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The biology of kinetoplastid parasites: Insights and challenges from genomics and post-genomics
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Natural and induced dyskinetoplastic trypanosomatids: How to live without mitochondrial DNA
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Schnaufer A, Domingo GJ, Stuart K: Natural and induced dyskinetoplastic trypanosomatids: how to live without mitochondrial DNA. Int J Parasitol 2002, 32:1071-1084. An excellent review highlighting the current state of knowledge regarding kinetoplast function in trypanosomatid parasites.
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Schnaufer, A.1
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The cytoskeleton of trypanosomatid parasites
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The protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid induces defects in cytokinesis and organellar genome segregation in Trypanosoma brucei
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Microtubule polarity and dynamics in the control of organelle positioning, segregation, and cytokinesis in the trypanosome cell cycle
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Robinson DR, Sherwin T, Ploubidou A, Byard EH, Gull K: Microtubule polarity and dynamics in the control of organelle positioning, segregation, and cytokinesis in the trypanosome cell cycle. J Cell Biol 1995, 126:1163-1172.
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Evidence for novel cell cycle checkpoints in trypanosomes: Kinetoplast segregation and cytokinesis in the absence of mitosis
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Ploubidou A, Robinson DR, Docherty RC, Ogbadoyi EO, Gull K: Evidence for novel cell cycle checkpoints in trypanosomes: kinetoplast segregation and cytokinesis in the absence of mitosis. J Cell Sci 1999, 112:4641-4650.
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The trypanosome flagellum
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Vaughan S, Gull K: The trypanosome flagellum. J Cell Sci 2003, 116:757-759. This excellent review contains a series of stunning computer generated graphics illustrating morphological events associated with the trypanosome cell cycle.
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Vaughan, S.1
Gull, K.2
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The cell division cycle of Trypanosoma brucei brucei: Timing of event markers and cytoskeletal modulations
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12
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Timing of nuclear and kinetoplast DNA replication and early morphological events in the cell cycle of Trypanosoma brucei
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Woodward R, Gull K: Timing of nuclear and kinetoplast DNA replication and early morphological events in the cell cycle of Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 1990, 95:49-57.
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γ-Tubulin functions in the nucleation of a discrete subset of microtubules in the eukaryotic flagellum
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McKean PG, Baines A, Vaughan S, Gull K: γ-Tubulin functions in the nucleation of a discrete subset of microtubules in the eukaryotic flagellum. Curr Biol 2003, 13:598-602. This study identifies a specific defect in microtubule axoneme nucleation using RNAi mediated knockdown of 7-tubulin. The results suggest that elongating basal bodies are specifically unable to nucleate central pair microtubules in the axoneme but that formation of outer doublet microtubules are unaffected. These results clarify the role of γ-tubulin in flagellum nucleation.
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McKean, P.G.1
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Basal body movements as a mechanism for mitochondrial genome segregation in the trypanosome cell cycle
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A high-order transmembrane structural linkage is responsible for mitochondrial genome positioning and segregation by flagellar basal bodies in trypanosomes
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Ogbadoyi EO, Robinson DR, Gull K: A high-order transmembrane structural linkage is responsible for mitochondrial genome positioning and segregation by flagellar basal bodies in trypanosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2003, 14:1769-1779. This important study provides high-resolution electron microscope images of the structural connection between the proximal end of the basal body and the kinetoplast DNA network. This structure, termed the tripartite attachment complex (TAC), is pivotal to understanding the mechanism of coupled basal body/kinetoplast segregation in trypanosomes.
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Asymmetrical division of the kinetoplast DNA network of the trypanosome
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Architecture of the Trypanosoma brucei nucleus during interphase and mitosis
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Ogbadoyi E, Ersfeld K, Robinson D, Sherwin T, Gull K: Architecture of the Trypanosoma brucei nucleus during interphase and mitosis. Chromosoma 2000, 108:501-513.
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18
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Segregation of minichromosomes in trypanosomes: Implications for mitotic mechanisms
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Gull K, Alsford S, Ersfeld K: Segregation of minichromosomes in trypanosomes: implications for mitotic mechanisms. Trends Microbiol 1998, 6:319-323.
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19
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Double-stranded RNA induces mRNA degradation in Trypanosoma brucei
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Ngo H, Tschudi C, Gull K, Ullu E: Double-stranded RNA induces mRNA degradation in Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:14687-14692.
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Assembly of the paraflagellar rod and the flagellum attachment zone complex during the Trypanosoma brucei cell cycle
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Kohl L, Sherwin T, Gull K: Assembly of the paraflagellar rod and the flagellum attachment zone complex during the Trypanosoma brucei cell cycle. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1999, 46:105-109.
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A trypanosome structure involved in transmitting cytoplasmic information during cell division
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Moreira-Leite FF, Sherwin T, Kohl L, Gull K: A trypanosome structure involved in transmitting cytoplasmic information during cell division. Science 2001, 294:610-612.
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Science
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Double-stranded RNA interference in Trypanosoma brucei using head-to-head promoters
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Trypanosoma brucei FLA1 is required for flagellum attachment and cytokinesis
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LaCount DJ, Barrett B, Donelson J: Trypanosoma brucei FLA1 is required for flagellum attachment and cytokinesis. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:17580-17588. This study provides intriguing evidence calling into question the role of flagellum attachment in cytokinesis. Work from the Gull laboratory (see [21]) suggests that ablation of FLA1 expression prevents cytokinesis by causing flagellum detachment. However in this study from the Donelson laboratory, over-expression of the T. cruzi homologue of FLA1 (GP72) results in flagellum detachment but cells are able to undergo cytokinesis. Although the study is incomplete, as it does not provide a detailed study of organellar positioning in such cells, it raises important questions regarding the role of the flagellum in cytokinesis.
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Deletion of an immunodominant Trypanosoma cruzi surface glycoprotein disrupts flagellum-cell adhesion
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Li Z, Wang CC: A PHO80-like cyclin and a B-type cyclin control the cell cycle of the procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:20652-20658. The first of two recent publications investigating cyclin function(s) during the trypanosome cell cycle (see also [28••]). In this study, Li and Wang undertake the systematic ablation of seven different cyclins using RNAi in procyclic form trypanosomes and provide evidence for the involvement of two different cyclins in progression through G1/S and M phase in T. brucei.
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Hammarton TC, Clark J, Douglas F, Boshart M, Mottram JC: Stage-specific differences in cell cycle control in Trypanosoma brucei revealed by RNAi of a mitotic cyclin. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:22877-22886. This important paper demonstrates that different phenotypes are generated in procylic and bloodstream form trypanosomes in response to the RNAi mediated knockdown of the cyclin CYC6. These results suggest that fundamental differences exist in cell cycle regulatory mechanisms between trypanosome life-cycle stages, thus revealing a hitherto unappreciated complexity to the regulation of the cell cycle in trypanosomes.
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A novel CCCH protein which modulates differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei to its procyclic form
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Mitochondrial development during life cycle differentiation of African trypanosomes: Evidence for a kinetoplast-dependent differentiation control point
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Timms MW, van Deursen FJ, Hendriks EF, Matthews KR: Mitochondrial development during life cycle differentiation of African trypanosomes: evidence for a kinetoplast-dependent differentiation control point. Mol Biol Cell 2002, 13:3747-3759. In this paper the Matthews laboratory provide convincing evidence for the existence of a stumpy, procyclic trypanosome differentiation checkpoint dependent upon the presence of a kinetoplast.
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Muller, I.B.1
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