The potential effects of global climate change on microalgal photosynthesis, growth and ecology

Phycologia

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 26-40

  Beardall, John ^a   Raven, John A ^b  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TRIXIS;

EID: 0347259915     PISSN: 00318884     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2216/i0031-8884-43-1-26.1     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. ANDERSSON A., HAECKY P. & HAGSTROM Å. 1994. Effect of temperature and light on the growth of micro-, nano- and pico-plankton: impact on algal succession. Marine Biology 120: 511-520.
2. 2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria: molecular components, their diversity and evolution. Journal of Experimental Botany 54: 609-622.
3. BADGER M.R. & SCHREIBER U. 1993. Effects of inorganic carbon accumulation on photosynthetic oxygen reduction and cyclic electron flow in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942. Photosynthesis Research 37: 177-191.
4. 2-concentrating mechanisms in the algae. Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 1052-1071.
5. 2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria. Functional Plant Biology 29: 161-173.
6. 2 in the spatial and temporal distribution of chrysophytes in lakes. Phycologist 55: 21.
7. 2 concentrating mechanism' of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Journal of Plankton Research 13: 133-141.
8. BEARDALL J. & GIORDANO M. 2002. Ecological implications of microalgal and cyanobacterial CCMs and their regulation. Functional Plant Biology 29: 335-347.
9. 2 accumulating mechanism in Chlorella emerscnii. Journal of Experimental Botany 33: 729-737.
10. 2 carboxylase in green microalgae. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 1146-1150.
11. BEARDALL J., BURGER-WIERSMA T., RYKEBOER M., SUKENIK A., LEMOALLE J., DUBINSKY Z. & FONTVIELLE D. 1994. Studies on enhanced post-illumination respiration in microalgae. Journal of Plankton Research 16: 1401-1410.
12. BEARDALL J., BERMAN T., MARKAGER S., MARTINEZ R. & MONTECINO V. 1997. The effects of ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis and respiration by two species of freshwater microalgae. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 54: 687-696.
13. BEARDALL J., BEER S. & RAVEN J.A. 1998. Biodiversity of marine plants in an era of climate change: some predictions on the basis of physiological performance. Botanica Marina 41: 113-123.
14. BEARDALL J., HERAUD P., ROBERTS S., SHELLY K. & STOJKOVIC S. 2002. Effects of UV-B radiation on inorganic carbon acquisition by the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae). Phycologia 41: 268-272.
15. BEARDALL J., QUIGG A.S. & RAVEN J.A. 2003. Oxygen consumption: photorespiration and chlororespiration. In: Photosynthesis in the algae (Ed. by A.W.D. Larkum, J.A. Raven & S. Douglas), pp. 157-181. Advances in photosynthesis and respiration (Series editor, Govindjee). Kluwer Academic, The Netherlands.
16. - when submerged. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 70: 99-106.
17. BEHRENFELD M.J., LEE H. & SMALL L.F. 1994. Interactions between nutritional status and long-term responses to ultraviolet-B radiation stress in a marine diatom. Marine Biology 118: 523-530.
18. BEHRENFELD M.J., LEAN D.R.S. & LEE H. 1995. Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on inorganic nitrogen uptake by natural assemblages of oceanic plankton. Journal of Phycology 31: 25-36.
19. BEHRENFELD M.J., RANDERSON J.T., MCCLAIN C.R., FELDMAN G.C., LOS S.O., TUCKER C.J., FALKOWSKI P.G., FIELD C.B., FROUIN R., ESAIAS W.E., KOLBER D.D. & POLLACK N.H. 2001. Biospheric primary production during an ENSO transition. Science 291: 2594-2597.
20. BEHRENFELD M.J., ESAIAS W.E. & TURPIE K.R. 2002. Assessment of primary production at the global scale. In: Phytoplankton productivity. Carbon assimilation in marine and freshwater ecosystems (Ed. by P.J. leB. Williams, D.N. Thomas & C.S. Reynolds), pp. 156-186. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
21. BENDALL D.S. & MANASSE R.S. 1995. Cyclic photophosphorylation and electron transport. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1229: 23-38.
22. BERGES J.A., CHARLEBOIS D.A., MAUZERALL D.C. & FALKOWSKI P.G. 1996. Differential effects of nitrogen limitation on photosynthetic efficiency of Photosystem 1 and 11 in microalgae. Plant Physiology 110: 689-696.
23. 2 and inorganic carbon uptake in a lake ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 1043-1051.
24. BERNER R.A. 1990. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over Phanerozoic time. Science 249: 1382-1386.
25. 2 - importance of solar radiation and plant evolution. Science 261: 68-70.
26. BLUMTHALER M. & AMBACH W. 1990. Indication of increasing solar ultraviolet-B radiation flux in alpine regions. Science 248: 206-208.
27. BOTHWELL M.L., SHERBOT D.M.J., ROBERGE A.C. & DALEY R.J. 1993. Influence of natural ultraviolet-radiation on lotic periphytic diatom community growth, biomass accrual and species composition: short term versus long-term effects. Journal of Phycology 29: 24-35.
28. BOUCHER N.P. & PRÉZELIN B.B. 1996. Spectral modeling of UV inhibition of in situ Antarctic primary production using a field-derived biological weighting function. Photochemistry and Photobiology 63: 407-418.
29. BRASIER M.D., GREEN O.R., JEPHCOAT A.P., KLEPPE A.K., VAN KRANENDONK M.J., LINDSAY J.F., STEELE A. & GRASSINEAU N.V. 2002. Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils. Nature 416: 76-81.
30. BUMA A.G.J., VAN HANNEN E.J., VELDHUIS M.J.W. & GIESKES W.W.L. 1996. UV-B induces DNA damage and DNA synthesis delay in the marine diatom Cyclotella sp. Scientia Marina 60: 101-106.
31. BUMA A.G.J., VAN OIJEN T., VAN DE POLL W., VELDHUIS M.J.W. & GIESKES W.W.L. 2000. The sensitivity of Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) to ultraviolet-B radiation. Journal of Phycology 36: 296-303.
32. BUMA A.G.J., HELBLING E.W., DE BOER M.K. & VILLAFANE V.E. 2001. Patterns of DNA damage and photoinhibition in temperate South-Atlantic picophytoplankton exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 62: 9-18.
33. BURKHARDT S. & RIEBESELL U. 1997. CO, availability affects elemental composition (C:N:P) of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. Marine Ecology Progress Series 155: 67-76.
34. 2 concentration, and cell size on the stable carbon isotope fractionation in marine phytoplankton. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63: 3729-3741.
35. 2 concentration on C:N:P ratio in marine phytoplankton: a species comparison. Limnology and Oceanography 44: 683-690.
36. 2 concentrations. Limnology and Oceanography 46: 1378-1391.
37. BUTTERFIELD N.J. 2000. Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoprolerozoic radiation of eukaryotes. Paleobiology 26: 386-404.
38. CASSAR N., LAWS E.A., POPP B.N. & BIDIGARE R.R. 2002. Sources of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis in a strain of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Limnology and Oceanography 47: 1192-1197.
39. CLARK D.R. & FLYNN K.J. 2000. The relationship between the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration and growth rate in marine phytoplankton. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, series B 267: 953-959.
40. CLENDENNEN S.K., ZIMMERMAN R.C., POWERS D.A. & ALBERTE R. 1996. Photosynthetic response of the giant kelp Macrocystix pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) to ultraviolet radiation. Journal of Phycology 32: 614-620.
41. COCKELL C.S. 2000. The ultraviolet history of the terrestrial planets - implications for biological evolution. Planetary and Space Science 48: 203-214.
42. CRUTZEN P.J. 1992. Ultraviolet on the increase. Nature 356: 104-105.
43. CULLEN J.J. & LESSER M.P. 1991. Inhibition of photosynthesis by ultraviolet radiation as a function of dose and dosage rates: results for a marine diatom. Marine Biology 111: 183-190.
44. DE BAAR H.J.W. & BOYD P.W. 2000. The role of iron in plankton ecology and carbon dioxide transfer of the global oceans. In: The changing ocean carbon cycle. A midterm synthesis of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (Ed. by R.B. Hanson, H.W. Ducklow & J.G. Field), pp. 61-140. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
45. DÍAZ S.B., MORROW J.H. & BOOTH C.R. 2000. UV physics and optics. In: The effects of UV radiation in the marine environment (Ed. by S. de Mora, S. Demers & M. Vernet), pp. 35-71. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
46. DÖHLER G. 1985. Effect of UV-B radiation (290-320 nm) on the nitrogen metabolism of several marine diatoms. Journal of Plant Physiology 118: 391-400.
47. DÖHLER G. 1992. Impact of UV-B radiation on uptake of ammonia and nitrate by phytoplankton of the Wadden Sea. Marine Biology 112: 485-489.
48. DÖHLER G. 1997. Effect of UV-B radiation on utilization of inorganic nitrogen by Antarctic microalgae. Photochemistry and Photobiology 66: 831-836.
49. DREVER J.I. 1974. Geochemical model for the origin of Precambrian banded iron formations. Geological Society of America Bulletin 85: 1099-1106.
50. DUCE R.A. & TINDALE N.W. 1991. Atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 36: 1715-1726.
51. EKLUND N.G.A. 2000. Interactions between photosynthesis and light-enhanced dark respiration (LEDR) in the flagellate Euglena gracilis after irradiation with ultraviolet radiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 55: 63-69.
52. FALKOWSKI P.G. & RAVEN J.A. 1997. Aquatic photosynthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford. 375 pp.
53. FAUCHOT J., GOSSELIN M., LEVASSEUR M., MOSTAJIR B., BELZILE C., DEMERS S., ROY S. & VILLEGAS P.D. 2000. Influence of UV-B radiation on nitrogen utilization by a natural assemblage of phytoplankton. Journal of Phycology 36: 484-496.
54. FIELDING A.S., TURPIN D.T., GUY R.D., CALVERT S.E., CRAWFORD D.W. & HARRISON P.J. 1998. Influence of the carbon concentrating mechanism on stable isotope discrimination by the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 1098-1103.
55. 2 reconstructions. Journal of Marine Systems 17: 471-495.
56. FRANKLIN L. & FORSTER R.M. 1997. The changing irradiance environment: consequences for marine macrophyte physiology, productivity and ecology. European Journal of Phycology 32: 207-223.
57. FURGAL J.A. & SMITH R.E.H. 1997. Ultraviolet radiation and photosynthesis by Georgian Bay phytoplankton of varying nutrient and photoadaptive status. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 54: 1659-1667.
58. GALA W.R. & GIESY J.P. 1993. Using the carotenoid biosynthesis inhibiting herbicide, fluridone, to investigate the ability of carotenoid pigments to protect algae from the photo-induced toxicity of anthracene. Aquatic Toxicology 27: 61-70.
59. GARCIA-PICHEL F. 1994. A model for internal self-shading in planktonic organisms and its implications for the usefulness of ultraviolet sunscreens. Limnology and Oceanography 39: 1714-1717.
60. GARCIA-PICHEL F. 1996. The absorption of ultraviolet radiation by microalgae: simple optics and photobiological implications. Scientia Marina 60, supplement 1: 73-79.
61. GARCIA-PICHEL F. 1998. Solar ultraviolet and the evolutionary history of cyanobacteria. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 28: 321-347.
62. GIESKES W.W.C. & BUMA A.G.J. 1997. UV damage to plant life in a photobiologically dynamic environment: the case of marine phytoplankton. Plant Ecology 128: 16-25.
63. GOFFART A., HECQ J.-H. & LEGENDRE L. 2002. Changes in the development of the winter-spring phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Calvi (NW Mediterranean) over the last two decades: a response to changing climate? Marine Ecology Progress Series 236: 45-60.
64. GOLDMAN J.C. & RYTHER J.H. 1976. Temperature influenced species competition in mass cultures of marine phytoplankton. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18: 1125-1144.
65. HÄDER D.-P., HERRMANN H. & SANTAS R. 1996. Effects of solar radiation and solar radiation deprived of UV-B and total UV on photosynthetic oxygen production and pulse amplitude modulated fluorescence in the brown alga Padina pavonia. FEMS Microbiology and Ecology 19: 53-61.
66. HELBLING E.W., BUMA A.G.J., DE BOER M.K. & VILLAFANE V.E. 2001. In situ impact of solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis and DNA in temperate marine phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series 211: 43-49.
67. HERAUD P. & BEARDALL J. 2000. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence during exposure of Dunaliella tertiolecta to ultraviolet radiation exposure indicate a dynamic interaction between damage and repair processes. Photosynthesis Research 63: 123-134.
68. HERAUD P. & BEARDALL J. 2003. Ultraviolet radiation has no effect on respiratory oxygen consumption or enhanced post-illumination respiration in three species of microalgae. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 68: 109-116.
69. HESSEN D.O., VAN DONK E. & ANDERSEN T. 1995. Growth response, P-uptake and loss of flagella in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to UV-B. Journal of Plankton Research 17: 17-27.
70. HOFFMAN J.R., HANSEN L.J. & KLINGER T. 2003. Interactions between UV radiation and temperature limit inferences from single-factor experiments. Journal of Phycology 39: 268-272.
71. HOFMANN D.J. & DESHLER T. 1991. Evidence from balloon measurements for chemical depletion of stratospheric ozone in the Arctic winter of 1989-1990. Nature 349: 300-305.
72. HOUGHTON J.T., JENKINS G.J. & EPHRAUMS J.J. 1990. Climate change. The IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 365 pp.
73. HOUGHTON J.T., DING Y., GRIGGS D.J., NOGUER M., VAN DER LINDEN P.J., DAI X., MASKELL L. & JOHNSON C.A. 2001. Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 881 pp.
74. HUERTAS I.E., COLMAN B. & ESPIE G.S. 2002. Inorganic carbon acquisition and its energization in eustigmatophyte algae. Functional Plant Biology 29: 271-277.
75. HUGHEN K.A., OVERPECK J.T., PETERSON L.C. & TRUMBORE S. 1996. Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation. Nature 380: 51-54.
76. JEFFREY S.W., MACTAVISH H.S., DUNLAP W.C., VESK M. & GROENEWOUD K. 1999. Occurrence of UVA- and UVB-absorbing compounds in 152 species (206 strains) of marine microalgae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189: 35-51.
77. 4 photosynthesis in a diatom? Nature 412: 40-41.
78. KARENTZ D., CLEAVER J.E. & MITCHELL D.L. 1991. Cell survival characteristics and molecular responses of Antarctic phytoplankton to ultraviolet-B radiation. Journal of Phycology 27: 326-341.
79. KELLER A.A., OVIATT C.A., WALKER H.A. & HAWK J.D. 1999, Predicted impacts of elevated temperature on the magnitude of the winter-spring phytoplankton bloom in temperate coastal waters: a mesocosm study. Limnology and Oceanography 44: 344-356.
80. KELLER A.A., TAYLOR C., OVIATT C.A., DORRINGTON T., HOLCOMBE G. & REED L. 2001. Phytoplankton production patterns in Massachusetts Bay and the absence of the 1998 winter-spring bloom. Marine Biology 138: 1051-1062.
81. KOK B. 1956. On the inhibition of photosynthesis by intense light. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 21: 187-196.
82. KÜBLER J.E. & RAVEN J.A. 1994. Consequences of light limitation for inorganic carbon acquisition in three rhodophytes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 110: 203-209.
83. KUMAR N., ANDERSON R.F., MORTLOCK R.A., FROELICK P., KUBIK P., DITTRICH-HANNEN B. & SUTER M. 1995. Increased biological productivity and export production in the glacial Southern Ocean. Nature 378: 675-680.
84. LEGGAT W., BADGER M.R. & YELLOWLEES D. 1999. Evidence for an inorganic carbon concentrating mechanism in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. Plant Physiology 121: 1247-1255.
85. LESSER M.P., CULLEN J.J. & NEALE P.J. 1994. Carbon uptake in a marine diatom during acute exposure to ultraviolet B radiation: relative importance of damage and repair. Journal of Phycology 30: 183-192.
86. LESSER M.P., NEALE P.J. & CULLEN J.J. 1996. Acclimation of Antarctic phytoplankton to ultraviolet radiation: ultraviolet absorbing compounds and carbon fixation. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 5: 314-325.
87. 2 transport in air-grown cells of Synechococcus UTEX 625. Plant Physiology 116: 1125-1132.
88. LITCHMAN E., NEALE P.J. & BANASZYAK A.T. 2002. Increased sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in nitrogen-limited dinoflagellates: photoprotection and repair. Limnology & Oceanography 47: 86-94.
89. MALONE T.C. 1977. Light-saturated photosynthesis by phytoplankton size fractions in the New York Bight, U.S.A. Marine Biology 42: 281-292.
90. MARCHANT H.J., DAVIDSON A.T. & KELLY G.J. 1991. UV-B protecting compounds in the marine alga Phaeocystis pouchetii from Antarctica. Marine Biology 109: 391-395.
91. MASKE H. 1984. Daylight ultraviolet radiation and the photoinhibition of phytoplankton carbon uptake. Journal of Plankton Research 6:251-237.
92. MEDLIN L.K., KOOISTRA W.C.H.F. & SCHMID A.-M.M. 2000. A review of the evolution of the diatoms - a total approach using molecules, morphology and geology. In: The origin and early evolution of the diatoms: fossil, molecular and biogeochemical approaches (Ed. by A. Wilkowski & J. Sieminska), pp. 13-35. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow.
93. MOREL F.M.M., REINFELDER J.R., ROBERTS S.B., CHAMBERLAIN C.P., LEE J.G. & YEE D. 1994. Zinc and carbon co-limitation of marine phytoplankton. Nature 360: 740-742.
94. MOREL F.M.M., COX E.H., KRAEPIEL A.M.L., LANE T.W., MILLIGAN A.J., SCHAPERDOTH I., REINFELDER J.R. & TORTELL P.D. 2002. Acquisition of inorganic carbon by the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Functional Plant Biology 29: 301-308.
95. MUNOZ J. & MERRETT M.J. 1989. Inorganic carbon transport in some marine eukaryotic microalgae. Planta 178: 450-455.
96. MURRAY R.W., LEINEN M., MURRAY D.W., MIX A.C. & KNOWLTON C.W. 1995. Terrigenous Fe input and biogenic sedimentation in the glacial and interglacial equatorial Pacific Ocean. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles 9: 667-684.
97. NEALE P.J., DAVIS R.F. & CULLEN J. 1998. Interactive effects of ozone depletion and vertical mixing on photosynthesis of Antarctic phytoplankton. Nature 329: 585-589.
98. NIMER N.A. & MERRETT M.J. 1992. Calcification and utilization of inorganic carbon by the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi Lohmann. New Phytologist 121: 173-177.
99. PAASCHE E. 1964. A tracer study of inorganic carbon uptake during coccolith formation and photosynthesis in the coccolithophorid Coccolithus huxleyi. Physiologia Plantarum 3, supplement: 1-82.
100. PALMQVIST K. 2000. Carbon economy in lichens. New Phytologist 48: 11-36.
101. PALMQVIST K., SUNDBLAD L.-G., WINGSLE G. & SAMUELSSON G. 1990. Acclimation of photosynthetic light reactions during induction of inorganic carbon accumulation in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiology 94: 357-366.
102. PAUSZ C. & HERNDL G.J. 1999. Role of ultraviolet radiation on phytoplankton extracellular release and its subsequent utilization by marine bacterioplankton. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 18: 85-93.
103. PELETIER H., GIESKES W.W.C. & BUMA A.J. 1996. Ultraviolet-B resistance of benthic diatoms isolated from tidal flats in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 135: 163-168.
104. PRESTON B.L., SNELL T.W. & KNEISEL R. 1999. UV-B exposure increases acute toxicity of pentachlorophenol and mercury to the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Environmental Pollution 106: 23-31.
105. PRÉZELIN B.B., BOUCHER N.P. & SMITH R.C. 1993. Daytime kinetics of UVA and UVB inhibition of photosynthetic activity in Antarctic surface waters. In: Photosynthetic responses to the environment (Ed. by H.Y. Yamamoto & C.M. Smith), pp. 150-155. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland.
106. 2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum. Environmental and Experimental Botany 39: 221-231.
107. RAI P.K. & RAI L.C. 1997. Interactive effects of UV-B and Cu on photosynthesis, uptake and metabolism of nutrients in a green alga Chlorella vulgaris under simulated ozone column. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 43: 281-288.
108. RAVEN J.A. 1988. The iron and molybdenum use efficiencies of plant growth with different energy, carbon and nitrogen sources. New Phytologist 109: 279-287.
109. RAVEN J.A. 1990. Predictions of Mn and Fe use efficiencies of phototrophic growth as a function of light availability for growth and C assimilation. New Phytologist 116: 1-18.
110. RAVEN J.A. 1991a. Implications of inorganic carbon utilization: ecology, evolution and geochemistry. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 908-924.
111. 2 and temperature. Plant, Cell and Environment 14: 779-794.
112. RAVEN J.A. 1991c. Responses of aquatic photosynthetic organisms to increased solar UV-B. Journal of Photochemistry and Photohiology B: Biology 9: 239-244.
113. RAVEN J.A. 1997a. The role of marine biota in the evolution of terrestrial biota: gases and genes. Biogeochemistry 39: 139-164.
114. RAVEN J.A. 1997b. Inorganic carbon acquisition by marine autotrophs. Advances in Botanical Research 27: 85-209.
115. RAVEN J.A. 1997c. Putting the C in phycology. European Journal of Phycology 32: 319-333.
116. 2 acquisition mechanisms in algae: carbon dioxide diffusion and carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms. In: Photosynthesis in the algae (Ed. by A.W.D. Larkum, J.A. Raven & S. Douglas). Advances in photosynthesis and respiration (Series editor, Govindjee). In press.
117. 2. Plant, Cell and Environment 22: 741-755.
118. RAVEN J.A. & GEIDER R.J. 1988. Temperature and algal growth. New Phytologist 110: 441-461.
119. RAVEN J.A. & JOHNSTON A.M. 1991. Mechanisms of inorganic carbon acquisition in marine phytoplankton and their implications for the use of other resources. Limnology and Oceanography 36: 1701-1714.
120. 12C ratios: an analysis of possible mechanisms. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 103 (Global and Planetary Change Section) 8: 1-12.
121. 2-evolving organisms. Photosynthesis Research 60: 111-149.
122. RAVEN J.A., KÜBLER J.E. & BEARDALL J. 2000. Put out the light and then put out the light. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80: 1-25.
123. 4 photosynthesis in a marine diatom. Nature 407: 996-999.
124. REYNOLDS C.S. 1989. Physical determinants of phytoplankton succession. In: Plankton ecology (Ed. by U. Sommer), pp. 9-56. Brock-Springer, Wisconsin.
125. RIEBESELL U. 2001. Responses of marine phytoplankton to carbon dioxide increase. In: Climate of the 21st century: changes and risks (Ed. by J.L. Lozán, H. Graßl & P. Hupfer), pp. 266-270. Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Hamburg.
126. RIEBESELL U., WOLF-GLADROW D.A. & SMETACEK V. 1993. Carbon dioxide limitation of marine phytoplankton growth rates. Nature 361: 249-251.
127. 2. Nature 407: 364-367.
128. 2 concentration on lipid composition and carbon isotope fractionation in Emiliania huxleyi. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64: 4179-4192.
129. ROOS J.C. & VINCENT W.F. 1998. Temperature dependence of UV radiation effects on Antarctic cyanobacteria. Journal of Phycology 34: 118-128.
130. ROST B., ZONDERVAN I. & RIEBESELL U. 2002. Light-dependent carbon isotope fractionation in the coccolithophorids Emiliania huxleyi. Limnology & Oceanography 47: 120-128.
131. ROST B., RIEBESELL U., BURKHARDT S. & SÜLTEMEYER D. 2003. Carbon acquisition of bloom-forming marine phytoplankton. Limnology & Oceanography 48: 55-67.
132. ROUX R., GOSSELIN M., DESTROSIERS G. & NOZAIS C. 2002. Effects of reduced UV radiation on a microbenthic community during a microcosm experiment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 225: 29-43.
133. ROZEMA J., BJÖRN L.O., BORNMAN J.F., GABERŠČIK A., HÄDER D.-P., TROŠT T., GŠERM M., KLISH M., GRÖNIGER A., SINHA R.P., LEBERT M., HE Y.Y., BUFFONI-HALL R., DE BAKKER N.V.J., VAN DE STAAIJ J. & MEIJKAMP B.B. 2002. The role of UV-B radiation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems - an experimental and functional analysis of the evolution of UV-absorbing compounds. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 66: 2-12.
134. SALAWITCH R.J. 1998. A greenhouse warming connection. Nature 392: 551-552.
135. SCHOPF J.W., KUDRYAVTSEV A.B., AGRESTI D.G., WDOWIAK T.J. & CZAJA A.D. 2002. Laser-Raman imagery of Earth's earliest fossils. Nature 416: 73-76.
136. SHELLY K., HERAUD P. & BEARDALL J. 2002. Nitrogen limitation in Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher (Chlorophyceae) leads to increased susceptibility to damage by ultraviolet-B radiation but also increased repair capacity. Journal of Phycology 39: 1-8.
137. SHELLY K., HERAUD P. & BEARDALL J. 2003. Interactive effects of PAR and UV-B radiation on PSII electron transport in the marine alga Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae). Journal of Phycology 39: 509-512.
138. SHERLOCK D.J. & RAVEN J.A. 2001. Interactions between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the photosynthesis of three species of marine red algae. Botanical Journal of Scotland 53: 33-43.
139. SHICK J.M. & DUNLAP W.C. 2002. Mycosporine-like amino acids and related gadusols: biosynthesis, accumulation, and UV-protective functions in aquatic organisms. Annual Review of Physiology 64: 223-262.
140. SMETACEK V. & PASSOW U. 1990. Spring bloom initiation and Sverdrup's critical-depth model. Limnology and Oceanography 35: 228-234.
141. SMITH R.C., PRÉZELIN B.B., BAKER K.S., BRIDIGARE R.R., BOUCHER N.P., COLEY T., KARENTZ D., MACINTYRE S., MATLICK H.A., MENZIES D., ONDRUSEK M., WAN Z. & WATERS K.J. 1992. Ozone depletion: ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in Antarctic waters. Science 255: 952-959.
142. 2 concentration on photosynthesis of two marine microalgae with different carbon concentrating mechanisms. Phycologia 40(4), supplement: 92-93.
143. STOLARSKI R., BOJKOV R., BISHOP L., ZEREFOS C., STAEHELIN J. & ZAWODNY J. 1992. Measured trends in stratospheric ozone. Science 256: 342-349.
144. STRID Å., CHOW W.S. & ANDERSON J.M. 1990. Effects of supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation on photosynthesis in Pisum sativum. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1020: 260-268.
145. STUMM W. & MORGAN J.J. 1981. Aquatic chemistry: an introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in natural waters. Wiley, New York. 780 pp.
146. SUZUKI Y. & TAKAHASHI M. 1995. Growth responses of several diatoms isolated from various environments to temperature. Journal of Phycology 31: 880-888.
147. TALLING J.F. 1985. Inorganic carbon reserves of natural waters and ecophysiological consequences of their photosynthetic depletion by microalgae. In: Inorganic carbon uptake by aquatic photosynthetic organisms (Ed. by W.J. Lucas & J.A. Berry), pp. 403-420. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland.
148. TORTELL P.D. 2000. Evolutionary and ecological perspectives on carbon acquisition in phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 45: 744-750.
149. TORTELL P.D., REINFELDER J.R. & MOREL F.M.M. 1997. Active uptake of bicarbonate by diatoms. Nature 390: 243-244.
150. TORTELL PD., RAU G.D. & MOREL F.M.M. 2000. Inorganic carbon acquisition in coastal Pacific phytoplankton communities. Limnology and Oceanography 45: 1485-1500.
151. 2 effects on taxonomic composition and nutrient utilization in an Equatorial Pacific phytoplankton assemblage. Marine Ecology Progress Series 236: 37-43.
152. 2 fixation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 233: 568-571.
153. UEMURA K., TOKAI H., HIGUCHI T., MURAYAMA H., YAMAMOTO H., ENOMOTO Y., FUJIWANA S., HAMEDA J. & YOKOTA A. 1998. Distribution of fallover in the carboxylation reaction and fallover-inducible sites among ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase of photosynthetic organisms. Plant and Cell Physiology 39: 212-219.
154. URABE J., TOGARI J. & ELSER J.J. 2003. Stoichiometric impacts of increased carbon dioxide on a planktonic herbivore. Global Change Biology 9: 818-825.
155. VAN DE POLL W.H., EGGERT A., BUMA A.G.J. & BREEMAN A.M. 2002. Temperature dependence of UV radiation effects in Arctic and temperate isolates of three red algae. European Journal of Phycology 37: 59-68.
156. VAN DONK E., FAAFENG B.A., DE LANGE H.J. & HESSEN D.O. 2001. Differential sensitivity to natural ultraviolet radiation among phytoplankton species in Arctic lakes (Spitsbergen, Norway). Plant Ecology 154: 249-259.
157. VINCENT W.F. & NEALE P.J. 2000. Mechanisms of UV damage to aquatic organisms. In: The effects of UV radiation in the marine environment (Ed. by S. de Mora, S. Demers & M. Vernet), pp. 149-176. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
158. VINCENT W.F. & ROY S. 1993. Solar ultraviolet-B radiation and aquatic primary production: damage, protection and recovery. Environmental Reviews 1: 1-12.
159. WÄNGBERG S.-Å., SELMER J.-S. & GUSTAVSON K. 1995. Effects of UV-B radiation on biomass and composition in marine phytoplankton communities. Scientia Marina 60, supplement 1: 81-88.
160. WATKINS E.M., SCHINDLER D.W., TURNER M.A. & FINDLAY D. 2001. Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on epilithic metabolism, and nutrient and community composition in a clear-water boreal lake. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58: 2059-2070.
161. WEYHENMEYER G.A. 2001. Warmer winters: are planktonic algal populations in Sweden's largest lakes affected? AMBIO 30: 565-571.
162. WHITEHEAD R.F., DE MORA S.J. & DEMERS S. 2000. Enhanced UV radiation - a new problem for the marine environment. In: The effects of UV radiation in the marine environment (Ed. by S. de Mora, S. Demers & M. Vernet), pp. 1-34. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
163. XIONG F., LEDERER F., LUKAVSKY J. & NEDBAL L. 1996. Screening of freshwater algae (Chlorophyta, Chromophyta) for ultraviolet-B sensitivity of the photosynthetic apparatus. Journal of Plant Physiology 148: 42-48.
164. YOUNG E.B. 1999. Interactions between photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen acquisition in the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher. PhD thesis. Monash University, Melbourne. 228 pp.