The Challenge of Revolutionary Terrorism to Turkish Democracy, 1960-80

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 90-115

  Bal, Ihsan ^a   Laçiner, Sedat ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0347119001     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550109609701     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. For this period see Feroz Ahmad, The Turkish Experiment in Democracy, 1950-1975 (London: Hurst 1977); Firouz Bahrampour, The Political and Social Transformation of Modem Turkey (1923-1963) (PhD thesis, The American University, 1964); Kemal H. Karpat, 'Political Development in Turkey, 1950-1970', Middle Eastern Studies 8 (1972), pp.83-103. Also for a more detailed list of the sources on this period see: Sedat Laciner, Turkey and the World, A Bibliography of Turkey and Turks in English (Istanbul: Kaknus 2001).
2. For this period see Feroz Ahmad, The Turkish Experiment in Democracy, 1950-1975 (London: Hurst 1977); Firouz Bahrampour, The Political and Social Transformation of Modem Turkey (1923-1963) (PhD thesis, The American University, 1964); Kemal H. Karpat, 'Political Development in Turkey, 1950-1970', Middle Eastern Studies 8 (1972), pp.83-103. Also for a more detailed list of the sources on this period see: Sedat Laciner, Turkey and the World, A Bibliography of Turkey and Turks in English (Istanbul: Kaknus 2001).
3. For this period see Feroz Ahmad, The Turkish Experiment in Democracy, 1950-1975 (London: Hurst 1977); Firouz Bahrampour, The Political and Social Transformation of Modem Turkey (1923-1963) (PhD thesis, The American University, 1964); Kemal H. Karpat, 'Political Development in Turkey, 1950-1970', Middle Eastern Studies 8 (1972), pp.83-103. Also for a more detailed list of the sources on this period see: Sedat Laciner, Turkey and the World, A Bibliography of Turkey and Turks in English (Istanbul: Kaknus 2001).
4. For this period see Feroz Ahmad, The Turkish Experiment in Democracy, 1950-1975 (London: Hurst 1977); Firouz Bahrampour, The Political and Social Transformation of Modem Turkey (1923-1963) (PhD thesis, The American University, 1964); Kemal H. Karpat, 'Political Development in Turkey, 1950-1970', Middle Eastern Studies 8 (1972), pp.83-103. Also for a more detailed list of the sources on this period see: Sedat Laciner, Turkey and the World, A Bibliography of Turkey and Turks in English (Istanbul: Kaknus 2001).
5. For the 1960 coup: W. F. Weiker, The Turkish Revolution, 1960-1961, Aspects of Military Politics (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute 1963); Sevket Sureyya Aydemir, Ihtilalin Mantigi, 27 Mayis Ihtilali (Logic of the Revolution and the 27 May Coup) (Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi 1976).
6. For the 1960 coup: W. F. Weiker, The Turkish Revolution, 1960-1961, Aspects of Military Politics (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute 1963); Sevket Sureyya Aydemir, Ihtilalin Mantigi, 27 Mayis Ihtilali (Logic of the Revolution and the 27 May Coup) (Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi 1976).
7. For detailed discussion see: Umit Ozdag, Menderes Doneminde Ordu-Siyaset Iliskileri ve 27 Mayis Ihtilali (Military-Politics Relations During the Menderes Period and 27 May Coup) (Istanbul: Boyut Kitaplari 1997); Umit Ozdag, Ordu-Siyaset Iliskisi, Ataturk ve Inonu Donemleri (Army-Politics Relations, Ataturk and Inonu Period) (Ankara: Gundogan Yayinlari, 1991); Frank Tachau, 'The Republican People's Party, 1945-1980' in Metin Heper and Jacob M. Landau (eds.) Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey (London: I. B. Tauris 1991).
8. For detailed discussion see: Umit Ozdag, Menderes Doneminde Ordu-Siyaset Iliskileri ve 27 Mayis Ihtilali (Military-Politics Relations During the Menderes Period and 27 May Coup) (Istanbul: Boyut Kitaplari 1997); Umit Ozdag, Ordu-Siyaset Iliskisi, Ataturk ve Inonu Donemleri (Army-Politics Relations, Ataturk and Inonu Period) (Ankara: Gundogan Yayinlari, 1991); Frank Tachau, 'The Republican People's Party, 1945-1980' in Metin Heper and Jacob M. Landau (eds.) Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey (London: I. B. Tauris 1991).
9. For detailed discussion see: Umit Ozdag, Menderes Doneminde Ordu-Siyaset Iliskileri ve 27 Mayis Ihtilali (Military-Politics Relations During the Menderes Period and 27 May Coup) (Istanbul: Boyut Kitaplari 1997); Umit Ozdag, Ordu-Siyaset Iliskisi, Ataturk ve Inonu Donemleri (Army-Politics Relations, Ataturk and Inonu Period) (Ankara: Gundogan Yayinlari, 1991); Frank Tachau, 'The Republican People's Party, 1945-1980' in Metin Heper and Jacob M. Landau (eds.) Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey (London: I. B. Tauris 1991).
10. N. A. Unat, 'Patterns of Political Modernisation and Turkish Democracy', Turkish Yearbook of International Relations 18, pp.1-26; William Hale, Turkish Politics and the Military, (London: Routledge 1994).
11. N. A. Unat, 'Patterns of Political Modernisation and Turkish Democracy', Turkish Yearbook of International Relations 18, pp.1-26; William Hale, Turkish Politics and the Military, (London: Routledge 1994).
12. A.Y. Saribay, 'The Democratic Party, 1946-1960' in Metin Heper and Jacob M. Landau (eds.) Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey (London: I. B. Tauris 1991), p.119.
13. F. Ahmad, The Making of Modern Turkey (London and New York: Routledge 1996), p. 105.
14. K. Korkmaz, Kafa Tutan Günler: 68 Giücesi (The Defying Days: The Diary of 1968) (Istanbul: Araba Yayinlari 1992).
15. For the pre-1950 period of the Turkish left movements see: Mete Tuncay, Turkiye'de Sol Akýmlar, 1908-1925 (The Left Currents in Turkey, 1908-1925) (Ankara: 1978); A. Sayýlgan, 'Türkiye'de Sol Akýmlar', (The Left Currents in Turkey), in P. Dumont and G. Haupt, Osmanlý Ýmparatorludu'nda Sosyalist Hareketler (The Socialist Movements in the Ottoman Empire) (Istanbul 1977).
16. For the pre-1950 period of the Turkish left movements see: Mete Tuncay, Turkiye'de Sol Akýmlar, 1908-1925 (The Left Currents in Turkey, 1908-1925) (Ankara: 1978); A. Sayýlgan, 'Türkiye'de Sol Akýmlar', (The Left Currents in Turkey), in P. Dumont and G. Haupt, Osmanlý Ýmparatorludu'nda Sosyalist Hareketler (The Socialist Movements in the Ottoman Empire) (Istanbul 1977).
17. E. Ozbudun (ed.), Perspectives on Democracy in Turkey (Ankara: Turkish Political Association 1988).
18. U.C. Sakallioglu, 'Kemalism, 'Hyper-Nationalism and Islam in Turkey', History of European Ideas 18/2, pp.255-70.
19. F. Ahmad, 'The Political Economy of Kemalism', in A. Kazancigil and O. Ergun (eds.), Ataturk, Founder of a Modern State (London: Hurst & Company 1981).
20. S.P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratisation in the Late Twentieth Century (Oklahama: University of Oklohama Press 1993).
21. For Peker's claim and a comparison of his arguments and the developments observed in the 1950s see Ihsan Bal, The Prevention of Terrorism in Democracies, The Case Study of Turkey (PhD thesis, University of Leicester, 1999).
22. Ahmad (see note 11) pp.12-13.
23. P.L. Martin, The Unfinished Story: Turkish Labour Migration Western Europe (Geneva: International Labour Office 1991); F. Sen, 'Turkish Communities in Western Europe', in V. Mastny and R. C. Nation (eds.) Turkey Between East and West, New Challenges for a Rising Regional Power (Oxford: Westview Press 1996) pp.233-66.
24. P.L. Martin, The Unfinished Story: Turkish Labour Migration Western Europe (Geneva: International Labour Office 1991); F. Sen, 'Turkish Communities in Western Europe', in V. Mastny and R. C. Nation (eds.) Turkey Between East and West, New Challenges for a Rising Regional Power (Oxford: Westview Press 1996) pp.233-66.
25. L. L. Roos, N. P. Roos and G. R. Field, 'Students and Politics in Turkey', Deadalus (Winter 1968), p. 198.
26. D. Barchard, Turkey and the European Union (London: CER 1998), pp.13-14.
27. O. Sencer, Türkiye'de Isci Sinifi Dogusu ve Yapisi (The Labour Movement in Turkey, Emergence and Structure) (Istanbul 1969); K. Sulker, 100 Soruda Turkiye'de Isci Hareketleri (The Labour Movements in Turkey in 100 Questions) (Istanbul 1976); I. P. Lipovsky, The Socialist Movement in Turkey, 1960-1980 (Leiden: EJ Brill 1992), p.11.
28. O. Sencer, Türkiye'de Isci Sinifi Dogusu ve Yapisi (The Labour Movement in Turkey, Emergence and Structure) (Istanbul 1969); K. Sulker, 100 Soruda Turkiye'de Isci Hareketleri (The Labour Movements in Turkey in 100 Questions) (Istanbul 1976); I. P. Lipovsky, The Socialist Movement in Turkey, 1960-1980 (Leiden: EJ Brill 1992), p.11.
29. O. Sencer, Türkiye'de Isci Sinifi Dogusu ve Yapisi (The Labour Movement in Turkey, Emergence and Structure) (Istanbul 1969); K. Sulker, 100 Soruda Turkiye'de Isci Hareketleri (The Labour Movements in Turkey in 100 Questions) (Istanbul 1976); I. P. Lipovsky, The Socialist Movement in Turkey, 1960-1980 (Leiden: EJ Brill 1992), p.11.
30. B. Boran, Turkiye ve Sosyalizm Sorunlari (The Problem of Socialism in Turkey) (Istanbul: Tekin 1970), p.100.
31. C. Tuncay, 'New Turkish Constitutional Law System', Faculty of Political Science Review, Istanbul University, 2/2 (1984), p.22.
32. C. Tuncay, 'New Turkish Constitutional Law System', Faculty of Political Science Review, Istanbul University, 2/2 (1984).
33. Y. Altug, Terorun Dunu, Bugunu, Yarini (The Past, Presents and Future of Terrorism) (Ankara: Ministry of Interior 1989).
34. O. Sencer (see note 18).
35. B. Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press 1968), p.77.
36. The Turkish Constitution of 1924; S. Kili, Turkish Constitutional Developments and Assembly Debates on Constitutions of 1924 and 1961 (Istanbul: Robert College 1971).
37. The Turkish Constitution of 1924; S. Kili, Turkish Constitutional Developments and Assembly Debates on Constitutions of 1924 and 1961 (Istanbul: Robert College 1971).
38. C. Tuncay, 'New Turkish Constitutional Law System', Faculty of Political Science Review, Istanbul University, 2/2 (1984).
39. Tuncay (note 22), pp.23(1984), 24.
40. Tuncay (note 22), p.23.
41. Hikmet Ozdemir, Rejim ve Asker (Regime and Military) (Istanbul: Iz Yayinlari 1993).
42. Hikmet Ozdemir, Devlet Krizi (The Crisis of State) (Istanbul: Iz yayincilik 1989), p.25.
43. Kili (see note 25).
44. Kili (see note 25); Ozdemir (see note 31); Tuncay (note 22).
45. B. Boran, Turkiye ve Sosyalizm Sorunlari (The Problem of Socialism in Turkey) (Istanbul: Tekin 1970).
46. C. Altan, Onlar Uyanirken: Turk Sosyalistlerinin El Kitabi (When They are Awakening: The Handbook of the Turkish Socialists) (Istanbul 1967).
47. Ozdemir (see note 31).
48. F. Ahmad, 'The Political Economy of Kemalism' in A. Kazancigil and E. Ozbudun (eds.), Ataturk, Founder of a Modem State (London: Hurst & Company 1981); F. Ahmad, 'Military Intervention and the Crisis in Turkey', Merit Report 11 (Jan.), pp.5-23.
49. F. Ahmad, 'The Political Economy of Kemalism' in A. Kazancigil and E. Ozbudun (eds.), Ataturk, Founder of a Modem State (London: Hurst & Company 1981); F. Ahmad, 'Military Intervention and the Crisis in Turkey', Merit Report 11 (Jan.), pp.5-23.
50. C.H. Dodd, 'The Containment of Terrorism: Violence in Turkish Politics 1965-80', in N. O'Sullivan (ed.), Terrorism, Ideology and Revolution (Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books 1986).
51. For the TLP and its program: Turkiye Isçi Partisi Programý; (Turkish Workers Party Programme), (Ankara: TIP, n.d.); Ergun Aydinoglu, Elestirel Bir Tarih Degerlendirmesi, 1960-1971, Turk Solu (A Critical History Essay, 1960-1971, Turkish Left) (Istanbul: Belge Yayinlari 1992).
52. For the TLP and its program: Turkiye Isçi Partisi Programý; (Turkish Workers Party Programme), (Ankara: TIP, n.d.); Ergun Aydinoglu, Elestirel Bir Tarih Degerlendirmesi, 1960-1971, Turk Solu (A Critical History Essay, 1960-1971, Turkish Left) (Istanbul: Belge Yayinlari 1992).
53. For the TLP and its program: Turkiye Isçi Partisi Programý; (Turkish Workers Party Programme), (Ankara: TIP, n.d.); Ergun Aydinoglu, Elestirel Bir Tarih Degerlendirmesi, 1960-1971, Turk Solu (A Critical History Essay, 1960-1971, Turkish Left) (Istanbul: Belge Yayinlari 1992).
54. B. Boran, Turkiye ve Sosyalizm Sorunlari (The Problem of Socialism in Turkey) (Istanbul: Tekin 1970), p.161.
55. I. P.Lipovsky, The Socialist Movement in Turkey, 1960-1980 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992), p.12.
56. B. Boran (see note 33), p.64.
57. Lipovsky (see note 40), p.14.
58. Serif Mardin, Tracing the Source of Violence, the Turkish Case: The Search for Absolute Value in a Changing World (New York: International Culture Foundation Press 1977), p.316.
59. Ozdemir (see note 31).
60. Tuncay (see note 20).
61. M. Belge, Turkler ve Kurtler; Nereden Nereye? (Where is the Destination? Turks and Kurds) (Istanbul: Birikim Yayinlari 1995).
62. Lipovsky (see note 40), p.19.
63. Altan (see note 35).
64. M. A. Aybar, Bagimsizlik, Demokrasi, Sosyalizm (Liberation, Democracy, Socialism) (Istanbul: Tekin 1968), pp.515-16.
65. Aybar (see note 49), p.516.
66. A. Ilhan, Hangi Sol? (Which Left?) (Istanbul: Cem Yayinevi 1970).
67. Lipovsky, The Socialist (note 40), pp.35-40.
68. H. Ozdemir, Sol Kemalizm (The Left Kemalism) (Istanbul: Iz Yayincilik 1993); Ozdemir (see note 31).
69. M. A. Aybar, Bagimsizlik, Demokrasi, Sosyalizm (Liberation, Democracy, Socialism) (Istanbul: Tekin 1968), p.247.
70. Lipovsky, The Socialist (note 41), p.40.
71. Lipovsky, The Socialist (note 41), p.73.
72. D. Orlow, Political Violance in Pre-Coup Turkey, Terrorism, An International Journal 6/1, p.61.
73. M. Cayan, Butun Yazilari (His All Studies) (Istanbul: 1979), p.45.
74. Dogu Ergil, Turkiye'de Teror ve Siddet (Terror and Violance in Turkey) (Ankara: Ankara Universitsi 1980), pp.25-52.
75. P. Wilkinson, 'Terrorism versus Liberal Democracy: The Problem of Response', in W. Gutteridge (ed.), The New Terrorism (London: Mansell Publishing 1986), p.16.
76. Z. Y. Hershlag, The Contemporary Turkish Economy (London and New York: Routledge 1988), p.21.
77. S. Demirel, Secim Konusmalari (The Election Speeches) (Ankara: 1969); A. Levi, The Justice Party of Turkey, 1961-1977 (PhD thesis, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1983).
78. S. Demirel, Secim Konusmalari (The Election Speeches) (Ankara: 1969); A. Levi, The Justice Party of Turkey, 1961-1977 (PhD thesis, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1983).
79. C. H. Dodd, The Crisis of Turkish Democracy (Huntingdon: The Eothen Press, 1990), p.43.
80. Hershlag (see note 62), p.21.
81. W. Hale, The Political and Economic Development of Modern Turkey (London: Croom Helm 1981).
82. Statistical Yearbook of Turkey (Ankara: Devlet Istatistik Enstitusu 1988).
83. E. Ozbudun, Perspectives on Democracy in Turkey (Ankara: Turkish Political Science Association 1988), pp.20-21.
84. Ibid, p.21.
85. K. H. Karpat, 'Turkish Democracy Impasse: Ideology, Party Politics and the Third Military Intervention', International Journal of Turkish Studies 2 (Spring/Summer 1981).
86. N. Mert, 'Children of a Defeated Civilisation: The Sad Face of Westernisation in Turkey', Islamic World Report, Turkey, The Pendulum Swings Back, 1996, pp.68-70.
87. M. Heper and A. Evin (ed.), State, Democracy and the Military: Turkey in the 1980s (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter 1988).
88. S. Mardin (see note 44).
89. D. A. Rustow, Turkey: America's Forgotten Ally (New York: Council on Foreign Relations 1989), p.89.
90. M. Heper, 'Political Culture as a Dimension of Compatibility', in M. Heper, A. Oncu and H. Kramer, Turkey and the West, Changing Political and Cultural Identities (London: I. B. Tauris 1993).
91. D. Barchard, Turkey and the European Union (London: CER 1998).
92. Prime Minister's Statistics Office, 1980.
93. Ibid.
94. S. Dimac, Terorizm Sorunu ve Turkiye (The Problem of Terrorism and Turkey) (Ankara: EGM 1997), p.100.
95. Y. Altug, Terorun Dunu, Bugunu, Yarini (The Past, Present and Future of Terrorism) (Ankara: Ministry of Interior 1989), p.56.
96. Y. Altug, Terorun Anatomisi (The Anatomy of Terrorism) (Istanbul: 1995).
97. Ozbudun (see note 68).
98. I. Turan, The Shaping of Democracy in Developing Countries (New York: The International Cultural Foundation Press 1977); I. Turan, 'Politicians: Populist Democracy', in M. Heper, A. Oncu and H. Kramer, Turkey and the West (London: I. B. Tauris 1993).
99. I. Turan, The Shaping of Democracy in Developing Countries (New York: The International Cultural Foundation Press 1977); I. Turan, 'Politicians: Populist Democracy', in M. Heper, A. Oncu and H. Kramer, Turkey and the West (London: I. B. Tauris 1993).
100. U. Erguder and R. I. Hofferbert, 'Restoration of Democracy in Turkey? Political Reforms and the Elections of 1983' in Linda Lane (ed.) Elections in the Middle East: Implications of Recent Trends (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1987).
101. Ozbudun, Perspectives on Democracy in Turkey (see note 68), p.23.
102. Cayan (see note 59), p.42.
103. A. Evin, 'Novelists: New Cosmopolitanism vs Social Pluralism' in M. Heper, A. Oncu and H. Kramer (eds.) Turkey and the West: Changing Political and Cultural Identities (London: I. B. Tauris 1993), p.97.
104. Evin (see note 86), p.98.
105. Mardin (note 43).
106. Karpat, (see note 70), p.3. For Erbakan's movement: Necmettin Erbakan, Adil Düzen (Just Order), (Ankara: 1991).
107. Altug, Terorun (see note 80), and Terorun Anatomisi (see note 81).
108. M. A. Birand, 12 Eylul (October the 12th) (Istanbul: Karacan 1984); M. A. Birand, The Generals' Coup in Turkey, An Inside Story of 12 September 1980 (London: Brassey's Defence Publishers 1987).
109. M. A. Birand, 12 Eylul (October the 12th) (Istanbul: Karacan 1984); M. A. Birand, The Generals' Coup in Turkey, An Inside Story of 12 September 1980 (London: Brassey's Defence Publishers 1987).
110. Ozbudun (see note 68).
111. Ergil (see note 59), p.35.
112. Ahmad (see note 11), pp.7-11.
113. Ozdemir (see note 30).
114. Rustow (see note 73), p.70.
115. Barchard (see note 75)
116. A. Kabakli, Temellerin Durusmasi (Trails of Principles) (Istanbul: Turk Edebiyati Vakfi Yayinlari 1992), pp.140-48.