The 1930 Nobel Prize for Physics: A close decision?

Notes and Records of the Royal Society

Volumn 55, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 267-283

  Singh, Rajinder ^a   Riess, Falk ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OLDENBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042407902     PISSN: 00359149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2001.0143     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. R.W. Wood, 'Wave-length shifts in scattered light', Nature 122, 349 (1928). Similar comment is to be found in another publication of R.W. Wood, 'The Raman spectra of scattered radiation', Phil. Mag. Lond. 6, 729-743 (1928).
2. R.W. Wood, 'Wave-length shifts in scattered light', Nature 122, 349 (1928). Similar comment is to be found in another publication of R.W. Wood, 'The Raman spectra of scattered radiation', Phil. Mag. Lond. 6, 729-743 (1928).
3. For experiments one needs a monochromatic source of light, a spectrograph and the substance whose structure is to be determined.
4. S. Bhagavantam, 'The Raman Effect - its significance for physics and chemistry (Appendix 1), Ind. J. Phys. 5, 237-293 (1930). See also note 60, A.S. Ganesan. The bibliography compiled by him contains not 150 but 160 items. However, in Europe the first detailed bibliography which contains 413 original papers and 15 detailed articles were published until June 1931 was published by K. W. F Kohlrausch, Der Smekal-Raman-Effekt, Struktur der Materie in Einzeldarstellungen, vol. 12 (Berlin, Julius Springer 1931), pp. 355-372.
5. S. Bhagavantam, 'The Raman Effect - its significance for physics and chemistry (Appendix 1), Ind. J. Phys. 5, 237-293 (1930). See also note 60, A.S. Ganesan. The bibliography compiled by him contains not 150 but 160 items. However, in Europe the first detailed bibliography which contains 413 original papers and 15 detailed articles were published until June 1931 was published by K. W. F Kohlrausch, Der Smekal-Raman-Effekt, Struktur der Materie in Einzeldarstellungen, vol. 12 (Berlin, Julius Springer 1931), pp. 355-372.
6. Before Raman, M. von Laue (1879-1960) and K.M. Siegbahn (1886-1978) were the only two scientists who received the prize within two years of their inventions. See Table 28.3 in H. Kragh, Quantum generations - a history of physics in the twentieth century (Princeton University Press, 1999), pp. 434-439.
7. R.G.W. Brown and E.R. Pike, 'A history of optical and optoelectronic physics in the twentieth century'. In Twentieth century physics, vol. III (ed. L.M. Brown and Sir B. Pippard), pp. 1385-1504 (New York: IOP Publishing Ltd., AIP Press Inc., 1995).
8. See p. 59 in note 12, G.H. Keswani.
9. I.L. Fabelinskii, 'The discovery of combinational scattering of light (the Raman effect)', Physics - Uspekhi 21, 780-797 (1978).
10. I.L. Fabelinskii, 'Seventy years of combination (Raman) scattering', Physics - Uspekhi 41, 1229-1247 (1998).
11. J.G. Dorfman, 'Landsberg Grigory Samuilovich'. In Dictionary of scientific biography, vol. VII (Ed. in Chief C.C. Gillispie), pp. 622-623 (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973).
12. J.G. Dorfman, 'Mandelstam Leonid Isaakovich'. In Dictionary of scientific biography, vol. IX (Ed. in Chief C.C. Gillispie), pp. 76-77 (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974).
13. P. Krishnamurti, Sir C.V. Raman - a short biographical sketch (Bangalore, The Bangalore Press, 1938).
14. G.H. Keswani, Raman and his effect (New Delhi, National Book Trust India, 1980).
15. P.R. Pisharoty, C.V. Raman (New Delhi: Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1982).
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17. A. Jayaraman, C.V. Raman - a memoir (New Delhi, Affiliated East-West, 1992).
18. G. Venkataraman, Journey into light - life and science of C.V. Raman (New Delhi, Penguin Books India, 1994).
19. G. Venkataraman, Raman and his effect (Hyderabad, Universities Press (India), 1995).
20. C.G. Darwin, 'A quantum theory of optical dispersion', Nature 110, 841-842 (1922).
21. C.G. Darwin, 'The wave theory and the quantum theory', Nature 111, 771-772 (1923).
22. A. Smekal, 'Zur Quantentheorie der Dispersion', Die Naturwissenschaften 43, 873-875 (1923).
23. H.A. Kramers, 'The law of dispersion and Bohr's theory of spectra', Nature 113, 673-674 (1924).
24. H.A. Kramers, 'Quantum theory of dispersion', Nature 114, 310-311 (1924). See also G. Breit, 'The quantum theory of dispersion', Nature 114, 310 (1924).
25. H.A. Kramers, 'Quantum theory of dispersion', Nature 114, 310-311 (1924). See also G. Breit, 'The quantum theory of dispersion', Nature 114, 310 (1924).
26. H.A. Kramers and W. Heisenberg , 'Über die Streuung von Strahlung durch Atome', ZS. f. Phys. 31, 681-708 (1925).
27. N. Bohr, 'Zur Polarisation des Fluorescenzlichtes', Die Naturwissenschaften 12, 1115-1117 (1924).
28. M. Born, W. Heisenberg and P. Jordan., 'Zur Quantenmechanik II', ZS. f. Phys. 35, 557-615 (1926).
29. P.A.M. Dirac, 'The quantum theory of dispersion', Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 114, 710-728 (1927).
30. K.F. Herzfeld, 'Versuch einer quantenhaften Deutung der Dispersion', ZS. f. Phys. 23, 341-360 (1924).
31. A. Smekal, 'Zur Quantentheorie der Streuung und Dispersion', ZS. f. Phys. 32, 241-244 (1925).
32. A. Smekal, 'Über "metastationäre" Atom - und Molekülzustände', ZS. f. Phys. 34, 81-93 (1925).
33. H.A. Bethe, 'Quantum theory', Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 1-5 (1999).
34. For more details see note 48, R. Singh and F. Riess.
35. K. Milton, The scattering of light and other electromagnetic radiation (London, Academic Press, 1969), p. 27.
36. J. Tyndall, 'On the blue colour of the sky, the polarization of skylight and on the polarization of light by cloudy matter generally', Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 17, 223-233 (1868/69).
37. Rayleigh initiated the inquiry about the blue colour of the sky, as Maxwell wanted to know the size of air molecules and was hoping to find the density of ether. See footnote on p. 376, note 35, Rayleigh Lord.
38. Lord Rayleigh, 'On the transmission of light through an atmosphere containing small particles in suspension, and on the origin of the blue of the sky', Phil. Mag. 47, 375-384 (1899).
39. Lord Rayleigh, Scientific papers, vol. 5, p. 540 (quoted by C.V. Raman, see note 37).
40. C.V. Raman, 'On the molecular scattering of light in water and the colour of the sea', Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A101, 64-80 (1922).
41. K.R. Ramanathan, 'Electromagnetic theory of the scattering of light in fluids - Paper B', Proc. Ind. Assoc. Cult. Sci. 8, 181-198 (1923).
42. K.S. Krishnan, 'On the molecular scattering of light in liquids', Phil. Mag. 50, 697-715 (1925).
43. C.V. Raman, 'The molecular scattering of light'. Nobel Lecture delivered at Stockholm, 11 December 1930. See also: S. Ramaseshan and C.R. Rao, C.V. Raman - a pictorial biography (Bangalore, Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988), p. 153.
44. C.V. Raman, 'The molecular scattering of light'. Nobel Lecture delivered at Stockholm, 11 December 1930. See also: S. Ramaseshan and C.R. Rao, C.V. Raman - a pictorial biography (Bangalore, Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988), p. 153.
45. C.V. Raman, 'A new radiation', Ind. J. Phys. 2, 387-398 (1928).
46. 42 In this phenomenon the change of wavelength is also observed.
47. C.V. Raman and K.S. Krishnan, 'A new type of secondary radiation', Nature 121, 501 (1928).
48. G. Landsberg and L. Mandelstam, 'Eine neue Erscheinung bei der Lichtzerstreuung in Krystallen'. Die Naturwissenschaften 16, 557-558 (1928).
49. In fact another paper by the Russians was published even four days earlier, i.e. on 9 July 1928. See note 51, G. Landsberg and L. Mandelstam.
50. L.A. Ramdas, 'Dr. C.V. Raman', J. Phys. Educ. 1, 2-18 (1973).
51. R.S. Krishnan and R.K. Shankar, 'Raman effect: history of the discovery'. J. Raman Spect. 10, 1-8 (1981).
52. R. Singh and F. Riess, 'Seventy years ago - the discovery of the Raman effect as seen from Germany physicists', Curr. Sci. 74, 1112-1115 (1998).
53. S.C. Sirkar, 'Reminiscences of my association with Prof. C.V. Raman. In The Calcutta Municipal Gazette - C.V. Raman birth centenary special number, pp. 54-58 (Calcutta, The Calcutta Municipal Corporation, 1988).
54. A.S. Ganesan, 'Biography of 150 papers on the Raman effect', Ind. J. Phys. 4, 281-346 (1929).
55. G. Landsberg and L. Mandelstam, 'Sur des faits nouveaux relatifs a la diffusion de la lumière dans les cristaux', Comptes Rendus 187, 109-110 (1928).
56. C.V. Raman, 'A change of wave-length in light scattering', Nature 121, 619 (1928).
57. E. Rutherford and C.T.R. Wilson to the Chairman of the Nobel Committee, letter dated 25 January 1930.
58. E. Rutherford, 'Address of the President, Sir Ernest Rutherford, O.M., at the Anniversary Meeting, November 30, 1929', Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 126, 184-203 (1930).
59. C.G. Darwin, 'The sixth congress of Russian physicists'. Nature 122, 630 (1928).
60. A similar report was published by M. Born. See note 59, M. Born.
61. C.V. Raman, 'Investigations of the scattering of light', Nature 123, 50 (1929).
62. See footnote 1 in note 59, M. Born.
63. M. Born, 'VI. Kongreß der Assoziation der russischen Physiker'. Die Naturwissenschaften 39, 741-743 (1928).
64. Raman's Statement quoted by a journalist in Pas Star News (California) 19 November 1924: 'There is really no such thing as chance, because everything happens for definite reasons, that being characterized as chance for which the causes (are) ... not known'.
65. N. Bohr to C.V. Raman, letter dated 18 September 1929.
66. C.V. Raman to N. Bohr, letter dated 6 December 1929.
67. N. Bohr to the Nobel Committee, letter dated 29 January 1929.
68. B.B. Ray to N. Bohr, letter dated 6 May 1924.
69. C.V. Raman to C.W. Oseen, letter dated 16 December 1929.
70. D.M. Bose and S.K. Mitra to the Nobel Committee, letter dated 25 January 1930.
71. Statutes of the Nobel Foundation (henceforth SNF), pp. 1-2, 27 April 1995.
72. E. Crawford, J.L. Heilbron and R. Ullrich, The Nobel population 1901-1937 (California, The Regents of the University of California, 1987), p. 12. See also SFN 'Special Rules' 1994, § 1.
73. E. Crawford, J.L. Heilbron and R. Ullrich, The Nobel population 1901-1937 (California, The Regents of the University of California, 1987), p. 12. See also SFN 'Special Rules' 1994, § 1.
74. G. Kueppers, P. Weingart and N. Ulitzka, Die Nobelpreise in Physik und Chemie 1901-1929, Materialien zum Nominierungsprozess (Bielefeld, B.K. Verlag GmbH, 1982), p. 25.
75. The Report of the Nobel Committee (henceforth RNC), Document No. 711, p. 1, 30 September 1930.
76. RNC 1930. See also note 68, E. Crawford et al., pp. 120-123.
77. N. Papalexi to the Nobel Committee, letter dated 6 January 1930.
78. O. Chwolson to the Nobel Committee, letter dated 6 January 1930.
79. RNC, op. cit., note 70, p. 12.
80. In order to give credit to the theorist A. Smekal, later the effect has been often quoted as the 'Smekal-Raman effect' or 'Raman-Smekal effect' in German literature. For details see note 48, R. Singh and F. Riess.
81. RNC, op. cit., note 70, pp. 12-13.
82. RNC, op. cit., note 70, p. 6.
83. RNC, op. cit., note 70, p. 7.
84. RNC, op. cit., note 70, p. 11.