Are We Lying to Ourselves about Deception?

Social Service Review

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 234-250

  Kagle, Jill Doner ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346967125     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/515752     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
2. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
3. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
4. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
5. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
6. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
7. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
8. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
9. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
10. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
11. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
12. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
13. For discussion of psychopathology as an origin of deception, see Charles V. Ford, Bryan H. King, and Marc C. Hollender, "Lies and Liars: Psychiatric Aspects of Prevarication," American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 554-62; Helen Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie: Pseudologia Phantastica," Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 10 (1982): 369-86; Lawrence L. Kerns, "Falsifications in the Psychiatric History: A Differential Diagnosis," Psychiatry 49 (February 1986): 13-17; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). For deception originating from antisocial patterns, see Gloria Miller, "School Interventions for Dishonest Behavior," Special Services in Schools 3 (Spring-Summer 1987): 21-36; Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, "Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review," Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1987): 267-87; R. Dwight Hare, "Twenty Years of Experience with the Cleckley Psychopath," in Unmasking the Psychopath: Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes, ed. William Reid, D. Don, and J. Walker (New York: Norton, 1986), pp. 3-27. For deception originating in denial or self-deception, see Christine Huff Fewell and LeClair Bissell, "The Alcoholic Denial Syndrome: An Alcohol-Focused Approach," Social Casework 59 (January 1978): 6-13; R. Joseph, "Confabulation and Delusional Denial: Frontal Lobe and Lateralixed Influences," Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986): 507-20; Richard Rosenthal, "The Pathological Gambler's System for Self-Deception," Journal of Gambling Behavior 2 (Fall-Winter 1986): 108-20. For deception as a tactic of purposeful manipulation, see Daniel D. French, "Distortion and Lying as Defense Processes in the Adolescent Child Molester," Journal of Offender Counseling 14 (1989): 161-67; Agnes Hankiss, "Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction," Journal of Communication 30 (Spring 1980): 104-12; Richard Rogers and James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., "'Nothing but the Truth': A Reexamination of Malingering," Journal of Psychiatry and Law (Winter 1983): 443-59.
14. Frederic Reamer, "The Concept of Paternalism in Social Work," Social Service Review 57 (June 1983): 254-71, and Social Work Values and Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 145-48 and 172-75; Margaret Rhodes, Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986); Joseph S. Ellin, "Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity," Business and Professional Ethics Journal 1 (1982): 75-90; Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy, trans. L. W. Beck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949) ; Robert M. Veatch, Death, Dying and the Biological Revolution: Our Last Quest for Responsibility (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 204-48; Ann Helm, "Truth Telling, Placebos, and Deception: Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice," Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 56 (January 1985): 69-72; Alan H. Goldman, The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980), pp. 156-229.
15. Frederic Reamer, "The Concept of Paternalism in Social Work," Social Service Review 57 (June 1983): 254-71, and Social Work Values and Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 145-48 and 172-75; Margaret Rhodes, Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986); Joseph S. Ellin, "Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity," Business and Professional Ethics Journal 1 (1982): 75-90; Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy, trans. L. W. Beck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949) ; Robert M. Veatch, Death, Dying and the Biological Revolution: Our Last Quest for Responsibility (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 204-48; Ann Helm, "Truth Telling, Placebos, and Deception: Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice," Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 56 (January 1985): 69-72; Alan H. Goldman, The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980), pp. 156-229.
16. Frederic Reamer, "The Concept of Paternalism in Social Work," Social Service Review 57 (June 1983): 254-71, and Social Work Values and Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 145-48 and 172-75; Margaret Rhodes, Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986); Joseph S. Ellin, "Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity," Business and Professional Ethics Journal 1 (1982): 75-90; Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy, trans. L. W. Beck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949) ; Robert M. Veatch, Death, Dying and the Biological Revolution: Our Last Quest for Responsibility (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 204-48; Ann Helm, "Truth Telling, Placebos, and Deception: Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice," Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 56 (January 1985): 69-72; Alan H. Goldman, The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980), pp. 156-229.
17. Frederic Reamer, "The Concept of Paternalism in Social Work," Social Service Review 57 (June 1983): 254-71, and Social Work Values and Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 145-48 and 172-75; Margaret Rhodes, Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986); Joseph S. Ellin, "Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity," Business and Professional Ethics Journal 1 (1982): 75-90; Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy, trans. L. W. Beck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949) ; Robert M. Veatch, Death, Dying and the Biological Revolution: Our Last Quest for Responsibility (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 204-48; Ann Helm, "Truth Telling, Placebos, and Deception: Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice," Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 56 (January 1985): 69-72; Alan H. Goldman, The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980), pp. 156-229.
18. Frederic Reamer, "The Concept of Paternalism in Social Work," Social Service Review 57 (June 1983): 254-71, and Social Work Values and Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 145-48 and 172-75; Margaret Rhodes, Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986); Joseph S. Ellin, "Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity," Business and Professional Ethics Journal 1 (1982): 75-90; Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy, trans. L. W. Beck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949) ; Robert M. Veatch, Death, Dying and the Biological Revolution: Our Last Quest for Responsibility (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 204-48; Ann Helm, "Truth Telling, Placebos, and Deception: Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice," Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 56 (January 1985): 69-72; Alan H. Goldman, The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980), pp. 156-229.
19. Frederic Reamer, "The Concept of Paternalism in Social Work," Social Service Review 57 (June 1983): 254-71, and Social Work Values and Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 145-48 and 172-75; Margaret Rhodes, Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986); Joseph S. Ellin, "Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity," Business and Professional Ethics Journal 1 (1982): 75-90; Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy, trans. L. W. Beck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949) ; Robert M. Veatch, Death, Dying and the Biological Revolution: Our Last Quest for Responsibility (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 204-48; Ann Helm, "Truth Telling, Placebos, and Deception: Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice," Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 56 (January 1985): 69-72; Alan H. Goldman, The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980), pp. 156-229.
20. Frederic Reamer, "The Concept of Paternalism in Social Work," Social Service Review 57 (June 1983): 254-71, and Social Work Values and Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 145-48 and 172-75; Margaret Rhodes, Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986); Joseph S. Ellin, "Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity," Business and Professional Ethics Journal 1 (1982): 75-90; Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy, trans. L. W. Beck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949) ; Robert M. Veatch, Death, Dying and the Biological Revolution: Our Last Quest for Responsibility (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 204-48; Ann Helm, "Truth Telling, Placebos, and Deception: Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice," Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 56 (January 1985): 69-72; Alan H. Goldman, The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980), pp. 156-229.
21. Frederic Reamer, "The Concept of Paternalism in Social Work," Social Service Review 57 (June 1983): 254-71, and Social Work Values and Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 145-48 and 172-75; Margaret Rhodes, Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986); Joseph S. Ellin, "Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity," Business and Professional Ethics Journal 1 (1982): 75-90; Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy, trans. L. W. Beck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949) ; Robert M. Veatch, Death, Dying and the Biological Revolution: Our Last Quest for Responsibility (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 204-48; Ann Helm, "Truth Telling, Placebos, and Deception: Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice," Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 56 (January 1985): 69-72; Alan H. Goldman, The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980), pp. 156-229.
22. 3. Robert Wolk and Arthur Henley, The Right to Lie (New York: Van Rees Press, 1970); Emily L. Post, Emily Post's Etiquette: A Guide to Modern Manners, 14th ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1984); Paula Lippard, "'Ask Me No Questions, I'll Tell You No Lies': Situational Exigencies for Interpersonal Deception," Western Journal of Speech Communication 52 (Winter 1988): 91-103.
23. Robert Wolk and Arthur Henley, The Right to Lie (New York: Van Rees Press, 1970); Emily L. Post, Emily Post's Etiquette: A Guide to Modern Manners, 14th ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1984); Paula Lippard, "'Ask Me No Questions, I'll Tell You No Lies': Situational Exigencies for Interpersonal Deception," Western Journal of Speech Communication 52 (Winter 1988): 91-103.
24. Robert Wolk and Arthur Henley, The Right to Lie (New York: Van Rees Press, 1970); Emily L. Post, Emily Post's Etiquette: A Guide to Modern Manners, 14th ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1984); Paula Lippard, "'Ask Me No Questions, I'll Tell You No Lies': Situational Exigencies for Interpersonal Deception," Western Journal of Speech Communication 52 (Winter 1988): 91-103.
25. Robert Trivers, Social Evolution (Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin Cummings, 1985).
26. 5. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Anchor, 1959), and Strategic Interaction (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969).
27. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Anchor, 1959), and Strategic Interaction (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969).
28. 6. William James, The Meaning of Truth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975); Bertrand Russell, An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth (London: Allen & Unwin, 1940); John R. Anderson, Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications, 3d ed. (New York: Freeman, 1990).
29. William James, The Meaning of Truth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975); Bertrand Russell, An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth (London: Allen & Unwin, 1940); John R. Anderson, Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications, 3d ed. (New York: Freeman, 1990).
30. William James, The Meaning of Truth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975); Bertrand Russell, An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth (London: Allen & Unwin, 1940); John R. Anderson, Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications, 3d ed. (New York: Freeman, 1990).
31. Jack S. Annon, "Detection of Deception and Search for Truth: A Proposed Model with Particular Reference to the Witness, the Victim, and the Defendant," Forensic Reports 1 (1988): 303-60.
32. Steven A. McCornack, "Information Manipulation Theory," Communication Monographs 59 (1992): 1-16.
33. 9. Sissela Bok, Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life (New York: Pantheon, 1978); Ellin (n. 2 above); Kant (n. 2 above).
34. Sissela Bok, Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life (New York: Pantheon, 1978); Ellin (n. 2 above); Kant (n. 2 above).
35. 10. Paul Ekman, Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage (New York: Norton, 1985), and "Facial Signs: Facts, Fantasies, and Possibilities," in Sights, Sound and Sense, ed. T. Sebeok (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978).
36. Paul Ekman, Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage (New York: Norton, 1985), and "Facial Signs: Facts, Fantasies, and Possibilities," in Sights, Sound and Sense, ed. T. Sebeok (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978).
37. 11. Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, "Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception," Psychiatry 32 (1969): 88-105; Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, and Maureen O'Sullivan, "Smiles When Lying," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 3 (1988): 414-20.
38. Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, "Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception," Psychiatry 32 (1969): 88-105; Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, and Maureen O'Sullivan, "Smiles When Lying," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 3 (1988): 414-20.
39. Sandra Kopels and Jill Doner Kagle, "Do Social Workers Have a Duty to Warn?" Social Service Review 67, no. 1 (1993): 101-26.
40. Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 529 P.2d 553 (1974).
41. 14. William J. Bowers, Daniel J. Givelber, and Carolyn L. Blitch, "How Did Tarasoff Affect Clinical Practice?" American Academic of Political and Social Science Annals 484 (1986): 70-85; Jacob J. Lindenthal, Theresa J. Jordan, Judith D. Lentz, and Claudewell S. Thomas, "Social Workers' Management of Confidentiality," Social Work 33 (1988): 157-58.
42. William J. Bowers, Daniel J. Givelber, and Carolyn L. Blitch, "How Did Tarasoff Affect Clinical Practice?" American Academic of Political and Social Science Annals 484 (1986): 70-85; Jacob J. Lindenthal, Theresa J. Jordan, Judith D. Lentz, and Claudewell S. Thomas, "Social Workers' Management of Confidentiality," Social Work 33 (1988): 157-58.
43. Otto Fenichel, "The Economics of Pseudologia Phantastica," in Collected Papers, ed. Hanna Fenichel and David Rapaport (New York: Norton, 1954), pp. 129-40; Joseph (n. 1 above).
44. Otto Fenichel, "The Economics of Pseudologia Phantastica," in Collected Papers, ed. Hanna Fenichel and David Rapaport (New York: Norton, 1954), pp. 129-40; Joseph (n. 1 above).
45. Dale Hample, "Purposes and Effects of Lying," Southern Speech Communication Journal 46 (Fall 1980): 33-47.
46. Sissela Bok, Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation (New York: Pantheon, 1982), p. 61.
47. Pierre Janet, La pensee interieure et ses troubles (Paris: Maloine, 1927).
48. Michael Chandler, Anna S. Fritz, and Suzanne Hala, "Small-Scale Deceit: Deception as a Marker of Two-, Three- and Four-Year Olds' Early Theories of Mind," Child Development 60 (1989): 1263-77; M. Lewis, C. Stanger, and M. Sullivan, "Deception in Three-Year-Olds," Developmental Psychology 25 (1989): 439-43; John Morton, "When Can Lying Start?" in The Child Witness: Do the Courts Abuse Children? ed. Graham Davies and Jonquil Drinkwater (London: British Psychological Society, 1988), pp. 35-36.
49. Michael Chandler, Anna S. Fritz, and Suzanne Hala, "Small-Scale Deceit: Deception as a Marker of Two-, Three- and Four-Year Olds' Early Theories of Mind," Child Development 60 (1989): 1263-77; M. Lewis, C. Stanger, and M. Sullivan, "Deception in Three-Year-Olds," Developmental Psychology 25 (1989): 439-43; John Morton, "When Can Lying Start?" in The Child Witness: Do the Courts Abuse Children? ed. Graham Davies and Jonquil Drinkwater (London: British Psychological Society, 1988), pp. 35-36.
50. Michael Chandler, Anna S. Fritz, and Suzanne Hala, "Small-Scale Deceit: Deception as a Marker of Two-, Three- and Four-Year Olds' Early Theories of Mind," Child Development 60 (1989): 1263-77; M. Lewis, C. Stanger, and M. Sullivan, "Deception in Three-Year-Olds," Developmental Psychology 25 (1989): 439-43; John Morton, "When Can Lying Start?" in The Child Witness: Do the Courts Abuse Children? ed. Graham Davies and Jonquil Drinkwater (London: British Psychological Society, 1988), pp. 35-36.
51. Joseph H. Smith, "The First Lie," Psychiatry 31 (1968): 61-68.
52. Heinz Kohut, "Forms and Transformation of Narcissism," Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 14 (1966): 243-72.
53. 22. Jean Piaget, The Moral Judgment of the Child (New York: Free Press, 1965); Nathan Szajnberg, "The Developmental Continuum from Secrecy to Privacy in a Psychodynamic Milieu," Residential Treatment for Children and Youth 6, no. 2 (1988): 9-28; Robert S. Feldman and John B. White, "Detecting Deception in Children," Journal of Communication (1980); 121-28.
54. Jean Piaget, The Moral Judgment of the Child (New York: Free Press, 1965); Nathan Szajnberg, "The Developmental Continuum from Secrecy to Privacy in a Psychodynamic Milieu," Residential Treatment for Children and Youth 6, no. 2 (1988): 9-28; Robert S. Feldman and John B. White, "Detecting Deception in Children," Journal of Communication (1980); 121-28.
55. Jean Piaget, The Moral Judgment of the Child (New York: Free Press, 1965); Nathan Szajnberg, "The Developmental Continuum from Secrecy to Privacy in a Psychodynamic Milieu," Residential Treatment for Children and Youth 6, no. 2 (1988): 9-28; Robert S. Feldman and John B. White, "Detecting Deception in Children," Journal of Communication (1980); 121-28.
56. Anna Freud, Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development: The Writings of Anna Freud, vol. 6 (New York: International Universities Press, 1965).
57. K. Hoogenraad and B. E. McKenzie, "Maternal Reports of Children's Deceptive Behavior," Australian Journal of Psychology 47 (1995): 42-46.
58. 25. Leslie J. Francis, Paul R. Pearson, and William Kay, "Are Religious Children Bigger Liars," Psychological Reports 52 (1983): 551-54; Carolyn Saarni, "Children's Understanding of the Interpersonal Consequences of Dissemblance of Nonverbal Emotional-Expressive Behavior," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (Winter 1988): 275-93.
59. Leslie J. Francis, Paul R. Pearson, and William Kay, "Are Religious Children Bigger Liars," Psychological Reports 52 (1983): 551-54; Carolyn Saarni, "Children's Understanding of the Interpersonal Consequences of Dissemblance of Nonverbal Emotional-Expressive Behavior," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (Winter 1988): 275-93.
60. Carol Satterfield Tate, Amye Warren, and Thomas Hess, "Adults' Liability for Children's 'Lie-Ability': Can Adults Coach Children to Lie Successfully?" in Cognitive and Social Factors in Early Deception, ed. Stephen Ceci, Michelle DeSimone Leichtman, and Mary Elizabeth Putnick (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1992), pp. 69-87.
61. 27. John Yuille, Robin Hunter, Rishajoffe, and Judy Zaparniuk, "Interviewing Children in Sexual Abuse Cases," in Child Victim, Child Witnesses: Understanding and Improving Testimony, ed. Gail Goodman and Bette Bottoms (New York: Guilford, 1993), pp. 95-168; Heinz Wimmer, Silvia Gruber, and Josef Perner, "Young Children's Conception of Lying: Lexical Realism, Moral Subjectivism," Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 37 (1984): 1-30, and "Young Children's Conception of Lying: Moral Intuition and the Denotation and Connotation of 'To Lie,'" Developmental Psychology 21 (1985): 993-95.
62. John Yuille, Robin Hunter, Rishajoffe, and Judy Zaparniuk, "Interviewing Children in Sexual Abuse Cases," in Child Victim, Child Witnesses: Understanding and Improving Testimony, ed. Gail Goodman and Bette Bottoms (New York: Guilford, 1993), pp. 95-168; Heinz Wimmer, Silvia Gruber, and Josef Perner, "Young Children's Conception of Lying: Lexical Realism, Moral Subjectivism," Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 37 (1984): 1-30, and "Young Children's Conception of Lying: Moral Intuition and the Denotation and Connotation of 'To Lie,'" Developmental Psychology 21 (1985): 993-95.
63. John Yuille, Robin Hunter, Rishajoffe, and Judy Zaparniuk, "Interviewing Children in Sexual Abuse Cases," in Child Victim, Child Witnesses: Understanding and Improving Testimony, ed. Gail Goodman and Bette Bottoms (New York: Guilford, 1993), pp. 95-168; Heinz Wimmer, Silvia Gruber, and Josef Perner, "Young Children's Conception of Lying: Lexical Realism, Moral Subjectivism," Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 37 (1984): 1-30, and "Young Children's Conception of Lying: Moral Intuition and the Denotation and Connotation of 'To Lie,'" Developmental Psychology 21 (1985): 993-95.
64. 28. M. Vasek, "Lying as a Skill: The Development of Deception in Children," in Deception: Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit, ed. Robert Mitchell and Nicholas Thompson (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986), pp. 271-92; Miller (n. 1 above); Stouthamer-Loeber (n. 1 above).
65. M. Vasek, "Lying as a Skill: The Development of Deception in Children," in Deception: Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit, ed. Robert Mitchell and Nicholas Thompson (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986), pp. 271-92; Miller (n. 1 above); Stouthamer-Loeber (n. 1 above).
66. 29. Ronald E. Riggio, Joan Tucker, and Barbara Throckmorton, "Social Skills and Deception Ability," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 13 (December 1987): 568-77; Caroline Keating and Karen Heltman, "Dominance and Deception in Children and Adults: Are Leaders the Best Cheaters?" Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20 (June 1994): 312-21.
67. Ronald E. Riggio, Joan Tucker, and Barbara Throckmorton, "Social Skills and Deception Ability," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 13 (December 1987): 568-77; Caroline Keating and Karen Heltman, "Dominance and Deception in Children and Adults: Are Leaders the Best Cheaters?" Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20 (June 1994): 312-21.
68. Bella M. DePaulo, "Nonverbal Aspects of Deception," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (1988): 153-61; Elizabeth S. Erffmeyer, "Rule-Violating Behavior on the Golf Course," Perceptual and Motor Skills 59 (1984): 591-96; Michael Burgoon, Mark Callister, and Frank Hunsaker, "Patients Who Deceive: An Empirical Investigation of Patient-Physician Communication," Journal of Language and Social Psychology 13 (December 1994): 443-68; Dick Hessing, Henk Elffers, and Russell Weigel, "Exploring the Limits of Self-Reports and Reasoned Action: An Investigation of the Psychology of Tax Evasion Behavior," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 3 (1988): 405-13; Wolk and Henley (n. 3 above).
69. Bella M. DePaulo, "Nonverbal Aspects of Deception," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (1988): 153-61; Elizabeth S. Erffmeyer, "Rule-Violating Behavior on the Golf Course," Perceptual and Motor Skills 59 (1984): 591-96; Michael Burgoon, Mark Callister, and Frank Hunsaker, "Patients Who Deceive: An Empirical Investigation of Patient-Physician Communication," Journal of Language and Social Psychology 13 (December 1994): 443-68; Dick Hessing, Henk Elffers, and Russell Weigel, "Exploring the Limits of Self-Reports and Reasoned Action: An Investigation of the Psychology of Tax Evasion Behavior," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 3 (1988): 405-13; Wolk and Henley (n. 3 above).
70. Bella M. DePaulo, "Nonverbal Aspects of Deception," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (1988): 153-61; Elizabeth S. Erffmeyer, "Rule-Violating Behavior on the Golf Course," Perceptual and Motor Skills 59 (1984): 591-96; Michael Burgoon, Mark Callister, and Frank Hunsaker, "Patients Who Deceive: An Empirical Investigation of Patient-Physician Communication," Journal of Language and Social Psychology 13 (December 1994): 443-68; Dick Hessing, Henk Elffers, and Russell Weigel, "Exploring the Limits of Self-Reports and Reasoned Action: An Investigation of the Psychology of Tax Evasion Behavior," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 3 (1988): 405-13; Wolk and Henley (n. 3 above).
71. Bella M. DePaulo, "Nonverbal Aspects of Deception," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (1988): 153-61; Elizabeth S. Erffmeyer, "Rule-Violating Behavior on the Golf Course," Perceptual and Motor Skills 59 (1984): 591-96; Michael Burgoon, Mark Callister, and Frank Hunsaker, "Patients Who Deceive: An Empirical Investigation of Patient-Physician Communication," Journal of Language and Social Psychology 13 (December 1994): 443-68; Dick Hessing, Henk Elffers, and Russell Weigel, "Exploring the Limits of Self-Reports and Reasoned Action: An Investigation of the Psychology of Tax Evasion Behavior," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 3 (1988): 405-13; Wolk and Henley (n. 3 above).
72. Bella M. DePaulo, "Nonverbal Aspects of Deception," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (1988): 153-61; Elizabeth S. Erffmeyer, "Rule-Violating Behavior on the Golf Course," Perceptual and Motor Skills 59 (1984): 591-96; Michael Burgoon, Mark Callister, and Frank Hunsaker, "Patients Who Deceive: An Empirical Investigation of Patient-Physician Communication," Journal of Language and Social Psychology 13 (December 1994): 443-68; Dick Hessing, Henk Elffers, and Russell Weigel, "Exploring the Limits of Self-Reports and Reasoned Action: An Investigation of the Psychology of Tax Evasion Behavior," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 3 (1988): 405-13; Wolk and Henley (n. 3 above).
73. 31. D. P. McAdams, Stories We Live By: Personal Myths and the Making of the Self (New York: Morrow, 1993); L. Abramson, Martin Seligman, and J. Teasdale, "Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87 (1978): 49-74; Shelley E. Taylor and Jonathon D. Brown, "Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health," Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988): 193-210; C. R. Snyderand Raymond Higgins, "From Making to Being the Excuse: An Analysis of Deception and Verbal/Nonverbal Issues," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (1988): 237-52; J. Lockard and D. Paulus, Self-Deception: An Adaptive Mechanism? (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1988); Shelley E. Taylor, Positive Illusions: Creative Self-Deception and the Healthy Mind (New York: Basic, 1989).
74. D. P. McAdams, Stories We Live By: Personal Myths and the Making of the Self (New York: Morrow, 1993); L. Abramson, Martin Seligman, and J. Teasdale, "Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation," Journal
75. D. P. McAdams, Stories We Live By: Personal Myths and the Making of the Self (New York: Morrow, 1993); L. Abramson, Martin Seligman, and J. Teasdale, "Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87 (1978): 49-74; Shelley E. Taylor and Jonathon D. Brown, "Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health," Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988): 193-210; C. R. Snyderand Raymond Higgins, "From Making to Being the Excuse: An Analysis of Deception and Verbal/Nonverbal Issues," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (1988): 237-52; J. Lockard and D. Paulus, Self-Deception: An Adaptive Mechanism? (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1988); Shelley E. Taylor, Positive Illusions: Creative Self-Deception and the Healthy Mind (New York: Basic, 1989).
76. D. P. McAdams, Stories We Live By: Personal Myths and the Making of the Self (New York: Morrow, 1993); L. Abramson, Martin Seligman, and J. Teasdale, "Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87 (1978): 49-74; Shelley E. Taylor and Jonathon D. Brown, "Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health," Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988): 193-210; C. R. Snyderand Raymond Higgins, "From Making to Being the Excuse: An Analysis of Deception and Verbal/Nonverbal Issues," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (1988): 237-52; J. Lockard and D. Paulus, Self-Deception: An Adaptive Mechanism? (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1988); Shelley E. Taylor, Positive Illusions: Creative Self-Deception and the Healthy Mind (New York: Basic, 1989).
77. D. P. McAdams, Stories We Live By: Personal Myths and the Making of the Self (New York: Morrow, 1993); L. Abramson, Martin Seligman, and J. Teasdale, "Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87 (1978): 49-74; Shelley E. Taylor and Jonathon D. Brown, "Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health," Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988): 193-210; C. R. Snyderand Raymond Higgins, "From Making to Being the Excuse: An Analysis of Deception and Verbal/Nonverbal Issues," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (1988): 237-52; J. Lockard and D. Paulus, Self-Deception: An Adaptive Mechanism? (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1988); Shelley E. Taylor, Positive Illusions: Creative Self-Deception and the Healthy Mind (New York: Basic, 1989).
78. D. P. McAdams, Stories We Live By: Personal Myths and the Making of the Self (New York: Morrow, 1993); L. Abramson, Martin Seligman, and J. Teasdale, "Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87 (1978): 49-74; Shelley E. Taylor and Jonathon D. Brown, "Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health," Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988): 193-210; C. R. Snyderand Raymond Higgins, "From Making to Being the Excuse: An Analysis of Deception and Verbal/Nonverbal Issues," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (1988): 237-52; J. Lockard and D. Paulus, Self-Deception: An Adaptive Mechanism? (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1988); Shelley E. Taylor, Positive Illusions: Creative Self-Deception and the Healthy Mind (New York: Basic, 1989).
79. Martin Seligman, Learned Optimism (New York: Pocket Books, 1990); Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies and Simple Truths: The Psychology of Deception (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985); Taylor and Brown (n. 31 above).
80. Martin Seligman, Learned Optimism (New York: Pocket Books, 1990); Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies and Simple Truths: The Psychology of Deception (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985); Taylor and Brown (n. 31 above).
81. Martin Seligman, Learned Optimism (New York: Pocket Books, 1990); Daniel Goleman, Vital Lies and Simple Truths: The Psychology of Deception (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985); Taylor and Brown (n. 31 above).
82. Aaron Brower and Paula Nurius, Social Cognition and Individual Change: Current Theory and Counseling Guidelines (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1993);
83. Donald K. Granvold, "Cognitive Treatment," in Encyclopedia of Social Work, 19th ed. (Washington, D.C.: NASW Press, 1995), pp. 525-38.
84. Roy Baumeister, "The Optimal Margin of Illusion," Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 8 (1989): 176-89.
85. Helen K. Gediman, "Imposture, Inauthenticity, and Feeling Fraudulent," Journal of the Americas 33 (1985): 911-35.
86. 36. Helene Deutsch, Neuroses and Character Types: Clinical Psychoanalytic Studies (New York: International Universities Press, 1965); Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie" (n. 1 above); Pauline R. Clance, The Impostor Phenomenon (Atlanta: Peachtree, 1985).
87. Helene Deutsch, Neuroses and Character Types: Clinical Psychoanalytic Studies (New York: International Universities Press, 1965); Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie" (n. 1 above); Pauline R. Clance, The Impostor Phenomenon (Atlanta: Peachtree, 1985).
88. Helene Deutsch, Neuroses and Character Types: Clinical Psychoanalytic Studies (New York: International Universities Press, 1965); Deutsch, "On the Pathological Lie" (n. 1 above); Pauline R. Clance, The Impostor Phenomenon (Atlanta: Peachtree, 1985).
89. American Psychiatric Association (n. 1 above); Ford, King, and Hollender (n. 1 above).
90. Avrum Weiss, "Privacy and Intimacy: Apart and a Part," Journal of Humanistic Psychology 27 (1987): 118-25.
91. Valerian J. Derlega, Stephen T. Margulis, and Barbara Winstead, "A Social-Psychological Analysis of Self-Disclosure in Psychotherapy," Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 5, no. 2 (1987): 205-15.
92. Bernhard Kempler, "The Shadow Side of Self-Disclosure," Journal of Humanistic Psychology 27 (1987): 109-17.
93. Robert McKelvey, "Refugee Patients and the Practice of Deception," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 64 (1994): 368-75.
94. Karen U. Millar and Abraham Tessler, "Deceptive Behavior in Social Relationships: The Consequence of Violated Expectations," Journal of Psychology 122 (1988): 263-73.
95. Steven McCornack and T. Levine, "When Lies Are Uncovered: Emotional and Relational Outcomes of Discovered Deception," Communication Monographs 57 (1990): 119-38.
96. 44. Gertrude Z. Gass and William C. Nichols, "Gaslighting: A Marital Syndrome," Contemporary Family Therapy 10 (Spring 1988): 3-16; Frank Pittman, Private Lies: Infidelity and the Betrayal of Intimacy (New York: Norton, 1988).
97. Gertrude Z. Gass and William C. Nichols, "Gaslighting: A Marital Syndrome," Contemporary Family Therapy 10 (Spring 1988): 3-16; Frank Pittman, Private Lies: Infidelity and the Betrayal of Intimacy (New York: Norton, 1988).
98. 45. Harriet Webster, Family Secrets: How Telling and Not Telling Affect Our Children, Our Relationship and Our Lives (Menlo Park, Calif.: Addison-Wesley, 1991); Evan Imber-Black, Secrets in Families and Family Therapy (New York: Norton, 1993); Carolyn Saarni and M. von Salisch, "The Socialization of Emotional Dissemblance," in Lying and Deception in Everyday Life, ed. Michael Lewis and Carolyn Saarni (New York: Guilford, 1993), pp. 106-25.
99. Harriet Webster, Family Secrets: How Telling and Not Telling Affect Our Children, Our Relationship and Our Lives (Menlo Park, Calif.: Addison-Wesley, 1991); Evan Imber-Black, Secrets in Families and Family Therapy (New York: Norton, 1993); Carolyn Saarni and M. von Salisch, "The Socialization of Emotional Dissemblance," in Lying and Deception in Everyday Life, ed. Michael Lewis and Carolyn Saarni (New York: Guilford, 1993), pp. 106-25.
100. Harriet Webster, Family Secrets: How Telling and Not Telling Affect Our Children, Our Relationship and Our Lives (Menlo Park, Calif.: Addison-Wesley, 1991); Evan Imber-Black, Secrets in Families and Family Therapy (New York: Norton, 1993); Carolyn Saarni and M. von Salisch, "The Socialization of Emotional Dissemblance," in Lying and Deception in Everyday Life, ed. Michael Lewis and Carolyn Saarni (New York: Guilford, 1993), pp. 106-25.
101. 46. Teresa R. Boulette and S. M. Anderson, "'Mind Control' and the Battering of Women," Cultic Studies Journal 3 (1986): 25-35; Patricia Perri Rieker and Elaine Carmen, "The Victim-to-Patient Process: The Disconfirmation and Transformation of Abuse," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 56 (1986): 360-69.
102. Teresa R. Boulette and S. M. Anderson, "'Mind Control' and the Battering of Women," Cultic Studies Journal 3 (1986): 25-35; Patricia Perri Rieker and Elaine Carmen, "The Victim-to-Patient Process: The Disconfirmation and Transformation of Abuse," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 56 (1986): 360-69.
103. R. E. Turner, Charles Edgley, and G. Olmsted, "Information Control in Conversations: Honesty Is Not Always the Best Policy," Kansas Journal of Speech 11 (1975): 69-89.
104. Leopoldo Chagoya and Theo Schkolne, "Children Who Lie: A Review of the Literature," Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 31 (October 1986): 665-69.
105. Michael Handel, "Intelligence and Deception," Journal of Strategic Studies 5 (1982): 122-54.
106. Paul Ekman, "Mistakes When Deceiving," Annals of the New York Academy of Science 364 (1981): 269-78.
107. 51. Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67 (1963): 371-78; R. K. Menger, "Openness and Honesty versus Coercion and Deception in Psychological Research," American Psychologist 28 (1973): 1030-34; Ralph Underwager and Hollida Waketield, "False Confessions and Police Deception," American Journal of Forensic Psychology 10 (1992): 49-66.
108. Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67 (1963): 371-78; R. K. Menger, "Openness and Honesty versus Coercion and Deception in Psychological Research," American Psychologist 28 (1973): 1030-34; Ralph Underwager and Hollida Waketield, "False Confessions and Police Deception," American Journal of Forensic Psychology 10 (1992): 49-66.
109. Stanley Milgram, "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67 (1963): 371-78; R. K. Menger, "Openness and Honesty versus Coercion and Deception in Psychological Research," American Psychologist 28 (1973): 1030-34; Ralph Underwager and Hollida Waketield, "False Confessions and Police Deception," American Journal of Forensic Psychology 10 (1992): 49-66.
110. 52. Goldman (n. 2 above); Donald Oken, "What to Tell Patients: A Study of Medical Attiludes," Journal of the American Medical Association 175 (1961): 1120-28.
111. Goldman (n. 2 above); Donald Oken, "What to Tell Patients: A Study of Medical Attiludes," Journal of the American Medical Association 175 (1961): 1120-28.
112. Jill Doner Kagle, Social Work Records, 2d ed. (Chicago: Wadsworth, 1991).
113. Barton Whaley, "Toward a General Theory of Deception," Journal of Strategic Studies 5 (1982): 178-92.
114. Ekman and Friesen (n. 11 above).
115. 56. Bella DePaulo and Susan Kirkendol, "The Motivational Impairment Effect in the Communication of Deception," in Credibility Assessment, ed. John C. Yuille (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publications, 1989), pp. 51-70; Bella DePaulo, Susan Kirkendol, John Tang, and John O'Brien, "The Motivational Impairment Effect in the Communication of Deception: Replications and Extensions," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (Fall 1988): 177-202.
116. Bella DePaulo and Susan Kirkendol, "The Motivational Impairment Effect in the Communication of Deception," in Credibility Assessment, ed. John C. Yuille (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publications, 1989), pp. 51-70; Bella DePaulo, Susan Kirkendol, John Tang, and John O'Brien, "The Motivational Impairment Effect in the Communication of Deception: Replications and Extensions," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (Fall 1988): 177-202.
117. 57. Paul Ekman, Telling Lies (n. 10 above); Paul Ekman, "Lying and Nonverbal Behavior: Theoretical Issues and New Findings," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12, no. 3 (1988): 163-76; Bella DePaulo, "Spotting Lies: Can Humans Learn to Do Better?" Current Directions i n Psychological Science 3 (June 1994): 83-86.
118. Paul Ekman, Telling Lies (n. 10 above); Paul Ekman, "Lying and Nonverbal Behavior: Theoretical Issues and New Findings," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12, no. 3 (1988): 163-76; Bella DePaulo, "Spotting Lies: Can Humans Learn to Do Better?" Current Directions i n Psychological Science 3 (June 1994): 83-86.
119. Paul Ekman, Telling Lies (n. 10 above); Paul Ekman, "Lying and Nonverbal Behavior: Theoretical Issues and New Findings," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12, no. 3 (1988): 163-76; Bella DePaulo, "Spotting Lies: Can Humans Learn to Do Better?" Current Directions i n Psychological Science 3 (June 1994): 83-86.
120. Bella DePaulo, Julie Stone, and G. Daniel Lassiter, "Deceiving and Detecting Deceit," in The Self and Social Life, ed. Barry R. Schlenker (New York: McGraw Hill, 1985).
121. 59. Leonard Saxe, "Detection of Deception: Polygraph and Integrity Tests," Current Directions in Psychological Science 3 (June 1994): 69-73; G. Ben-Shakhar and J. Furedy, Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990); C. J. Patrick and William Iacono, "Validity of the Control Question Polygraph Test," Journal of Applied Psychology 76 (1991): 229-38.
122. Leonard Saxe, "Detection of Deception: Polygraph and Integrity Tests," Current Directions in Psychological Science 3 (June 1994): 69-73; G. Ben-Shakhar and J. Furedy, Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990); C. J. Patrick and William Iacono, "Validity of the Control Question Polygraph Test," Journal of Applied Psychology 76 (1991): 229-38.
123. Leonard Saxe, "Detection of Deception: Polygraph and Integrity Tests," Current Directions in Psychological Science 3 (June 1994): 69-73; G. Ben-Shakhar and J. Furedy, Theories and Applications in the Detection of Deception (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990); C. J. Patrick and William Iacono, "Validity of the Control Question Polygraph Test," Journal of Applied Psychology 76 (1991): 229-38.
124. Pamela Kalbfleisch, "The Language of Detecting Deception," Journal of Language and Social Psychology 13 (December 1994): 469-96.
125. 61. James Stiff, Hyun Kim, and Closepet Ramesh, "Truth Biases and Aroused Suspicion in Relational Deception," Communication Research 19 (June 1992): 326-45; Steven McCornack and M. R. Parks, "Deception Detection and Relational Development: The Other Side of Trust," in Communication Yearbook, vol. 9, ed. M. L. McLaughlin (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1986).
126. James Stiff, Hyun Kim, and Closepet Ramesh, "Truth Biases and Aroused Suspicion in Relational Deception," Communication Research 19 (June 1992): 326-45; Steven McCornack and M. R. Parks, "Deception Detection and Relational Development: The Other Side of Trust," in Communication Yearbook, vol. 9, ed. M. L. McLaughlin (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1986).
127. 62. Charles F. Bond, Jr., Adnan Omar, Urvashi Pitre, Brian Lashley, Lynn Skaggs, and C, T. Kirk, "Fishy-Looking Liars: Deception Judgment from Expectancy Violation," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992): 969-77; Alan Feingold, "Good-Looking People Are Not What We Think," Psychological Bulletin 111 (1992): 304-41.
128. Charles F. Bond, Jr., Adnan Omar, Urvashi Pitre, Brian Lashley, Lynn Skaggs, and C, T. Kirk, "Fishy-Looking Liars: Deception Judgment from Expectancy Violation," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992): 969-77; Alan Feingold, "Good-Looking People Are Not What We Think," Psychological Bulletin 111 (1992): 304-41.
129. 63. Bella M. DePaulo and Robert Rosenthal, "Telling Lies," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 1713-22; Charles Bond, Jr., Diane Berry, and Adnan Omar, "The Kernel of Truth in Judgments of Deceptiveness," Basic and Applied Social Psychology 15 (1994): 523-34.
130. Bella M. DePaulo and Robert Rosenthal, "Telling Lies," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 1713-22; Charles Bond, Jr., Diane Berry, and Adnan Omar, "The Kernel of Truth in Judgments of Deceptiveness," Basic and Applied Social Psychology 15 (1994): 523-34.
131. Pamela Kalbfleisch, "Deceit, Distrust, and the Social Milieu: Application of Deception Research in a Troubled World," Journal of Applied Communication 20 (August 1992): 308-25.
132. Bella M. DePaulo and John Tang, "Social Anxiety and Social Judgment: The Example of Detecting Deception," Journal of Research in Personality 28 (1994): 142-53.
133. Charles Bond, Adnan Omar, Adnan Mahmoud, and Richard Bonser, "Lie Detection across Cultures, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 14 (1990): 189-204.
134. Paul Ekman and Maureen O'Sullivian, "Who Can Catch a Liar?" American Psychologist 46 (1991): 913-20.
135. David Buller and Judee Burgoon, "Deception: Strategic and Nonstrategic Communication," in Strategic Interpersonal Communication, ed. John Day and John Wiemann (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1994), pp. 191-23.
136. Ekman and Friesen (n. 11 above); Miron Zuckerman and R. E. Driver, "Telling Lies: Verbal and Nonverbal Correlates of Deception," in Multichannel Integrations of Nonverbal Behavior, ed. Aron Siegman and Stanley Feldstein (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1985), pp. 129-48; Sigimmd Freud, "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," Collected Paper, vol. 3 (1925; reprint, New York: Basic, 1959).
137. Ekman and Friesen (n. 11 above); Miron Zuckerman and R. E. Driver, "Telling Lies: Verbal and Nonverbal Correlates of Deception," in Multichannel Integrations of Nonverbal Behavior, ed. Aron Siegman and Stanley Feldstein (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1985), pp. 129-48; Sigimmd Freud, "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," Collected Paper, vol. 3 (1925; reprint, New York: Basic, 1959).
138. Ekman and Friesen (n. 11 above); Miron Zuckerman and R. E. Driver, "Telling Lies: Verbal and Nonverbal Correlates of Deception," in Multichannel Integrations of Nonverbal Behavior, ed. Aron Siegman and Stanley Feldstein (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1985), pp. 129-48; Sigimmd Freud, "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," Collected Paper, vol. 3 (1925; reprint, New York: Basic, 1959).
139. 70. R. E. Kraut, "Verbal and Nonverbal Cues in the Perception of Lying," Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 380-91; James Stiff and Gerald Miller, "Come to Think of It: Interrogation Probes, Deceptive Communication, and Deception Detection," Human Communication Restarch 12 (1986): 339-57.
140. R. E. Kraut, "Verbal and Nonverbal Cues in the Perception of Lying," Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 380-91; James Stiff and Gerald Miller, "Come to Think of It: Interrogation Probes, Deceptive Communication, and Deception Detection," Human Communication Restarch 12 (1986): 339-57.
141. Richard A. Gardner, True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse (Cresskill, N.J.: Creative Therapeutics, 1992); Mary deYonng, "A Conceptual Model for Judging the Truthfulness of a Young Child's Allegation of Sexual Abuse," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 56 (October 1986): 550-59.
142. Richard A. Gardner, True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse (Cresskill, N.J.: Creative Therapeutics, 1992); Mary deYonng, "A Conceptual Model for Judging the Truthfulness of a Young Child's Allegation of Sexual Abuse," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 56 (October 1986): 550-59.
143. Ekman, Telling Lies (n. 10 above).
144. Ekman, "Lying and Nonverbal Behavior" (n. 57 above).
145. 74. Peter J. DePaulo, "Research on Deception in Marketing Communications: Its Relevance to the Study of Nonverbal Behavior," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (Winter 1988): 253-73; Ekman, Telling Lies (n. 10 above).
146. Peter J. DePaulo, "Research on Deception in Marketing Communications: Its Relevance to the Study of Nonverbal Behavior," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 12 (Winter 1988): 253-73; Ekman, Telling Lies (n. 10 above).
147. Janet Bavelas, Alex Black, Nicole Chovil, and Jennifer Mullett, Equivocal Communication (Newbun Park, Calif.: Sage, 1990).
148. 76. David Buller, Jamie Comstock, R. Kelly Aune, and Krystyna D. Strzyzewski, "The Effect of Probing on Deceivers and Truthtellers," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 13 (Fall 1989): 135-70; David Buller, Krystyna Strzyzewski, and Jamie Comstock, "Interpersonal Deception: I: Deceivers' Reactions to Receivers' Suspicions and Probing," Communication Monographs 58 (March 1991): 1-22; Stiff and Miller (n. 70 above).
149. David Buller, Jamie Comstock, R. Kelly Aune, and Krystyna D. Strzyzewski, "The Effect of Probing on Deceivers and Truthtellers," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 13 (Fall 1989): 135-70; David Buller, Krystyna Strzyzewski, and Jamie Comstock, "Interpersonal Deception: I: Deceivers' Reactions to Receivers' Suspicions and Probing," Communication Monographs 58 (March 1991): 1-22; Stiff and Miller (n. 70 above).
150. David Buller, Jamie Comstock, R. Kelly Aune, and Krystyna D. Strzyzewski, "The Effect of Probing on Deceivers and Truthtellers," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 13 (Fall 1989): 135-70; David Buller, Krystyna Strzyzewski, and Jamie Comstock, "Interpersonal Deception: I: Deceivers' Reactions to Receivers' Suspicions and Probing," Communication Monographs 58 (March 1991): 1-22; Stiff and Miller (n. 70 above).
151. Klaus Fiedler and Isabella Walka, "Training Lie Detectors to Use Nonverbal Cues instead of Global Heuristics," Human Communication Research 20 (1993): 199-23.
152. G. Kohnken, "Training Police Officers to Detect Deceptive Eye Witness Statements: Does It Work?" Social Behavior 2 (1987): 1-17; David Buller, Judee Burgoon, Cindy White, and Amy Ebesu, "Interpersonal Deception VII: Behavioral Profiles of Falsification, Equivocation and Concealment," Journal of Language and Social Psychology 13 (December 1994): 366-95.
153. G. Kohnken, "Training Police Officers to Detect Deceptive Eye Witness Statements: Does It Work?" Social Behavior 2 (1987): 1-17; David Buller, Judee Burgoon, Cindy White, and Amy Ebesu, "Interpersonal Deception VII: Behavioral Profiles of Falsification, Equivocation and Concealment," Journal of Language and Social Psychology 13 (December 1994): 366-95.
154. Alex Gitterman, "Testing Professional Authority and Boundaries," Social Casework 70 (March 1989): 165-71.
155. Burgoon, Callister, and Hunsaker (n. 30 above).
156. Scott Dunbar and Susan Rehm, "On Visibility: AIDS, Deception by Patients and the Responsibility of the Doctor," Journal of Medical Ethics 18 (1992): 180-85.
157. Stuart Kirk and Herb Kutchins, "Deliberate Misdiagnosis in Mental Health Practice," Social Service Review 62 (June 1988): 225-37.
158. 83. Seymour L. Halleck, "The Impact of Professional Dishonesty on Behavior of Disturbed Adolescents," Social Work 8 (April 1963): 48-56; Marcia Abramson, "Keeping Secrets: Social Workers and AIDS," Social Work 35 (March 1990): 169-73.
159. Seymour L. Halleck, "The Impact of Professional Dishonesty on Behavior of Disturbed Adolescents," Social Work 8 (April 1963): 48-56; Marcia Abramson, "Keeping Secrets: Social Workers and AIDS," Social Work 35 (March 1990): 169-73.
160. David Crenshaw, Charles Rudy, David Triemer, and Joseph Zingaro, "Psychotherapy with Abused Children: Breaking the Silent Bond," Residential Group Care and Treatment 3 (Summer 1986): 25-38.
161. Leonard Saxe, "Lying: Thoughts of an Applied Social Psychologist," American Psychologist 46 (April 1991): 409-15.
162. David Faust, Kathleen Hart, and Thomas Guilmette, "Neuropsychologists Capacity to Detect Adolescent Malingerers," Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 19 (1988): 508; Zuckerman and Driver (n. 69 above); Aldert Vrij, "Credibilityjudgments of Detectives: The Impact of Nonverbal Behavior, Social Skills and Physical Characteristics on Impression Formation," Journal of Social Psychology 133 (1993): 601-10.
163. David Faust, Kathleen Hart, and Thomas Guilmette, "Neuropsychologists Capacity to Detect Adolescent Malingerers," Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 19 (1988): 508; Zuckerman and Driver (n. 69 above); Aldert Vrij, "Credibilityjudgments of Detectives: The Impact of Nonverbal Behavior, Social Skills and Physical Characteristics on Impression Formation," Journal of Social Psychology 133 (1993): 601-10.
164. David Faust, Kathleen Hart, and Thomas Guilmette, "Neuropsychologists Capacity to Detect Adolescent Malingerers," Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 19 (1988): 508; Zuckerman and Driver (n. 69 above); Aldert Vrij, "Credibilityjudgments of Detectives: The Impact of Nonverbal Behavior, Social Skills and Physical Characteristics on Impression Formation," Journal of Social Psychology 133 (1993): 601-10.
165. Kalbfleisch, "Deceit, Distrust, and the Social Milieu" (n. 64 above).
166. Ekman and O'Sullivan (n. 67 above); David Hayano, "Communicative Competency among Poker Players," Journal of Communication 30 (1980): 113-20.
167. Ekman and O'Sullivan (n. 67 above); David Hayano, "Communicative Competency among Poker Players," Journal of Communication 30 (1980): 113-20.
168. Ekman and O'Sullivan (n. 67 above).
169. Charles V. Ford, Lies! Lies!! Lies!!! The Psychology a/Deceit (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1996), p. 257.
170. Eugene J. Kanin, "False Rape Allegations," Archives of Sexual Behavior 23, no. 1 (1994): 81-92; Jona F. Meyer, "Psychological Research on Child Witnesses in Sexual Abuse Cases: Fine Answers to Mostly Wrong Questions," Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 11 (June 1994): 209-20. However, professionals are also prone to misjudge those who are telling the truth. Studies of child-protection workers, for example, suggest that they may err in the direction of disbelieving valid allegations of child and adolescent sexual abuse. See D. Jones and J. McGraw, "Reliable and Fictitious Accounts of Sexual Abuse of Children," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2 (1987): 27-45; Mark Everson and Barbara Boat, "False Allegations of Sexual Abuse by Children and Adolescents," Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (1987): 230-35.
171. Eugene J. Kanin, "False Rape Allegations," Archives of Sexual Behavior 23, no. 1 (1994): 81-92; Jona F. Meyer, "Psychological Research on Child Witnesses in Sexual Abuse Cases: Fine Answers to Mostly Wrong Questions," Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 11 (June 1994): 209-20. However, professionals are also prone to misjudge those who are telling the truth. Studies of child-protection workers, for example, suggest that they may err in the direction of disbelieving valid allegations of child and adolescent sexual abuse. See D. Jones and J. McGraw, "Reliable and Fictitious Accounts of Sexual Abuse of Children," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2 (1987): 27-45; Mark Everson and Barbara Boat, "False Allegations of Sexual Abuse by Children and Adolescents," Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (1987): 230-35.
172. Eugene J. Kanin, "False Rape Allegations," Archives of Sexual Behavior 23, no. 1 (1994): 81-92; Jona F. Meyer, "Psychological Research on Child Witnesses in Sexual Abuse Cases: Fine Answers to Mostly Wrong Questions," Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 11 (June 1994): 209-20. However, professionals are also prone to misjudge those who are telling the truth. Studies of child-protection workers, for example, suggest that they may err in the direction of disbelieving valid allegations of child and adolescent sexual abuse. See D. Jones and J. McGraw, "Reliable and Fictitious Accounts of Sexual Abuse of Children," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2 (1987): 27-45; Mark Everson and Barbara Boat, "False Allegations of Sexual Abuse by Children and Adolescents," Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (1987): 230-35.
173. Eugene J. Kanin, "False Rape Allegations," Archives of Sexual Behavior 23, no. 1 (1994): 81-92; Jona F. Meyer, "Psychological Research on Child Witnesses in Sexual Abuse Cases: Fine Answers to Mostly Wrong Questions," Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 11 (June 1994): 209-20. However, professionals are also prone to misjudge those who are telling the truth. Studies of child-protection workers, for example, suggest that they may err in the direction of disbelieving valid allegations of child and adolescent sexual abuse. See D. Jones and J. McGraw, "Reliable and Fictitious Accounts of Sexual Abuse of Children," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2 (1987): 27-45; Mark Everson and Barbara Boat, "False Allegations of Sexual Abuse by Children and Adolescents," Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (1987): 230-35.