ray as spending the period October 1924 to September 1925 at the Bohr Institute, while Ray wrote to Bohr from Berlin on March 6, 1926, thanking Bohr for his hospitality over the past year and a half. I have assumed that Ray's letter gives his stay with Bohr correctly.
73. C. V. Raman, "Einstein's Aberration Experiment," Nature 109 (1922), 477-478; "On Einstein's Aberration Experiment," Astrophysical Journal 56 (1922), 29-33.
74. C. V. Raman, "Einstein's Aberration Experiment," Nature 109 (1922), 477-478; "On Einstein's Aberration Experiment," Astrophysical Journal 56 (1922), 29-33.
75. Albert Einstein, "Über ein den Elementarprozess der Lichtemission betreffendes Experiment," Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte 51 (1921), 882-883.
76. For a full discussion, see Martin J. Klein, "The First Phase of the Bohr-Einstein Dialogue," Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 2 (1970), 1-39, esp. 8-13; Stuewer, Compton Effect (ref. 2), pp. 218-219.
77. For a full discussion, see Martin J. Klein, "The First Phase of the Bohr-Einstein Dialogue," Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 2 (1970), 1-39, esp. 8-13; Stuewer, Compton Effect (ref. 2), pp. 218-219.
78. Raman, "Einstein's Aberration Experiment" (ref. 49, both papers).
79. C. V. Raman, "Diffraction by Molecular Clusters and the Quantum Structure of Light," Nature 109 (1922), 444-445; reprinted in The Scientific Papers of Sir C. V. Raman: The Scattering of Light (Bangalore: The Indian Academy of Sciences, 1978), pp. 149-151.
80. C. V. Raman, "Diffraction by Molecular Clusters and the Quantum Structure of Light," Nature 109 (1922), 444-445; reprinted in The Scientific Papers of Sir C. V. Raman: The Scattering of Light (Bangalore: The Indian Academy of Sciences, 1978), pp. 149-151.
81. Raman, Molecular Diffraction of Light (ref. 45), pp. 98-101.
82. K. Milton, The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation (London: Academic Press, 1969), p. 27.
83. Lord Rayleigh, "On the Transmission of Light through an Atmosphere containing Small Particles in Suspension, and on the Origin of the Blue of the Sky," Philosophical Magazine 47 (1899), 375-384; reprinted in Scientific Papers, Vol. IV. 1892-1901 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1903), pp. 397-405.
84. Lord Rayleigh, "On the Transmission of Light through an Atmosphere containing Small Particles in Suspension, and on the Origin of the Blue of the Sky," Philosophical Magazine 47 (1899), 375-384; reprinted in Scientific Papers, Vol. IV. 1892-1901 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1903), pp. 397-405.
85. Lord Rayleigh, "Colours of the Sea and Sky," Nature 83 (1910), 48ff; reprinted in Scientific Papers, Vol. V. 1902-1910 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912), pp. 540-546.
86. Lord Rayleigh, "Colours of the Sea and Sky," Nature 83 (1910), 48ff; reprinted in Scientific Papers, Vol. V. 1902-1910 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912), pp. 540-546.
87. C. V. Raman, "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London [A] 101 (1922), 64-80; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 15-31.
88. C. V. Raman, "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London [A] 101 (1922), 64-80; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 15-31.
89. C. V. Raman, "Anisotropy of Molecules," Nature 109 (1922), 75-76; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 34-35.
90. C. V. Raman, "Anisotropy of Molecules," Nature 109 (1922), 75-76; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 34-35.
91. C. V. Raman and K. R. Ramanathan, "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Dense Vapours and Gases," Phil. Mag. 45 (1923), 113-138; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 163-178.
92. C. V. Raman and K. R. Ramanathan, "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Dense Vapours and Gases," Phil. Mag. 45 (1923), 113-138; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 163-178.
93. C. V. Raman, "Molecular Aelotropy in Liquids," Nature 110 (1922), 11; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 152-154. C. V. Raman and K. S. Rao, "On the Molecular Scattering and Extinction of Light in Liquids and the Determination of the Avogadro Constant," Phil. Mag. 45 (1923), 625-640; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 179-194.
94. C. V. Raman, "Molecular Aelotropy in Liquids," Nature 110 (1922), 11; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 152-154. C. V. Raman and K. S. Rao, "On the Molecular Scattering and Extinction of Light in Liquids and the Determination of the Avogadro Constant," Phil. Mag. 45 (1923), 625-640; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 179-194.
95. C. V. Raman, "Molecular Aelotropy in Liquids," Nature 110 (1922), 11; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 152-154. C. V. Raman and K. S. Rao, "On the Molecular Scattering and Extinction of Light in Liquids and the Determination of the Avogadro Constant," Phil. Mag. 45 (1923), 625-640; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 179-194.
96. C. V. Raman, "Molecular Aelotropy in Liquids," Nature 110 (1922), 11; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 152-154. C. V. Raman and K. S. Rao, "On the Molecular Scattering and Extinction of Light in Liquids and the Determination of the Avogadro Constant," Phil. Mag. 45 (1923), 625-640; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 179-194.
97. K. R. Ranamathan, "Electromagnetic Theory of the Scattering of Light in Fluids," Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 8 (1922-1923), 1-22; hereafter Proc. IACS.
98. K. R. Ranamathan, "Electromagnetic Theory of the Scattering of Light in Fluids. Paper B," ibid., pp. 181-198.
99. K. S. Krishnan, "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Liquids," Phil. Mag. 50 (1925), 697-715.
100. C. V. Raman, "The Raman Effect: Investigations on Molecular Structure by Light Scattering," Transactions of the Faraday Society 25 (1929), 781-792.
101. Quoted in Arthur Holly Compton, "Personal Reminiscences," in Marjorie Johnston, ed., The Cosmos of Arthur Holly Compton (New York: Knopf, 1967), p. 37.
102. Stuewer, Compton Effect (ref. 2), p. 268; A. Sur, "Aesthetics, Authority, and Control in an Indian Laboratory: The Raman-Born Controversy on Lattice Dynamics," Isis 90 (1999), 25-49.
103. Stuewer, Compton Effect (ref. 2), p. 268; A. Sur, "Aesthetics, Authority, and Control in an Indian Laboratory: The Raman-Born Controversy on Lattice Dynamics," Isis 90 (1999), 25-49.
104. William Duane, "On Secondary and Tertiary Radiation," British Association for the Advancement of Science Report (London: British Association, 1925), p. 363.
105. Stuewer, Compton Effect (ref. 2), pp. 272-273.
106. Arthur H. Compton, "The Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays," British Association Report (ref. 68), p. 363.
107. J. A. Gray, "Scattering of X-and Gamma-rays and the Production of Tertiary X-rays," ibid.
108. Anonymous, "The Scattering of X-Rays," Nature 114 (1924), 627-628.
109. Compton, "Quantum Theory" (ref. 2), p. 401.
110. Anonymous, "Scattering" (ref. 72).
111. C. V. Raman to Niels Bohr, March 13, 1932, Niels Bohr Archive, Copenhagen.
112. C. V. Raman, "Thermodynamics, Wave-theory, and the Compton Effect," Nature 120 (1927), 950-951; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 447-449.
113. C. V. Raman, "Thermodynamics, Wave-theory, and the Compton Effect," Nature 120 (1927), 950-951; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 447-449.
114. Ibid.
115. C. V. Raman, "A Classical Derivation of the Compton Effect," Indian Journal of Physics 3 (1928), 357-369; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 450-462.
116. C. V. Raman, "A Classical Derivation of the Compton Effect," Indian Journal of Physics 3 (1928), 357-369; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 450-462.
117. C. V. Raman and C. M. Sogani, "A Critical-Absorption Photometer for the Study of the Compton Effect," Proc. Roy. Soc. London [A] 119 (1928), 526-530; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 439-446. See also "X-ray Diffraction in Liquids," Nature 120 (1927), 514; reprinted in Scientific Papers, pp. 436-437, and C. V. Raman "Thermal Degeneration of the X-ray Haloes in Liquids," ibid., p. 770; reprinted in Scientific Papers, p. 438.
118. C. V. Raman and C. M. Sogani, "A Critical-Absorption Photometer for the Study of the Compton Effect," Proc. Roy. Soc. London [A] 119 (1928), 526-530; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 439-446. See also "X-ray Diffraction in Liquids," Nature 120 (1927), 514; reprinted in Scientific Papers, pp. 436-437, and C. V. Raman "Thermal Degeneration of the X-ray Haloes in Liquids," ibid., p. 770; reprinted in Scientific Papers, p. 438.
119. C. V. Raman and C. M. Sogani, "A Critical-Absorption Photometer for the Study of the Compton Effect," Proc. Roy. Soc. London [A] 119 (1928), 526-530; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 439-446. See also "X-ray Diffraction in Liquids," Nature 120 (1927), 514; reprinted in Scientific Papers, pp. 436-437, and C. V. Raman "Thermal Degeneration of the X-ray Haloes in Liquids," ibid., p. 770; reprinted in Scientific Papers, p. 438.
120. C. V. Raman and C. M. Sogani, "A Critical-Absorption Photometer for the Study of the Compton Effect," Proc. Roy. Soc. London [A] 119 (1928), 526-530; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 439-446. See also "X-ray Diffraction in Liquids," Nature 120 (1927), 514; reprinted in Scientific Papers, pp. 436-437, and C. V. Raman "Thermal Degeneration of the X-ray Haloes in Liquids," ibid., p. 770; reprinted in Scientific Papers, p. 438.
121. C. V. Raman and C. M. Sogani, "A Critical-Absorption Photometer for the Study of the Compton Effect," Proc. Roy. Soc. London [A] 119 (1928), 526-530; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 439-446. See also "X-ray Diffraction in Liquids," Nature 120 (1927), 514; reprinted in Scientific Papers, pp. 436-437, and C. V. Raman "Thermal Degeneration of the X-ray Haloes in Liquids," ibid., p. 770; reprinted in Scientific Papers, p. 438.
122. C. V. Raman and C. M. Sogani, "A Critical-Absorption Photometer for the Study of the Compton Effect," Proc. Roy. Soc. London [A] 119 (1928), 526-530; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 439-446. See also "X-ray Diffraction in Liquids," Nature 120 (1927), 514; reprinted in Scientific Papers, pp. 436-437, and C. V. Raman "Thermal Degeneration of the X-ray Haloes in Liquids," ibid., p. 770; reprinted in Scientific Papers, p. 438.
123. Quoted Compton, "Personal Reminiscences," in Johnston, Cosmos (ref. 66), p. 37.
124. Betty McCloskey Compton interview by Charles Weiner, April 11, 1968, Niels Bohr Library, American Institute of Physics, College Park, Maryland, p. 61.
125. Ibid., p. 85.
126. C. V. Raman, "A New Radiation," Indian J. Phys. 2 (1927-1928), 388-398; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 467-479, on p. 471.
127. C. V. Raman, "A New Radiation," Indian J. Phys. 2 (1927-1928), 388-398; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 467-479, on p. 471.
128. C. G. Darwin, "A Quantum Theory of Optical Dispersion," Nature 110 (1922), 841-842.
129. A. Smekal, "Zur Quantentheorie der Dispersion," Die Naturwissenschaften 43 (1923), 873-875.
130. H. A. Kramers, "The Law of Dispersion and Bohr's Theory of Spectra," Nature 113 (1924), 673-674; "Quantum Theory of Dispersion," ibid. 114 (1924), 310-311; H.A. Kramers and W. Heisenberg, "Über die Streuung von Strahlund durch Atome," Zeitschrift für Physik 31 (1925), 681-708.
131. H. A. Kramers, "The Law of Dispersion and Bohr's Theory of Spectra," Nature 113 (1924), 673-674; "Quantum Theory of Dispersion," ibid. 114 (1924), 310-311; H.A. Kramers and W. Heisenberg, "Über die Streuung von Strahlund durch Atome," Zeitschrift für Physik 31 (1925), 681-708.
132. H. A. Kramers, "The Law of Dispersion and Bohr's Theory of Spectra," Nature 113 (1924), 673-674; "Quantum Theory of Dispersion," ibid. 114 (1924), 310-311; H.A. Kramers and W. Heisenberg, "Über die Streuung von Strahlund durch Atome," Zeitschrift für Physik 31 (1925), 681-708.
133. For a full discussion, see Max Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition (New York: Tomash Publishers and American Institute of Physics, 1989), pp. 208-227. See also Hans A. Bethe, "Quantum Theory," Reviews of Modern Physics 71 (1999), 1-5.
134. For a full discussion, see Max Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition (New York: Tomash Publishers and American Institute of Physics, 1989), pp. 208-227. See also Hans A. Bethe, "Quantum Theory," Reviews of Modern Physics 71 (1999), 1-5.
135. G. S. Landsberg and L. I. Mandelstam, "Eine neue Erscheinung bei der Lichtzerstreuung in Krystallen, Naturw. 16 (1928), 557-558; "Über die Lichtzerstreuung in Kristallen," Zeit. f. Phys. 50 (1928), 769-780; "Sur des faits nouveau relatifs à la diffusion de la lumière dans les cristaux," Comptes rendus 186 (1928), 109-111.
136. G. S. Landsberg and L. I. Mandelstam, "Eine neue Erscheinung bei der Lichtzerstreuung in Krystallen, Naturw. 16 (1928), 557-558; "Über die Lichtzerstreuung in Kristallen," Zeit. f. Phys. 50 (1928), 769-780; "Sur des faits nouveau relatifs à la diffusion de la lumière dans les cristaux," Comptes rendus 186 (1928), 109-111.
137. G. S. Landsberg and L. I. Mandelstam, "Eine neue Erscheinung bei der Lichtzerstreuung in Krystallen, Naturw. 16 (1928), 557-558; "Über die Lichtzerstreuung in Kristallen," Zeit. f. Phys. 50 (1928), 769-780; "Sur des faits nouveau relatifs à la diffusion de la lumière dans les cristaux," Comptes rendus 186 (1928), 109-111.
138. Raman, "New Radiation" (ref. 83).
139. Krishnan, "Molecular Scattering" (ref. 64).
140. Raman, "New Radiation" (ref. 83).
141. B. Chase, "A New Generation of Raman Instrumentation," Applied Spectroscopy 48 (1994), 14-19.
142. Landsberg and Mandelstam, "neue Erscheinung"; "Lichtzerstreuung" (ref. 87).
143. Landsberg and Mandelstam, "neue Erscheinung"; "Lichtzerstreuung" (ref. 87).
144. Clemens Schäfer and Frank Matossi, "Der Ramaneffekt," in A. Eucken, ed., Fortschritte der Chemie, Physik und Physikalische Chemie 20 (Berlin: Gebrüder Borbtreger, 1929), p. 22.
145. Raman, "New Radiation" (ref. 83).
146. C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, "A New Type of Secondary Radiation," Nature 121 (1928), 501-502; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 463-464.
147. C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, "A New Type of Secondary Radiation," Nature 121 (1928), 501-502; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 463-464.
148. Ibid.; C. V. Raman, "A Change of Wave-length in Light Scattering," Nature 121 (1928), 619; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 465-466.
149. Ibid.; C. V. Raman, "A Change of Wave-length in Light Scattering," Nature 121 (1928), 619; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 465-466.
150. Ibid.; C. V. Raman, "A Change of Wave-length in Light Scattering," Nature 121 (1928), 619; reprinted in Scientific Papers (ref. 53), pp. 465-466.
151. Landsberg and Mandelstam, "neue Erscheinung"(ref. 88).
152. Raman, "New Radiation"(ref. 83).
153. R. S. Krishnan and R. K. Shankar, "Raman Effect: History of the Discovery," Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 10 (1981), 1-8.
154. Y. Rocard, "Les Nouvelles radiations diffusées," Comptes rendus 186 (1928), 1107-1108.
155. G. Joos to A. Sommerfeld, May 14, 1928, Deutsches Museum Archive, Munich.
156. A. Sommerfeld to G. Joos, June 9, 1928, Deutsches Museum Archive, Munich.
157. P. Pringsheim, "Der Ramaneffekt, ein neuer von C. V. Raman entdeckter Strahlungseffekt," Naturw. 31 (1928), 597-601; P. Pringsheim and B. Rosen, "Über den Ramaneffekt," Zeit. f. Phys. 50 (1928), 741-755.
158. P. Pringsheim, "Der Ramaneffekt, ein neuer von C. V. Raman entdeckter Strahlungseffekt," Naturw. 31 (1928), 597-601; P. Pringsheim and B. Rosen, "Über den Ramaneffekt," Zeit. f. Phys. 50 (1928), 741-755.
159. P. Pringsheim, "Ramanspektra," in Hans Geiger, ed., Handbuch der Physik, Band 21 (Berlin: Springer, 1929).
160. G. Joos, "Ramaneffekt," in W. Wien and F. Harms, ed., Handbuch der Experimentalphysik, Band 22 (Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1929), pp. 413-421.
161. Schāfer and Matossi, "Ramaneffekt," (ref. 94).
162. K. W. F. Kohlrausch, Der Smekal-Raman-Effekt (Berlin: Springer, 1931).
163. J. H. Hibben, "A Statistical Analysis of Trends in Research in the Raman Effect," Proc. IACS 8 (1938), 294-300.
164. Nobel Foundation, Nobel Lectures Physics 1922-1941 (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1965), p. 261.
165. R. G. W. Brown and E. R. Pike, "A History of Optical and Optoelectronic Physics in the Twentieth Century," in Laurie M. Brown, Abraham Pais, and Sir Brian Pippard, ed., Twentieth Century Physics, Vol. 3 (Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing and New York: American Institute of Physics Press, 1995), pp. 1385-1504, esp. pp. 1404-1406; Keswani, Raman (ref. 4); I.L. Fabelinskii, "The Discovery of Combinational Scattering of Light (the Raman Effect)," Physics-Uspekhi 21 (1978), 780-797; "Seventy Years of Combination (Raman) Scattering," ibid. 41 (1998), 1129-1247.
166. R. G. W. Brown and E. R. Pike, "A History of Optical and Optoelectronic Physics in the Twentieth Century," in Laurie M. Brown, Abraham Pais, and Sir Brian Pippard, ed., Twentieth Century Physics, Vol. 3 (Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing and New York: American Institute of Physics Press, 1995), pp. 1385-1504, esp. pp. 1404-1406; Keswani, Raman (ref. 4); I.L. Fabelinskii, "The Discovery of Combinational Scattering of Light (the Raman Effect)," Physics-Uspekhi 21 (1978), 780-797; "Seventy Years of Combination (Raman) Scattering," ibid. 41 (1998), 1129-1247.
167. R. G. W. Brown and E. R. Pike, "A History of Optical and Optoelectronic Physics in the Twentieth Century," in Laurie M. Brown, Abraham Pais, and Sir Brian Pippard, ed., Twentieth Century Physics, Vol. 3 (Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing and New York: American Institute of Physics Press, 1995), pp. 1385-1504, esp. pp. 1404-1406; Keswani, Raman (ref. 4); I.L. Fabelinskii, "The Discovery of Combinational Scattering of Light (the Raman Effect)," Physics-Uspekhi 21 (1978), 780-797; "Seventy Years of Combination (Raman) Scattering," ibid. 41 (1998), 1129-1247.
168. R. G. W. Brown and E. R. Pike, "A History of Optical and Optoelectronic Physics in the Twentieth Century," in Laurie M. Brown, Abraham Pais, and Sir Brian Pippard, ed., Twentieth Century Physics, Vol. 3 (Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing and New York: American Institute of Physics Press, 1995), pp. 1385-1504, esp. pp. 1404-1406; Keswani, Raman (ref. 4); I.L. Fabelinskii, "The Discovery of Combinational Scattering of Light (the Raman Effect)," Physics-Uspekhi 21 (1978), 780-797; "Seventy Years of Combination (Raman) Scattering," ibid. 41 (1998), 1129-1247.
169. Rajinder Singh and Falk Riess, "In 1930 the Nobel Prize for Physics - a Close Decision?" Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 55 (2001), 267-283.