"The Whole Internal World His Own": Locke and Metaphor Reconsidered

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 241-265

  Clark, S H ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0346932858     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3653975     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. James Thomson, "Summer" (1556-59), The Seasons, ed. James Sambrook (Oxford, 1981), 130; Thomas Gray, "De Principiis Cogitandi" (7, 13-5), The Poems of Thomas Gray, William Collins, and Oliver Goldsmith, ed. Roger Lonsdale (London, 1969), 322; William Blake, Jerusalem, pl. 98: 7-9, The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, ed. David V. Erdman, commentary by Harold Bloom (Berkeley, 1982), 257 (hereafter E).
2. James Thomson, "Summer" (1556-59), The Seasons, ed. James Sambrook (Oxford, 1981), 130; Thomas Gray, "De Principiis Cogitandi" (7, 13-5), The Poems of Thomas Gray, William Collins, and Oliver Goldsmith, ed. Roger Lonsdale (London, 1969), 322; William Blake, Jerusalem, pl. 98: 7-9, The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, ed. David V. Erdman, commentary by Harold Bloom (Berkeley, 1982), 257 (hereafter E).
3. James Thomson, "Summer" (1556-59), The Seasons, ed. James Sambrook (Oxford, 1981), 130; Thomas Gray, "De Principiis Cogitandi" (7, 13-5), The Poems of Thomas Gray, William Collins, and Oliver Goldsmith, ed. Roger Lonsdale (London, 1969), 322; William Blake, Jerusalem, pl. 98: 7-9, The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, ed. David V. Erdman, commentary by Harold Bloom (Berkeley, 1982), 257 (hereafter E).
4. James Thomson, "Summer" (1556-59), The Seasons, ed. James Sambrook (Oxford, 1981), 130; Thomas Gray, "De Principiis Cogitandi" (7, 13-5), The Poems of Thomas Gray, William Collins, and Oliver Goldsmith, ed. Roger Lonsdale (London, 1969), 322; William Blake, Jerusalem, pl. 98: 7-9, The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, ed. David V. Erdman, commentary by Harold Bloom (Berkeley, 1982), 257 (hereafter E).
5. Annotations to The Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds, ed. Edmund Malone (London, 1798), Discourse VIII E660.
6. See Jerome J. McGann, The Poetics of Sensibility: A Revolution in Literary Style (Oxford, 1996), 13.
7. A History of English Prose Rhythm (London, 1912), 229.
8. Rosalie Colie, "The Essayist in his Essay," in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives: A Collection of New Essays, ed. J. W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), 239.
9. "Epistle to the Reader," 9. Quotations from Locke, unless otherwise indicated, are from An Essay concerning Human Understanding, ed. P. H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975; rev. 1982), cited by book, chapter, and section.
10. John Richetti, Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Philosophical Writing (Berkeley, 1984), 51; and see Neal Wood, "Intentions and Audiences," in The Politics of Locke's Philosophy: A Social Study of An Essay concerning Human Understanding (Berkeley, 1983), 41-64; and Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, 1994), 11.
11. John Richetti, Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Philosophical Writing (Berkeley, 1984), 51; and see Neal Wood, "Intentions and Audiences," in The Politics of Locke's Philosophy: A Social Study of An Essay concerning Human Understanding (Berkeley, 1983), 41-64; and Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, 1994), 11.
12. John Richetti, Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Philosophical Writing (Berkeley, 1984), 51; and see Neal Wood, "Intentions and Audiences," in The Politics of Locke's Philosophy: A Social Study of An Essay concerning Human Understanding (Berkeley, 1983), 41-64; and Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, 1994), 11.
13. English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1904), 47.
14. Locke, Literary Criticism, and Philosophy (Cambridge, 1994), xiii.
15. See, e.g., Maurice Cranston, John Locke: A Biography (Oxford, 1957), 163; and Basil Willey, The English Moralists (London, 1964), 204.
16. See, e.g., Maurice Cranston, John Locke: A Biography (Oxford, 1957), 163; and Basil Willey, The English Moralists (London, 1964), 204.
17. See Richard Ashcraft, "John Locke's Library: Portrait of an Intellectual," John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Ashcraft (4 vols.; London, 1991), I, 17-31. Evidence of Locke's poetic abilities may be seen in the moving love-poem to Damaris Cudworth and his extremely accomplished discussion of Hebrew metric, in The Correspondence of John Locke, ed. E. S. de Beer (8 vols.; Oxford, 1976-82), 751, II, 573-75; 1069, III, 489-92.
18. See Richard Ashcraft, "John Locke's Library: Portrait of an Intellectual," John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Ashcraft (4 vols.; London, 1991), I, 17-31. Evidence of Locke's poetic abilities may be seen in the moving love-poem to Damaris Cudworth and his extremely accomplished discussion of Hebrew metric, in The Correspondence of John Locke, ed. E. S. de Beer (8 vols.; Oxford, 1976-82), 751, II, 573-75; 1069, III, 489-92.
19. See Richard Ashcraft, "John Locke's Library: Portrait of an Intellectual," John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Ashcraft (4 vols.; London, 1991), I, 17-31. Evidence of Locke's poetic abilities may be seen in the moving love-poem to Damaris Cudworth and his extremely accomplished discussion of Hebrew metric, in The Correspondence of John Locke, ed. E. S. de Beer (8 vols.; Oxford, 1976-82), 751, II, 573-75; 1069, III, 489-92.
20. Correspondence, 2269, VI, 134; see also 2277, VI, 144; 2288, VI, 164-65; 2310, VI, 190-91.
21. Correspondence, 2269, VI, 134; see also 2277, VI, 144; 2288, VI, 164-65; 2310, VI, 190-91.
22. Correspondence, 2269, VI, 134; see also 2277, VI, 144; 2288, VI, 164-65; 2310, VI, 190-91.
23. Correspondence, 2269, VI, 134; see also 2277, VI, 144; 2288, VI, 164-65; 2310, VI, 190-91.
24. 10), VII, 1-158, and for an example of a more sophisticated biblical hermeneutics, "An Essay for the Understanding of St. Pauls Epistles, by consulting St Paul himself," Works, VIII, 1-24.
25. 10), VII, 1-158, and for an example of a more sophisticated biblical hermeneutics, "An Essay for the Understanding of St. Pauls Epistles, by consulting St Paul himself," Works, VIII, 1-24.
26. The Educational Writings of John Locke, ed. James L. Axtell (Cambridge, 1968), 174, 284.
27. "Of The Conduct of the Understanding," Works, III, 196. Walker, Locke, Literary Criticism, and Philosophy, 115-27, cites many other instances of an "implicit rehabilitation of rhetoric" as a legitimate mode of persuasion in questions of faith and belief.
28. "Of The Conduct of the Understanding," Works, III, 196. Walker, Locke, Literary Criticism, and Philosophy, 115-27, cites many other instances of an "implicit rehabilitation of rhetoric" as a legitimate mode of persuasion in questions of faith and belief.
29. On the potentially radical implications of this ethic of labor, see Richard Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke's Two Treatises of Government (Princeton, 1986), 262-68.
30. See John Sitter, Arguments of Augustan Wit (Cambridge, 1991), 51-62.
31. Somewhat remarkably, Philip Vogt, in his recent essay, "Metaphor in Locke's Essay," JHI, 54 (1993), 1-18, claims to be unable to locate this passage (15n), choosing instead to base his discussion of analogy on a single brief passage (IV, xvi, 12), which is subsequently asserted to offer an "analysis of metaphor" per se (10).
32. "A Poem Sacred to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton" (133-35), The Castle of Indolence and Other Poems, ed. A. D. McKillop (Lawrence, 1961), 154.
33. See Margaret C. Jacob, The Newtonians and the English Revolution 1689-1720 (Hassocks, 1976); and The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution (New York, 1988).
34. See Margaret C. Jacob, The Newtonians and the English Revolution 1689-1720 (Hassocks, 1976); and The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution (New York, 1988).
35. Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Edinburgh, 1785; repr. Menston, 1971), 2:9, 144; and compare Neal Wood, The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, 60 , and John Richetti, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, 19.
36. Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Edinburgh, 1785; repr. Menston, 1971), 2:9, 144; and compare Neal Wood, The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, 60 , and John Richetti, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, 19.
37. Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Edinburgh, 1785; repr. Menston, 1971), 2:9, 144; and compare Neal Wood, The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, 60 , and John Richetti, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, 19.
38. Daniel Waterland, Advice to a Young Student. with a Method of Study for the First Four Years (London, 1730), 23;
39. Blake, Jerusalem pl.15: 14-16 E 159.
40. Stephen, English Literature and Society, 47.
41. Vogt, "Metaphor in Locke's Essay," 4-6, 14-16; Walker, Locke, Literary Criticism and Philosophy, 18.
42. Vogt, "Metaphor in Locke's Essay," 4-6, 14-16; Walker, Locke, Literary Criticism and Philosophy, 18.
43. Europe, pl.iii:1 E60. See Opticks: or, a Treatise on the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light (London, 1704), 2:2, 18. Vogt's dismissal of the analogue as "merely coincidental" ("Metaphor in Locke's Essay," 5) may be contrasted with Reid's comment that "PLATO'S subterranean cave, and Mr LOCKE's dark closet, may be applied with ease to all the systems of perception that have been invented": Intellectual Powers, 2:7, 117.
44. Europe, pl.iii:1 E60. See Opticks: or, a Treatise on the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light (London, 1704), 2:2, 18. Vogt's dismissal of the analogue as "merely coincidental" ("Metaphor in Locke's Essay," 5) may be contrasted with Reid's comment that "PLATO'S subterranean cave, and Mr LOCKE's dark closet, may be applied with ease to all the systems of perception that have been invented": Intellectual Powers, 2:7, 117.
45. Europe, pl.iii:1 E60. See Opticks: or, a Treatise on the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light (London, 1704), 2:2, 18. Vogt's dismissal of the analogue as "merely coincidental" ("Metaphor in Locke's Essay," 5) may be contrasted with Reid's comment that "PLATO'S subterranean cave, and Mr LOCKE's dark closet, may be applied with ease to all the systems of perception that have been invented": Intellectual Powers, 2:7, 117.
46. Europe, pl.iii:1 E60. See Opticks: or, a Treatise on the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light (London, 1704), 2:2, 18. Vogt's dismissal of the analogue as "merely coincidental" ("Metaphor in Locke's Essay," 5) may be contrasted with Reid's comment that "PLATO'S subterranean cave, and Mr LOCKE's dark closet, may be applied with ease to all the systems of perception that have been invented": Intellectual Powers, 2:7, 117.
47. "then She bore Pale desire" (60-61) E446; Locke, Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. W. von Leyden (Oxford, 1954), 147-49.
48. "Of the idea of existence, and of external existence," A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge (Oxford, 1888; rev. ed., 1978), I.ii.vi., 67-68.
49. See Christopher Fox, Locke and the Scriblerans (Berkeley, 1989).
50. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, p1.4 E14
51. The Reasonableness of Christianity, Works, VII, 5. Cf. Essays on the Light of Nature, 139; and see W. M. Spellman, Locke and the Problem of Depravity (Oxford, 1988).
52. The Reasonableness of Christianity, Works, VII, 5. Cf. Essays on the Light of Nature, 139; and see W. M. Spellman, Locke and the Problem of Depravity (Oxford, 1988).
53. The Reasonableness of Christianity, Works, VII, 5. Cf. Essays on the Light of Nature, 139; and see W. M. Spellman, Locke and the Problem of Depravity (Oxford, 1988).
54. See also, especially on the role of angels and the "Eye of the Soul" (II, x,7), S. H. Clark, "The Philosophical Rhetoric of Locke's Essay," Locke Newsletter, 17 (1986), 96-115.
55. Blake, Visions of the Daughters of Albion, 2:31-34 E47.
56. Compare Cathy Caruth, Empirical Truths and Critical Fictions: Locke, Wordsworth, Kant, Freud (Baltimore, 1991), 3: "its apparent subject, the limitation of reason, really tells of a new and unbounded power of reason."
57. Voltaire, Lettres sur les Anglaises, in Oeuvres Complètes, ed. L. Moland (52 vols.; Paris, 1877-85), XXII, 123. Condorcet, Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progrès de l'Esprit Humaine, ed. O. H. Prior (Paris, 1950; rev. Yvon Belaval, 1970), 156.
58. Voltaire, Lettres sur les Anglaises, in Oeuvres Complètes, ed. L. Moland (52 vols.; Paris, 1877-85), XXII, 123. Condorcet, Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progrès de l'Esprit Humaine, ed. O. H. Prior (Paris, 1950; rev. Yvon Belaval, 1970), 156.
59. The Four Zoas, 24:5 E314; 30:8 E319.
60. The Four Zoas, 24:5 E314; 30:8 E319.
61. The Four Zoas, 30:5 E314.
62. The Four Zoas, 63:24 E343.
63. Discourse on the Method, IV, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, ed. Elizabeth S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross (2 vols.; Cambridge, 1911), I, 101.
64. See Anthony Flew, "Locke and the Problem of Personal Identity," Philosophy, 26 (1951), 53-68; rpt. Critical Assessments, IV, 51 I 26; and Michael Ayers, John Locke (2 vols.; London, 1991), II, 278-92; also Paul Ricoeur, Oneself as Another, tr. Kathleen Blarney (Chicago, 1992), 125-27.
65. See Anthony Flew, "Locke and the Problem of Personal Identity," Philosophy, 26 (1951), 53-68; rpt. Critical Assessments, IV, 51 I 26; and Michael Ayers, John Locke (2 vols.; London, 1991), II, 278-92; also Paul Ricoeur, Oneself as Another, tr. Kathleen Blarney (Chicago, 1992), 125-27.
66. See Anthony Flew, "Locke and the Problem of Personal Identity," Philosophy, 26 (1951), 53-68; rpt. Critical Assessments, IV, 51 I 26; and Michael Ayers, John Locke (2 vols.; London, 1991), II, 278-92; also Paul Ricoeur, Oneself as Another, tr. Kathleen Blarney (Chicago, 1992), 125-27.
67. See Anthony Flew, "Locke and the Problem of Personal Identity," Philosophy, 26 (1951), 53-68; rpt. Critical Assessments, IV, 51 I 26; and Michael Ayers, John Locke (2 vols.; London, 1991), II, 278-92; also Paul Ricoeur, Oneself as Another, tr. Kathleen Blarney (Chicago, 1992), 125-27.
68. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, etc., ed. J. M. Robertson (2 vols.; London, 1900; rpt. Cambridge, Mass.; 1963), II, 276; Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature (London, 1736), 301-8; and Reid, Intellectual Powers, 3:2, 306.
69. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, etc., ed. J. M. Robertson (2 vols.; London, 1900; rpt. Cambridge, Mass.; 1963), II, 276; Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature (London, 1736), 301-8; and Reid, Intellectual Powers, 3:2, 306.
70. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, etc., ed. J. M. Robertson (2 vols.; London, 1900; rpt. Cambridge, Mass.; 1963), II, 276; Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature (London, 1736), 301-8; and Reid, Intellectual Powers, 3:2, 306.
71. The Improvement of the Mind: or, a supplement to the Art of Logick (London, 1741), 246. Compare The Idler, no.44 (17 February, 1759), in W. J. Bate et al. (eds.), The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson (14 vols.; New Haven, 1958-78), II, 137; and David Hartley, Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations (2 vols.; London, 1749), I, 382.
72. The Improvement of the Mind: or, a supplement to the Art of Logick (London, 1741), 246. Compare The Idler, no.44 (17 February, 1759), in W. J. Bate et al. (eds.), The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson (14 vols.; New Haven, 1958-78), II, 137; and David Hartley, Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations (2 vols.; London, 1749), I, 382.
73. The Improvement of the Mind: or, a supplement to the Art of Logick (London, 1741), 246. Compare The Idler, no.44 (17 February, 1759), in W. J. Bate et al. (eds.), The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson (14 vols.; New Haven, 1958-78), II, 137; and David Hartley, Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations (2 vols.; London, 1749), I, 382.
74. The Improvement of the Mind: or, a supplement to the Art of Logick (London, 1741), 246. Compare The Idler, no.44 (17 February, 1759), in W. J. Bate et al. (eds.), The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson (14 vols.; New Haven, 1958-78), II, 137; and David Hartley, Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations (2 vols.; London, 1749), I, 382.
75. Letters by the Late Right Honourable Philip Dormer Stanhope Earl of Chesterfield written to his Son Philip Stanhope Esq. (2 vols.; London, 1774), CXV, I, 278; CXXXVI, I, 367.
76. Letters by the Late Right Honourable Philip Dormer Stanhope Earl of Chesterfield written to his Son Philip Stanhope Esq. (2 vols.; London, 1774), CXV, I, 278; CXXXVI, I, 367.
77. Educational Writings, 1, 114.
78. Educational Writings, 120, 230-31.
79. Annotations to Lavater E600.
80. Educational Writings, 38, 143.
81. Educational Writings, 123-27, 232-35.
82. Chesterfield, Letters, LXXXIV, I, 205.
83. Chesterfield, Letters, LXXX, I, 195.
84. See The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, ed. Jonathan Barnes (2 vols.; Princeton, 1984), 430a, I, 683; Vogt, "Metaphor in Locke's Essay," 13-15.
85. See The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, ed. Jonathan Barnes (2 vols.; Princeton, 1984), 430a, I, 683; Vogt, "Metaphor in Locke's Essay," 13-15.
86. Locke, Correspondence, 3322 VIII, 42.
87. Roland Hall, "John Locke's New Words and Uses," The Locke Newsletter, 7 (1976), 39, stresses "the transfer of words from physical to mental applications"; and William Walker, Locke, Literary Criticism, and Philosophy, 116, argues that "ideas of reflection" are "formed through borrowing and transference in a manner akin to metaphor."
88. Roland Hall, "John Locke's New Words and Uses," The Locke Newsletter, 7 (1976), 39, stresses "the transfer of words from physical to mental applications"; and William Walker, Locke, Literary Criticism, and Philosophy, 116, argues that "ideas of reflection" are "formed through borrowing and transference in a manner akin to metaphor."
89. John Locke, I, 18.
90. "Public Address," E579. See R. S. Crane, "Notes on the Organisation of Locke's Essay," in The Idea of the Humanities, and Other Essays Critical and Historical (2 vols.; Chicago, 1966), I, 288-301; Richetti, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, 81-84; Gabrielle Bernhard Jackson, "From Essence to Accident: Locke and the Language of Poetry in the Eighteenth Century," Criticism, 29 (1987), 27-86; rpt. Critical Assessments, IV, 261.
91. "Public Address," E579. See R. S. Crane, "Notes on the Organisation of Locke's Essay," in The Idea of the Humanities, and Other Essays Critical and Historical (2 vols.; Chicago, 1966), I, 288-301; Richetti, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, 81-84; Gabrielle Bernhard Jackson, "From Essence to Accident: Locke and the Language of Poetry in the Eighteenth Century," Criticism, 29 (1987), 27-86; rpt. Critical Assessments, IV, 261.
92. "Public Address," E579. See R. S. Crane, "Notes on the Organisation of Locke's Essay," in The Idea of the Humanities, and Other Essays Critical and Historical (2 vols.; Chicago, 1966), I, 288-301; Richetti, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, 81-84; Gabrielle Bernhard Jackson, "From Essence to Accident: Locke and the Language of Poetry in the Eighteenth Century," Criticism, 29 (1987), 27-86; rpt. Critical Assessments, IV, 261.
93. "Public Address," E579. See R. S. Crane, "Notes on the Organisation of Locke's Essay," in The Idea of the Humanities, and Other Essays Critical and Historical (2 vols.; Chicago, 1966), I, 288-301; Richetti, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, 81-84; Gabrielle Bernhard Jackson, "From Essence to Accident: Locke and the Language of Poetry in the Eighteenth Century," Criticism, 29 (1987), 27-86; rpt. Critical Assessments, IV, 261.
94. Among the frequent usages noted by R. M. P. Malpas, "An Electronic Text of the Essay," Locke Newsletter, 21 (1990), 57-110, are: Action, 175; Actions, 173; Do, 536; Does, 235; Done, 106; Doth, 35; Frame, 67; Framed, 25; Made, 524; Make, 655; Makes, 221; Making, 103. See also Michael Losonsky, "Locke on the Making of Complex Ideas," Locke Newsletter, 20 (1989), 35-46, and Ayers, John Locke, I, 251.
95. Among the frequent usages noted by R. M. P. Malpas, "An Electronic Text of the Essay," Locke Newsletter, 21 (1990), 57-110, are: Action, 175; Actions, 173; Do, 536; Does, 235; Done, 106; Doth, 35; Frame, 67; Framed, 25; Made, 524; Make, 655; Makes, 221; Making, 103. See also Michael Losonsky, "Locke on the Making of Complex Ideas," Locke Newsletter, 20 (1989), 35-46, and Ayers, John Locke, I, 251.
96. Among the frequent usages noted by R. M. P. Malpas, "An Electronic Text of the Essay," Locke Newsletter, 21 (1990), 57-110, are: Action, 175; Actions, 173; Do, 536; Does, 235; Done, 106; Doth, 35; Frame, 67; Framed, 25; Made, 524; Make, 655; Makes, 221; Making, 103. See also Michael Losonsky, "Locke on the Making of Complex Ideas," Locke Newsletter, 20 (1989), 35-46, and Ayers, John Locke, I, 251.
97. Correspondence 2202, VI, 6: "Nature made all men critics but few craftsmen."
98. Milton, pl.3:37-39 E97.
99. Elsewhere in Blake (Jerusalem, pl.77 E232), this imagery takes on an unequivocally exhortatory function: "to Labour in Knowledge. is to Build up Jerusalem: and to Despise Knowledge, is to Despise Jerusalem & her Builders."
100. Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1963), 2:32 , 34, 309. See also Neal Wood, The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, 141; Richard Ashcraft, Locke's Two Treatises of Government (London, 1987), 239; and Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), 253.
101. Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1963), 2:32 , 34, 309. See also Neal Wood, The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, 141; Richard Ashcraft, Locke's Two Treatises of Government (London, 1987), 239; and Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), 253.
102. Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1963), 2:32 , 34, 309. See also Neal Wood, The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, 141; Richard Ashcraft, Locke's Two Treatises of Government (London, 1987), 239; and Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), 253.
103. Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1963), 2:32 , 34, 309. See also Neal Wood, The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, 141; Richard Ashcraft, Locke's Two Treatises of Government (London, 1987), 239; and Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), 253.
104. Two Treatises, 2:111, 360; 2:94, 347.
105. Two Treatises, 2:111, 360; 2:94, 347.
106. Two Treatises, 2:27, 305-6.
107. Two Treatises, 2:46, 318; 2:184, 409; 2:111 360.
108. Two Treatises, 2:46, 318; 2:184, 409; 2:111 360.
109. Two Treatises, 2:46, 318; 2:184, 409; 2:111 360.
110. See E. J. Hundert, "The Making of Homo Faber: John Locke between Ideology and History," JHI, 33 (1972), 3-22
111. John Dunn's phrases, from his discussion of the Puritan concept of the calling in The Political Thought of John Locke: An Historical Account of the Argument of the Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge, 1969), 220
112. Two Treatises, 2:61, 326.
113. Conduct, III, 248.
114. Conduct, III, 201.
115. "Metaphor in Locke's Essay," 16-18. The voyage image may also be linked to Locke's mercantile interests, which recent criticism has not regarded so sanguinely: see for example Wayne Glausser, "Three Approaches to Locke and the Slave Trade," JHI, 51 (1990), 199-216.
116. "Metaphor in Locke's Essay," 16-18. The voyage image may also be linked to Locke's mercantile interests, which recent criticism has not regarded so sanguinely: see for example Wayne Glausser, "Three Approaches to Locke and the Slave Trade," JHI, 51 (1990), 199-216.
117. Conduct, III, 249.
118. Conduct, III, 227.
119. See in particular, Francis Bacon, Novum Organum, Propositions xxxviii-xliv, James Spedding et al. (eds.), Works (14 vols.; London, 1857-74), I, 163-65.
120. See Neal Wood, "The Baconian Character of Locke's Essay," Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 6 (1975), 43-84; rpt Critical Assessments, IV, 333-73; and also The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, 75-83.
121. See Neal Wood, "The Baconian Character of Locke's Essay," Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 6 (1975), 43-84; rpt Critical Assessments, IV, 333-73; and also The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, 75-83.
122. See Neal Wood, "The Baconian Character of Locke's Essay," Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 6 (1975), 43-84; rpt Critical Assessments, IV, 333-73; and also The Politics of Locke's Philosophy, 75-83.
123. Writing to his disciple, Samuel Bold, Locke describes the preparations for receiving thought almost in terms of a mystical sacrament. Correspondence, 2590, VI, 626-28. See also the fulsome, yet plaintive, exchanges with Molyneux (Correspondence, 1538, IV, 522-25; 1579, IV, 599-602; and 1592, IV, 623-28).
124. Writing to his disciple, Samuel Bold, Locke describes the preparations for receiving thought almost in terms of a mystical sacrament. Correspondence, 2590, VI, 626-28. See also the fulsome, yet plaintive, exchanges with Molyneux (Correspondence, 1538, IV, 522-25; 1579, IV, 599-602; and 1592, IV, 623-28).
125. Writing to his disciple, Samuel Bold, Locke describes the preparations for receiving thought almost in terms of a mystical sacrament. Correspondence, 2590, VI, 626-28. See also the fulsome, yet plaintive, exchanges with Molyneux (Correspondence, 1538, IV, 522-25; 1579, IV, 599-602; and 1592, IV, 623-28).
126. Writing to his disciple, Samuel Bold, Locke describes the preparations for receiving thought almost in terms of a mystical sacrament. Correspondence, 2590, VI, 626-28. See also the fulsome, yet plaintive, exchanges with Molyneux (Correspondence, 1538, IV, 522-25; 1579, IV, 599-602; and 1592, IV, 623-28).
127. Conduct, III, 208-9.
128. Select Sermons of Dr. Whichcot (London, 1698), I, 15.
129. The Reasonableness of Christianity, Works, VII, 133.
130. Nathaneal Culverwel, An Elegant and Learned Discourse of the Light of Nature. with Several Other Treatises (London, 1652), 93-94. On Culverwel's possible influence see W. von Leyden, intro. to Locke, Essays on the Law of Nature, 39-43.
131. Nathaneal Culverwel, An Elegant and Learned Discourse of the Light of Nature. with Several Other Treatises (London, 1652), 93-94. On Culverwel's possible influence see W. von Leyden, intro. to Locke, Essays on the Law of Nature, 39-43.
132. Educational Writings, 61, 156.
133. "The Epistle Dedicatory" [vi], Solid Philosophy Asserted. Against the Fancies of the Ideists: Or The Method to Science Farther Illustrated. With Reflexions on Mr. Locke's Essay concerning Human Understanding (London, 1697), 251.
134. See, e.g., John Toland, Christianity Not Mysterious: Or. A Treatise Shewing That there is nothing in the Gospel Contrary to Reason. Nor Above it (London, 1696), 146.
135. See Joseph Butler's extension of the image into a bleak fatalism of estrangement in Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (London, 1726), XV, 304.
136. Peter Sterry, The Spirit Convincing of Sinne (1645), 10, cited in C. A. Patrides' discussion of the history of the image in his introduction to The Cambridge Platonists (London 1969), 11.
137. Peter Sterry, The Spirit Convincing of Sinne (1645), 10, cited in C. A. Patrides' discussion of the history of the image in his introduction to The Cambridge Platonists (London 1969), 11.
138. Culverwel, Light of Nature, 122.
139. 2), 128.
140. Shaftesbury, Characteristics, I, 5-39
141. "If they say by the Light it brings with it. which shines bright in their Minds, and they cannot resist, I beseech them to ..." (4: 19:11).
142. Culverwel, Light of Nature, 69. Locke specifically denies a similar claim by the Cambridge Platonist, John Smith, because of the "savour of Enthusiasme" (Correspondence, 687, II, 488).
143. Culverwel, Light of Nature, 69. Locke specifically denies a similar claim by the Cambridge Platonist, John Smith, because of the "savour of Enthusiasme" (Correspondence, 687, II, 488).
144. The OED defines it as "without intermediary, intervening agency or medium," and cites Locke on simple ideas as an example: "We immediately by our Senses perceive in Fire its Heat and Colour."
145. Characteristics, I, 10.
146. Michael Ayers, John Locke, I, 124, comments that "Locke himself can be accused of relying on just the same unenlightening metaphors for his explanation of intuitive knowledge" (my emphasis).