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Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1975, Pages 43-84

The Baconian character of Locke's 'essay'

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EID: 0007301165     PISSN: 00393681     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0039-3681(75)90004-7     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (311)
  • 2
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    • The Works of Thomas Reid, D.D. Now Fully Collected with Selections from His Unpublished Letters, Preface, Notes and Supplementary Dissertations by Sir William Hamilton, Bart., Prefixed to Stewart's Account of the Life and Writings of Reid
  • 3
    • 84918003577 scopus 로고
    • Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man
    • sixth edition, 1785 edition, ch. viii
    • (1863) Essay , vol.6 , pp. 474
    • Reid1
  • 4
    • 84918006211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also see Essay II, ch. ix, ‘Of the Sentiments of Mr. Locke’, for Reid's praise of Locke's discussion of language.
  • 5
    • 84918006210 scopus 로고
    • A General View of the Progress of Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Science, since the Revival of Letters
    • art. X, Pt. II. By Dugald Stewart, F.R.S.S. London and Edinburgh. (Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, V, pt. I)
    • (1821) The Edinburgh Review , vol.36 , pp. 240-243
    • Stewart1
  • 7
    • 84918006208 scopus 로고
    • Account of the Life and Writings of Thomas Reid D.D.
    • Also see, sixth edition, ch. viii
    • (1863) Essay , vol.6 , pp. 14
    • Stewart's1
  • 11
    • 84918006207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • But his Locke (New York, London, no date) fails to stress Bacon as a source of Locke's philosophy
  • 15
    • 0003553033 scopus 로고
    • 2 vols., A.C. Fraser, Although Fraser does not mention Bacon in his lengthy introduction, he does refer in his notes throughout the text to Bacon and to possible Baconian thoughts in Locke. However, very little of it is helpful. See vol. I, 8, 25, 89, 124, 501; vol. II, 13, 71, 147, 201, 204, 206, 216, 217, 223, 267, 378, 380, 400, 420, 428, 453, 456, 463.
    • (1894) An Essay concerning Human Understanding
    • Locke1
  • 17
  • 19
  • 21
    • 80054128478 scopus 로고
    • London, ‘It is not easy to make out the sources of Locke's philosophical thought—except Descartes, and the Port Royal Logic. Bacon he knew, and also Hobbes (though, he says, not intimately), and he appears to have been influenced by the atomism of Gassendi.’ Also on Descartes' influence see 28, 34, 56.
    • (1908) Locke , pp. 5
    • Alexander1
  • 42
    • 84918006201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also see Essay II, ch. ix, ‘Of the Sentiments of Mr. Locke’, for Reid's praise of Locke's discussion of language.
  • 54
    • 84918006199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • But his Locke (New York, London, no date) fails to stress Bacon as a source of Locke's philosophy
  • 64
    • 84905804187 scopus 로고
    • The manuscript is Public Record Office, Shaftesbury Papers, Bundle 47/2. I have used the text in, Oxford, The citation to Bacon, ‘Novum Organ, I, 1 § 31, 32’, is given on 26. To my knowledge no one has mentioned this citation. A slightly inaccurate rendering of the text from the standpoint of Gibson's transcription is in
    • (1933) The Physician's Art: An Attempt to Expand John Locke's Fragment De Arte Medica , pp. 13-26
    • Gibson1
  • 68
    • 84918006198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MC, 75.
  • 69
    • 84918006197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anderson, Francis Bacon: His Career and His Thought, 334.
  • 70
    • 84918006196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CU, § 1.
  • 71
    • 84918006195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some Thoughts concerning Reading and Study for a Gentleman, in W, II, 410-11.
  • 73
    • 84918006193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxv). Newton's name also appears at IV, i, 9 (II, 137); vii, 11 (II, 199).
  • 74
    • 84918006192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, Aristotle: I, iv, 24 (I, 59); III, x, 18 (II, 98); IV, xvii, 4 (II, 264-5); Descartes: III, iv, 10 (II, 29); IV, vii, 12–13 (II, 204-5); Hooker: IV, xvii, 7 (II, 273); Tully or Cicero is quoted on the title-page and is mentioned at II, xxviii, 11 (I, 299); III, iv, 8 (II, 27); IV, iv, 8 (II, 169); x, 6 (II, 219).
  • 75
    • 84918006191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xvii, 19 (II, 278).
  • 76
    • 84918006190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CU, § 24.
  • 80
    • 84918006188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locke evidently met periodically, beginning in October, 1697, with Bentley, Wren, Newton, and probably Evelyn for discussion. See no. LXVIII, Bentley to Evelyn, 21 October, 1697.
  • 83
    • 84918006186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • However Professor Adams maintains that the spider and bee fable that is common to both The Battle of the Books and A Tale of a Tub has reference to the controversy between Locke and Stillingfleet.
  • 85
    • 84918030678 scopus 로고
    • On the other hand, argues that the spider and bee fable does not refer to the new natural philosophers, but rather to ‘arid pedantry divorced from experience of the world’ (233)
    • (1962) Swift: The Man, His Works and the Age , vol.1 , pp. 232-235
    • Ehrenpreis1
  • 87
    • 0043013658 scopus 로고
    • London, Two passages in Wotton are reminiscent of Locke. In attempting to explain why learned men of the ‘last age’ did not assume that they had surpassed the ancients as do men of the present age, he writes: ‘It was the Work of one Age to remove the Rubbish, and to clear the Way for future Inventors’ (3). Cf. with Locke's assertion about his role, E ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxv), that ‘it is ambition enough to be employed as an underlabourer in clearing ground a little, and removing some of the rubbish that lies in the way of knowledge’. And in discussing whether or not mastery of the arts arises from nature or by study, Wotton comments: ‘If by Nature, why have we heard of no Orators among the Inhabitants of the Bay of Soldania, or Peru?’ (24). Again, cf. with Locke's reference to the Bay of Soldania, or Saldanha, E, I, iv, 12 (I, 50) in respect to whether the quality of [[Truncated]]
    • (1694) Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning , pp. 60
    • Wotton1
  • 91
    • 0004274387 scopus 로고
    • See, second edition, Oxford, Their verdict on the measure of Locke's esteem for author or subject is the following, 23: ‘This much can be safely said of Locke's philosophical books, and of every other subject in his library. If he is found with a good collection in his final catalogue, especially if there is evidence that he was extending his holdings in his later years, then that writer or that subject must have had his approval.’ They then comment that Bacon was ‘handsomely represented’ (24).As for the thirty-six remaining books of the library that bear Locke's secret symbol or paraph—whatever it may mean, perhaps a sign of importance or excellence—Bacon is represented by one volume: Opuscula varia posthuma 8° Lon. [16]58 (No. 175 in the Harrison and Laslett catalogue, hereafter abbreviated HL). Harrison and Laslett suggest (41) that the paraph may have denoted that the [[Truncated]]
    • (1971) The Library of John Locke
    • Harrison1    Laslett2
  • 92
    • 0004274387 scopus 로고
    • The Christ Church collection of 1681 consisted of 288 titles out of a total of perhaps 5–600 books, the others being in London. See, second edition, appendix I
    • (1971) The Library of John Locke
    • Harrison1    Laslett2
  • 93
    • 84918006184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • a.] 12° Amst. [16]60 (HL 169); Sermones fideles 12° Elz: [Amsterlodami, ; 16]62 (HL 171); Hist: vitae & mortis 24 Lug: Bat [16]37 (HL 173). Locke must have meant that these were books he had with him in Holland for we know that if he meant the total number of books by Bacon he possessed, then the Christ Church Library of 1681 contained six different volumes. Of the four titles only the Novum Organunm of the same edition had been in the Christ Church Library. Hence, this could be a volume that the carried with him to Holland in 1683.
  • 94
    • 0004274387 scopus 로고
    • second edition, remark on Locke's exile: ‘Except for a few indispensable volumes, John Locke the expatriate was a man without his library’. The Novum Organum, then, could be one of these ‘few indespensable volumes’ carried by Locke to Holland. In the case of the other three volumes of Bacon mentioned by Locke it is unclear whether he brought them to Holland form England—they could have been among his London books or acquired in England after 1681—or whether he purchased them in Holland. Certainly while he was in Holland Locke purchased many books for his library.
    • (1971) The Library of John Locke , pp. 3
    • Harrison1    Laslett2
  • 96
    • 84918006183 scopus 로고
    • See comment of, second edition, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Bacon exerted a pronounced influence upon Boyle. In fact, no other scientist of the period was so imbued with the Verulamian spirit. Every mention of Sir Francis is instinct with praise, and he is mentioned again and again and again in Boyle's writings. He is most frequently “excellent Verulam” or “illustrious Verulam”, but the unvarying tribute finds varied expression: “so great and so candid a Philosopher”, “that great Ornament and guide of Philosophical Historians of Nature”, “one of the most judicious Naturalists that our Age can boast”, “That great Restorer of Physicks”, “our famous experimenter”, “the first and greatest Experimental Philosopher of our Age”, and “the great architect of experimental history”. The experiments in Certain [[Truncated]]
    • (1961) Ancients and Moderns: A Study of the Rise of the Scientific Movement in Seventeenth-Century England , pp. 169-170
    • Jones1
  • 97
    • 84918006182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AL, 31.
  • 102
    • 84918006180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quoted in MC, 359.
  • 103
    • 84918006179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, BL. MS. Locke, f. 14, 92-3.
  • 104
    • 84918006178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cf. AL, 133; NO, XLV, CXXIV.
  • 105
    • 84918006177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cf. AL, 132, 134; DA, V, iv, 431.
  • 107
    • 84918006176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cf. AL, 7; NO, XLIX, LII.
  • 110
    • 84918006174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MC, 92-3. In Cranston's judgment, 93: ‘Locke and Sydenham were very unlike each other as persons, but they had many ideas in common: if Sydenham was the teacher he was no scholar and he needed help to express himself in good Latin’
  • 114
    • 84918006173 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, ascribes it to Locke, but at 72, note 1, he says: ‘The debate over whether Locke or Sydenham actually wrote it is irrelevant here; if he did not write it, Locke shared its philosophy’
    • (1968) The Educational Writings of John Locke , pp. 72-73
    • Axtell1
  • 117
    • 0342502863 scopus 로고
    • The loss of sodium and potassium during the dry ashing of animal tissue.
    • Quoted in, second edition, Berkeley, Los Angeles
    • (1961) Anal Biochem , pp. 221
    • Jones1
  • 121
    • 84918013458 scopus 로고
    • Stubbe's wrath was directed against Sydenham's, London, Locke indexed his copy (HL 2814) and made notes in it.
    • (1666) Observationes medicae...
  • 124
    • 84918006171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • King, op. cit., 292-3; AL, 155 f.
  • 125
    • 84918006170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BL. MS. Locke, f. 14, 92.
  • 126
    • 84918006169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft A, § 39–42; Draft B, § 8, 10, 13.
  • 127
    • 84918006168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft B, § 10; E, I, iii, 26 (I, 42).
  • 128
    • 84918006167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft B, § 1.
  • 129
    • 84918006166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft B, § 31.
  • 131
    • 84918006165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft B, § 16, 31.
  • 132
    • 84918006164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft B, § 87.
  • 134
    • 84917969399 scopus 로고
    • Les Relations Intellectuelles De Locke Avec La France (D'après des documents inédits)
    • no. 2, Of course some of the similar conceptions and positions of Locke and Descartes may have been of common Baconian origin and do not necessarily reflect Locke's indebtedness to Descartes. According to Gabriel Bonno, both Descartes in Regulae, Règle X, and Locke in E, IV, xvii, 6 (II, 272-3), criticized the syllogism from the standpoint of Bacon in NO, I.
    • (1955) University of California Publications in Modern Philology , vol.38 , pp. 236
  • 135
    • 84918006162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxv); III, x, 34 (II, 105-6), In the latter Locke writes: ‘Since wit and fancy find easier entertainment in the world than dry truth and real knowledge, figurative speeches and allusion in language will hardly be admitted as an imperfection or abuse of it. I confess, in discourses where we seek rather pleasure and delight than information and improvement, such ornaments as are borrowed from them can scarce pass for faults. But yet, if we would speak of things as they are, we must allow that all the art of rhetoric, besides order and clearness, all the artifical and figurative application of words eloquence hath invented, are for nothing else but to insinuate wrong ideas, move the passions, and thereby mislead the judgment, and so indeed are perfect cheat; and therefore however laudable or allowable oratory may render them in harangues and popular addresses, they are certainly, in all discourses that pretend [[Truncated]]
  • 137
    • 84918006160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘I myself am very careless about words, and I scorn literary graces perhaps more than I should; so long as my style does not offend my readers’ taste and so long as it exhibits my meaning clearly and lucidly and does not further complicate subjects that are obscure enough in themselves, I am not concerned for anything else.’
  • 138
    • 84917987993 scopus 로고
    • Locke in a draft letter to Wynne about the abridgement of the, Ba 256t, quoted in MC, 384, describes the Essay as ‘a treatise written in a plain and popular style, which having in it nothing of the air of learning no so much as the language of the schools, was little suited to the use or relish of those who, as teachers or learners, applied themselves to the mysteries of Scholastic knowledge’. Also Locke to J.F. [James Fraser?] [1698-9?] B.L. MS. Locke, c.24, f.46, draft: ‘Those whose aim is to divert and make men laugh let them write plays and Romances and there sport themselves with words and false images of things as much as they please. But a professor to teach or maintain truth should have nothing to do with all that tinsel trumpery, should speak plain and clear and be afraid of a fallacy or equivocation however prettily it might look and be fit to cheat the reader; who on his side should in an author who [[Truncated]]
    • (1694) Essay
  • 139
    • 0347466837 scopus 로고
    • The essayist in his Essays
    • See below, 67, J.W. Yolton, Cambridge, comments: ‘In the highly clubbable world out of which and into which the Essay was born, the collective pursuit of learning meant a great deal.’ Also, 260: ‘Locke set himself to involve his readers in the endeavour he believed the common responsibility of mankind’
    • (1969) John Locke Problems and Perspectives: A Collection of New Essays , pp. 245
    • Colie1
  • 140
    • 84918006159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle Dedicatory’ (I, xxviii). Cf. AL, 90.
  • 143
    • 84918006157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO, XLV, XLVI, XLVII, XLIX, LI.
  • 144
    • 84918006156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO, XXIII.
  • 145
    • 84918006155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle Dedicatory’ (I, xxviii). Cf. AL, 90.
  • 146
    • 84918006154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle Dedicatory’ (I, xxvii).
  • 147
    • 84918006153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxiii).
  • 148
    • 84918006152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, III, v, 16 (II, 41).
  • 149
    • 84918006151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • But Bacon also could display modesty, for example, NO, ‘Preface’, 41: ‘… I appear merely as a guide to point out the road; an office of small authority, and depending more upon a kind of luck than upon any ability or excellency’
  • 150
    • 84918029325 scopus 로고
    • Reply to the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Worcester's Answer to his Second Letter
    • (1699) W , vol.4 , pp. 459
  • 151
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    • Reply to the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Worcester's Answers to his Letter
    • (1697) W , vol.4 , pp. 143-144
  • 152
    • 84918006149 scopus 로고
    • Cf. NO, ‘Preface’, 41: ‘my object being to open a new way for the understanding, a way by them [the ancients] untried and unknown …’. In GI, ‘Epistle Dedicatory’, 11, Bacon, in referring to the things he intends to do, writes: ‘Certainly they are quite new; totally new in their very kind …’. He then makes a remark strikingly like the ‘new history of an old thing’ of Locke: ‘and yet they are copied from a very ancient model; even teh world itself and the nature of things and of the mind’.
    • (1697) Reply to the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Worcester's Answers to his Letter , vol.4 , pp. 134-135
  • 153
    • 84918006148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxv); I, iv, 24 (I, 58); IV, xix, 1 (II, 288-9).
  • 158
    • 84918006143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, vii, 1 (II, 192).
  • 159
    • 84918001922 scopus 로고
    • Reply to the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Worcester's Answer to his Second Letter
    • (1699) W , vol.4 , pp. 258
  • 160
    • 84918006142 scopus 로고
    • A Letter to the Right Rev. Edward Lord Bishop of Worcester
    • Postscript, Locke believed that the study of nature was subordinate and instrumental to the supreme science of Christian morality, and that while his efforts at natural history might be of practical use and benefit to men, they were above all a means of worshipping and glorifying God. See
    • (1697) W , vol.4 , pp. 96
  • 161
    • 84918006141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Ashcraft, ‘Faith and knowledge in Locke's philosophy’ John Locke, Problems and Perspectives: A Collection of New Essays, J.W. Yolton (ed.), esp. 197-8.
  • 167
    • 84918006140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle Dedicatory’ (I, xxvii–xxviii); ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxi, xxxiii).
  • 168
    • 84918006139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxv).
  • 169
    • 84918006138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The subsequent discussion relies upon the following: F.H. Anderson, The Philosophy of Francis Bacon, 66-7, 70-3, 120
  • 171
    • 84918006137 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the Ainu language in space and time.
    • second edition, New York
    • (1957) PLoS One , pp. 120-122
    • Butterfield1
  • 172
    • 84918006137 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the Ainu language in space and time.
    • second edition, New York
    • (1957) PLoS One , pp. 127
    • Butterfield1
  • 173
    • 84918006137 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the Ainu language in space and time.
    • second edition, New York
    • (1957) PLoS One , pp. 130-136
    • Butterfield1
  • 174
    • 84918006137 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the Ainu language in space and time.
    • second edition, New York
    • (1957) PLoS One , pp. 147-148
    • Butterfield1
  • 180
    • 84918006135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J.W. Yolton, Locke and the Compass of Human Understanding, 4–7, 58-9, 62-3, 74-9, 86-9, 103., I wish to thank Gerd Buchdahl for pointing out some of the problems with the original version of this paragraph.
  • 181
    • 84918006134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, i, 2 (I, 5–6); II, xi, 15 (I, 128-9); IV, xii, 10 (II, 241-2); xvi, 11 (II, 258-9)., Voltaire, who did so much through his Philosophical Letters (1734) to popularize Locke in France, sums up the natural history approach of the Essay in the thirteenth letter ‘On Locke’: ‘Locke has exposed human reason, just as a learned anatomist would have explained the functions of the body. He is aided throughout by the light of physics; he sometimes dares to speak in a positive manner, but he also dares to doubt. Instead of defining at once what we do not know, he examines by degrees, what we want to know. He takes a child from the moment of its birth; he follows all the stages of its understanding; he views what it possesses in common with animals, and in what it is superior to them. Above all, he consults his own experience, the consciousness of his thought.’
  • 183
    • 0043013658 scopus 로고
    • A Rational Physician is he who critically enquires into the Constitution, and peculiar Accidents of Life, of the Person to whom he is to administer, who weighs all the known Virtues of the Medicines which may be thought proper to the Case in hand; who balances all the Symptoms, and, from past Observations, finds which have been fatal, and which safe; which arise from outward Accidents, and which from the Disease itself: And who thence collects, which ought soonest to be removed, which may be neglected, and which should be preserved or augmented; and thereupon prescribes accordingly. Or again, Locke's technique might be that of his friend and colleague, Thomas Sydenham, the founder of modern clinical medicine, who describes his own method: ‘The function of a physician [is the] industrious investigation of the history of diseases, and of the effect of remedies, as shown by the only true teacher, experience…. True practice consists in the [[Truncated]]
    • (1694) Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning , pp. 290-291
  • 186
    • 84918006131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxv); I, iv, 24 (I, 58); IV, xix, 1 (II, 288-9).
  • 187
    • 84918006130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO, ‘Preface’, 41.
  • 188
    • 84918006129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Ashcraft, ‘Faith and knowledge in Locke's philosophy’ John Locke, Problems and Perspectives: A Collection of New Essays, J.W. Yolton (ed.), esp. 197-8.
  • 189
    • 84918006128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P, ‘Catalogue of Particular Histories’, 269.
  • 191
    • 84918023689 scopus 로고
    • Reply to the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Worcester's Answer to his Letter
    • (1967) W , vol.4 , pp. 138-139
  • 193
    • 84918006126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AL, 125.
  • 194
    • 84918006125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The subsequent discussion relies upon the following: F.H. Anderson, The Philosophy of Francis Bacon, 66-7, 70-3, 120
  • 195
    • 84918006124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J.W. Yolton, Locke and the Compass of Human Understanding, 4–7, 58-9, 62-3, 74-9, 86-9, 103.
  • 196
    • 84918006123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, i, 22 (I, 88).
  • 197
    • 84918006122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xi, 14 (I, 128).
  • 198
    • 84918006121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xi, 15 (I, 128).
  • 199
    • 84918006120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xii, 8 (I, 132).
  • 200
    • 0347466837 scopus 로고
    • ‘The essayist in his Essays’
    • On self-experiment see, J.W. Yolton, Cambridge, ‘readers who penetrate to the core of the book are, simply, joining that colleagual audience fit and few … he draws his readers into a circle of independent amateurs of thought.’ Or again, 259: ‘This is philosophy not only laicized, but domesticated: grown men are asked to watch in their developing children the growth of mind, intellect, and understanding, by which Locke's hypotheses can be checked in every family.’ And finally, 261: ‘its hospitable author makes the process of thinking about thinking so engaging that men naturally took up his book, and took him, so generously recorded in his Essay, as a model for self-experiment, for self-assaying’.
    • (1969) John Locke Problems and Perspectives: A Collection of New Essays , pp. 247
    • Colie1
  • 201
    • 84918006119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, i, 2 (I, 6).
  • 202
    • 84918006118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, iv, 26 (I, 60).
  • 203
    • 84918006117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, E, II, i, 1 (I, 77); 5 (I, 79); 21 (I, 88); 22 (I, 88); vii, 9 (I, 101); viii, 5 (I, 103); ix, 10 (I, 115); xix, 4 (I, 188-9); xxi, 34 (I, 208); 69 (I, 231-2); IV, xii, 9 (II, 240-1); 12 (II, 242-3); xvii, 4 (II, 264).
  • 204
    • 84918006116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xii, 10 (II, 241).
  • 205
    • 84918006115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xii, 13 (II, 243-4).
  • 206
    • 84918006114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xi, 2 (II, 228).
  • 207
    • 84918006113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xi, 7 (II, 231).
  • 208
    • 84918006112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, iv, 4 (I, 96).
  • 209
    • 84918006111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, viii, 19 (I, 108).
  • 210
    • 84918006110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, viii, 20 (I, 108).
  • 211
    • 84918006109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, ix, 8 (I, 113).
  • 212
    • 84918006108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xix, 4 (I, 188).
  • 213
    • 84918006107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xxxiii, 6 (I, 336).
  • 214
    • 84918006106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AL, 126-7; GI, ‘Proemium’, 7.
  • 215
    • 84918006105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GI, ‘Plan of the Work’, 26-7.
  • 216
    • 84918006104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO, XVI.
  • 217
    • 84918006103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AL, 127.
  • 218
    • 84918006102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xxiii, 12 (I, 251); IV, xii, 10 (II, 241).
  • 219
    • 84918006101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laslett is the first to use the term ‘comparative anthropology’ in connection with Locke, and to call attention to his deep and abiding interest in the travel literature of the period. See the introduction of his critical edition of Locke
  • 222
    • 0004274387 scopus 로고
    • The Library of John Locke
    • second edition, Oxford, Locke had 275 titles in his library concerned with geography, exploration, travels and voyages.
    • (1971) The Library of John Locke , pp. 27-29
    • Harrison1    Laslett2
  • 230
    • 84918006094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, ix, 8–10 (I, 113-15); BL. MS. Locke, e. 1. 260.
  • 232
    • 84918006093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xxxiii, 5–10 (I, 336-8).
  • 233
    • 84918006092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xxiii, 12 (I, 250).
  • 234
    • 84918006091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xiii, 28 (I, 145).
  • 235
    • 84918006090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xi, 1 (II, 228).
  • 236
    • 84918006089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xi, 3 (II, 229).
  • 237
    • 84918006088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xii, 9–13 (II, 240-4).
  • 238
    • 84918006087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, ii, 12 (I, 14); 27 (I, 23-4); iii, 9–10 (I, 30-2); 12 (I, 32-3); 17 (I, 37); iv, 8 (I, 46-7); 12 (I, 50); 17 (I, 52); 23 (I, 57-8); II, xiii, 20 (I, 140); xiv, 20 (I, 152-3); 23 (I, 155); 29 (I, 157-8); xvi, 6 (I, 169); xxii, 6 (I, 240-1); 10 (I, 243); xxiii, 2 (I, 245); III, v, 8 (II, 37); vi, 9 (II, 48); viii, 2 (II, 76); xi, 25 (II, 119); IV, viii, 6 (II, 213); xii, 11 (II, 242); xvii, 4 (II, 264); xix, 15 (II, 295-6); xx, 3 (II, 298).
  • 239
    • 84918006086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, iv, 12 (I, 50); 23 (I, 57); II, xiii, 20 (I, 140); xvi, 6 (I, 169); IV, xii, 11 (II, 242), xvii, 4 (II, 264); 6–7 (II, 272-3).
  • 240
    • 84918006085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO CXXIX.
  • 241
    • 84918006084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locke, Second Treatise of Government, § 49.
  • 242
    • 84918006083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Bacon upon the utility of science see especially the following: AL, 35, 63, 100; GI, ‘Preface’, 14, 20-1; NO, LXXIII, LXXXI, LXXXV.
  • 243
    • 84918006082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, i, 2 (I, 5).
  • 244
    • 84918006081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xvi, 3 (II, 254).
  • 245
    • 84918006080 scopus 로고
    • ‘Of Ethick in General’
    • Although Locke uses ‘great concerns’ (or ‘great concernments’), to refer to religion and morality, for example in, c. 28, f. 146, he also employs the expression in E, III, x, 12 (II, 95) to include religion, law and politics
    • (1690) BL. MS. Locke
  • 246
    • 84918006079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, i, 7 (I, 8–9).
  • 247
    • 84918006078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxiv).
  • 248
    • 84918006077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxiv).
  • 249
    • 84918006076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxv).
  • 250
    • 84918006075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xvi, 4 (II, 255).
  • 251
    • 84918006074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, i, 6 (I, 8); cf. E, IV, xiv, 1 (II, 247): ‘The understanding faculties being given to man, not barely for speculation, but also for the conduct of his life...’
  • 252
    • 84918006073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although Locke attacked many of their doctrines without explicitly mentioning the schoolmen, some of his references to them and their systems are: E, II, xvii, 16 (I, 180-1); III, iii, 9–10 (II, 18–20); vi, 26 (II, 55-6); IV, iii, 6 (II, 146-9); vii, 8 (II, 196); 11 (II, 198–204).
  • 254
    • 84918006072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xxii, 10 (I, 243).
  • 255
    • 84918006071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xvi, 3 (II, 254).
  • 256
    • 84918006070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xii, 10 (II, 241-2).
  • 257
    • 84918006069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, iv, 26 (I, 60).
  • 258
    • 84918006068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, E, IV, iii, 29 (II, 164); also ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxv).
  • 262
    • 0347466837 scopus 로고
    • ‘The essayist in his Essays’
    • also, J.W. Yolton, Cambridge, Locke requested criticisms of his ideas in a footnote at the end of the epitome of the yet unpublished Essay that appeared in French in Jean LeClerc's Bibliothèque Universelle in January, 1688. This footnote is omitted in the reprint of the epitome, the Abrégé, printed for private circulation by Locke, and no similar request is included in any of the published versions of the Essay. See MC, 290-1
    • (1969) John Locke Problems and Perspectives: A Collection of New Essays , pp. 248-251
    • Colie1
  • 263
    • 84918006067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, iv, 26 (I, 60); I, i, 5 (I, 7); II, xi, 17 (I, 129); II, iii, 1 (I, 92).
  • 264
    • 84918006066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, iii, 26 (I, 60). See Hans Aarsleff, ‘The state of nature and the nature of man in Locke’, in Yolton (ed.), John Locke; Problems and Perspectives, 264.
  • 267
    • 84918006181 scopus 로고
    • For example: Locke to Tom [Thomas Westrowe?], c. 24, f. 182
    • (1659) BL. MS. Locke
  • 273
    • 84918006062 scopus 로고
    • ‘Philanthropoy or the Christian Philosopher's’
    • c. 27, f. 30
    • (1675) BL. MS. Locke
  • 275
    • 84918006060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BL. MS. Locke, f. 3, 101
  • 277
    • 84918006058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Bacon's praise of the mechanical arts see: AL, 71-3; NO, CXXIX; P, III, 254-5
  • 278
    • 84918006057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Locke's praise of technical innovations and practical men coupled with his attack upon the impractical schoolmen see E, II, xiii, 19–20, (I, 140); III, x, 8–14 (II, 93-6); IV, iii, 30 (II, 164-5); xii, 11–12 (II, 242-3); xvii, 6 (II, 272-3).
  • 279
    • 84918006056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, III, x, 12 (II, 95).
  • 280
    • 84918006055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, III, x, 2 (II, 90).
  • 281
    • 84918006054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, III, x, 9 (II, 93).
  • 282
    • 84918006053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, III, x, 9 (II, 93).
  • 283
    • 84918006052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, IV, xii, 11–12 (II, 242-3).
  • 284
    • 84918006051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, ‘Epistle to the Reader’ (I, xxxv).
  • 285
    • 84918006050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, iii, 26 (I, 60). See Hans Aarsleff, ‘The state of nature and the nature of man in Locke’, in Yolton (ed.), John Locke; Problems and Perspectives, 264.
  • 286
    • 84918006049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BL. MS. Locke, f. 3, 101
  • 287
    • 84918006048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First Treatise of Government, § 58, 92.
  • 288
    • 84918006047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second Treatise of Government, § 13, 123, 124, 125, 128, 175, 230.
  • 289
    • 84918006046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A sample of such passages in E: I, ii, 27 (I, 24); iii, 22 (I, 40); iv, 23 (I, 57); II, xiii, 28 (I, 145); xxi, 70 (I, 232); xxviii, 10 (I, 297); 12 (I, 300-1); xxxiii, 18 (I, 340-1); III, v, 8 (II, 37); v, 16 (II, 41-2); vi, 30 (II, 59); IV, iii, 6 (II, 146); iii, 20 (II, 157); xx, 9 (II, 302-3); 17–18 (II, 307-8).
  • 290
    • 84918006045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, iv, 24 (I, 58-9). For ‘opinionatry’ also CU, § 16.
  • 291
    • 84918006044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, II, xxxiii, 7 (I, 337).
  • 292
    • 84918006043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, III, x, 4 (II, 90-1).
  • 293
    • 84918006042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, iii, 10, 14, 18 (I, 31-2, 35-6, 37); II, xxviii, 10–12 (I, 297–301).
  • 294
    • 84918006041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, iii, 1, 5–6, 13, 18 (I, 25-6, 28-9, 33-5, 37-8); I, iv, 16–18 (I, 52-3); II, xxi, 56, 70 (I, 223, 232-3); II, xxviii, 8, 11, 14–16 (I, 296, 297–300, 301-3); III, xi, 16 (II, 113); IV, iii, 18–20 (II, 154-7); IV, x, 1–19 (II, 217-27); IV, xii, 8, 11 (II, 240, 242).
  • 295
    • 84918006040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, ii, 27 (I, 23-4); I, iii, 22-5 (I, 40-2); II, xxxiii, 8 (I, 337-8); IV, xx, 9 (II, 302).
  • 296
    • 84918006039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E, I, iii, 26 (I, 42).
  • 297
    • 84918006038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AL, 132.
  • 298
    • 84918006037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AL, 134.
  • 300
    • 84918006036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AL, 172.
  • 301
    • 84918006035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GI, 27.
  • 302
    • 84918006034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO, XLI.
  • 303
    • 84918006033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO, XLIX.
  • 304
    • 84918006032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO, LIII.
  • 305
    • 84918006031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO, LVIII.
  • 306
    • 84918006030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO, XL.
  • 307
    • 84918006029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GI, ‘Plan of the Work’, 27.


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