Women and Gender in the History of Computing

IEEE Annals of the History of Computing

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 4-8

  Abbate, Janet ^a  

^a Chemical Heritage Foundation   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GRADUATES; USER-FRIENDLY SYSTEMS;

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING; COMPUTER SOFTWARE; ENGINEERING RESEARCH; HISTORY; JOB ANALYSIS; SOCIAL ASPECTS; TECHNOLOGY;

COMPUTER SCIENCE;

EID: 0346750536     PISSN: 10586180     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253885     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. The most explicit treatment of gender in the special issue on libraries is found in C.K. Malone, "Imagining Information Retrieval in the Library: Desk Set in Historical Context," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 24, no. 3, July-Sept. 2002, pp. 14-22.
2. P. Ceruzzi, "When Computers Were Human," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 13, no. 3, Summer 1991, pp. 237-244, and DA Grier, "Gertrude Blanch of the Mathematical Tables Project," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 19, no. 4, Oct.-Dec. 1997, pp. 18-27.
3. J.A.N. Lee, Computer Pioneers, IEEE Computer Soc. Press, 1995.
4. M. Rossiter, Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action, 1940-1972, Johns Hopkins Press, 1995.
5. K. Broome Williams, Improbable Warriors: Women Scientists and the U.S. Navy in World War II, Naval Inst. Press, 2001, and M. Murray, Women Becoming Mathematicians, MIT Press, 2000.
6. K. Broome Williams, Improbable Warriors: Women Scientists and the U.S. Navy in World War II, Naval Inst. Press, 2001, and M. Murray, Women Becoming Mathematicians, MIT Press, 2000.
7. G.L. Simons, Women in Computing, National Computing Centre, 1981.
8. For Hopper's own view of her experience, see G.M. Hopper, "The Education of a Computer," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 9, no. 3/4, July-Dec. 1987, pp. 271-281.
9. W. Barkley Fritz, "The Women of ENIAC," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 13-28; J.S. Light, "When Computers Were Women," Technology and Culture, vol. 40, no. 3, 1999, pp. 455-483; and D.A. Grier, "The ENIAC, the Verb 'to program' and the Emergence of Digital Computers," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 51-55.
10. W. Barkley Fritz, "The Women of ENIAC," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 13-28; J.S. Light, "When Computers Were Women," Technology and Culture, vol. 40, no. 3, 1999, pp. 455-483; and D.A. Grier, "The ENIAC, the Verb 'to program' and the Emergence of Digital Computers," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 51-55.
11. W. Barkley Fritz, "The Women of ENIAC," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 13-28; J.S. Light, "When Computers Were Women," Technology and Culture, vol. 40, no. 3, 1999, pp. 455-483; and D.A. Grier, "The ENIAC, the Verb 'to program' and the Emergence of Digital Computers," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 51-55.
12. B.A. Toole, "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, An Analyst and Metaphysician," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 4-12; W. Barkley Fritz, "The Women of ENIAC"; and D.W. Gürer, "Women's Contributions to Early Computing at the National Bureau of Standards," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 29-35.
13. B.A. Toole, "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, An Analyst and Metaphysician," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 4-12; W. Barkley Fritz, "The Women of ENIAC"; and D.W. Gürer, "Women's Contributions to Early Computing at the National Bureau of Standards," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 29-35.
14. B.A. Toole, "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, An Analyst and Metaphysician," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 4-12; W. Barkley Fritz, "The Women of ENIAC"; and D.W. Gürer, "Women's Contributions to Early Computing at the National Bureau of Standards," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 29-35.
15. T. Estrin, "Women's Studies and Computer Science: Their Intersection," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 43-46; A. Goyal, "Women in Computing: Historical Roles, the Perpetual Class Ceiling, and Current Opportunities," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 36-42; A. Adam, "Constructions of Gender in the History of Artificial Intelligence," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 47-53; and Artificial Knowing: Gender and the Thinking Machine, Routledge, 1998.
16. T. Estrin, "Women's Studies and Computer Science: Their Intersection," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 43-46; A. Goyal, "Women in Computing: Historical Roles, the Perpetual Class Ceiling, and Current Opportunities," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 36-42; A. Adam, "Constructions of Gender in the History of Artificial Intelligence," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 47-53; and Artificial Knowing: Gender and the Thinking Machine, Routledge, 1998.
17. T. Estrin, "Women's Studies and Computer Science: Their Intersection," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 43-46; A. Goyal, "Women in Computing: Historical Roles, the Perpetual Class Ceiling, and Current Opportunities," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 36-42; A. Adam, "Constructions of Gender in the History of Artificial Intelligence," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 47-53; and Artificial Knowing: Gender and the Thinking Machine, Routledge, 1998.
18. T. Estrin, "Women's Studies and Computer Science: Their Intersection," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 43-46; A. Goyal, "Women in Computing: Historical Roles, the Perpetual Class Ceiling, and Current Opportunities," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 36-42; A. Adam, "Constructions of Gender in the History of Artificial Intelligence," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 47-53; and Artificial Knowing: Gender and the Thinking Machine, Routledge, 1998.
19. Comm. ACM, special issue on Women and Computing, vol. 38, no. 1, Jan. 1995, pp. 26-82.
20. Inroads: SIGCSE Bull., special issue on Women and Computing, vol. 34, no. 2, June 2002.
21. D.W. Gürer, "Pioneering Women in Computer Science," Comm. ACM, vol. 38, no. 1, Jan. 1995, pp. 45-54; D. Gürer and T. Camp, "An ACM-W Literature Review on Women in Computing," Inroads: SIGCSE Bull., vol. 34, no. 2, June 2002, pp. 121-127; and T. Camp and D. Gürer, "Women in Computer Science: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?" Women and Technology: Historical, Societal, and Professional Perspectives, IEEE Press, 1999, pp. 242-244.
22. D.W. Gürer, "Pioneering Women in Computer Science," Comm. ACM, vol. 38, no. 1, Jan. 1995, pp. 45-54; D. Gürer and T. Camp, "An ACM-W Literature Review on Women in Computing," Inroads: SIGCSE Bull., vol. 34, no. 2, June 2002, pp. 121-127; and T. Camp and D. Gürer, "Women in Computer Science: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?" Women and Technology: Historical, Societal, and Professional Perspectives, IEEE Press, 1999, pp. 242-244.
23. D.W. Gürer, "Pioneering Women in Computer Science," Comm. ACM, vol. 38, no. 1, Jan. 1995, pp. 45-54; D. Gürer and T. Camp, "An ACM-W Literature Review on Women in Computing," Inroads: SIGCSE Bull., vol. 34, no. 2, June 2002, pp. 121-127; and T. Camp and D. Gürer, "Women in Computer Science: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?" Women and Technology: Historical, Societal, and Professional Perspectives, IEEE Press, 1999, pp. 242-244.
24. R. Schwartz Cowan, "From Virginia Dare to Virginia Slims: Women and Technology in American Life," Technology and Culture, vol. 20, no. 1, 1979, pp. 51-63; J.A. McGaw, "Women and the History of American Technology," Signs, vol. 7, no. 4, 1982, pp. 798-828; N.E. Lerman, A. Palmer Mohun, and R. Oldenziel, "The Shoulders We Stand On and the View From Here: Historiography and Directions for Research," Technology and Culture, vol. 38, no. 1, 1997, pp. 9-30; R. Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine, Amsterdam Univ. Press, 1999; S.L. Hacker, D.E. Smith, and S.M. Turner, eds., "Doing It the Hard Way": Investigations of Gender and Technology, Unwin Hyman, 1990; and N.E. Lerman, R. Oldenziel, and A.P. Mohun, Gender and Technology: A Reader, Johns Hopkins Press, 2003.
25. R. Schwartz Cowan, "From Virginia Dare to Virginia Slims: Women and Technology in American Life," Technology and Culture, vol. 20, no. 1, 1979, pp. 51-63; J.A. McGaw, "Women and the History of American Technology," Signs, vol. 7, no. 4, 1982, pp. 798-828; N.E. Lerman, A. Palmer Mohun, and R. Oldenziel, "The Shoulders We Stand On and the View From Here: Historiography and Directions for Research," Technology and Culture, vol. 38, no. 1, 1997, pp. 9-30; R. Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine, Amsterdam Univ. Press, 1999; S.L. Hacker, D.E. Smith, and S.M. Turner, eds., "Doing It the Hard Way": Investigations of Gender and Technology, Unwin Hyman, 1990; and N.E. Lerman, R. Oldenziel, and A.P. Mohun, Gender and Technology: A Reader, Johns Hopkins Press, 2003.
26. R. Schwartz Cowan, "From Virginia Dare to Virginia Slims: Women and Technology in American Life," Technology and Culture, vol. 20, no. 1, 1979, pp. 51-63; J.A. McGaw, "Women and the History of American Technology," Signs, vol. 7, no. 4, 1982, pp. 798-828; N.E. Lerman, A. Palmer Mohun, and R. Oldenziel, "The Shoulders We Stand On and the View From Here: Historiography and Directions for Research," Technology and Culture, vol. 38, no. 1, 1997, pp. 9-30; R. Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine, Amsterdam Univ. Press, 1999; S.L. Hacker, D.E. Smith, and S.M. Turner, eds., "Doing It the Hard Way": Investigations of Gender and Technology, Unwin Hyman, 1990; and N.E. Lerman, R. Oldenziel, and A.P. Mohun, Gender and Technology: A Reader, Johns Hopkins Press, 2003.
27. R. Schwartz Cowan, "From Virginia Dare to Virginia Slims: Women and Technology in American Life," Technology and Culture, vol. 20, no. 1, 1979, pp. 51-63; J.A. McGaw, "Women and the History of American Technology," Signs, vol. 7, no. 4, 1982, pp. 798-828; N.E. Lerman, A. Palmer Mohun, and R. Oldenziel, "The Shoulders We Stand On and the View From Here: Historiography and Directions for Research," Technology and Culture, vol. 38, no. 1, 1997, pp. 9-30; R. Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine, Amsterdam Univ. Press, 1999; S.L. Hacker, D.E. Smith, and S.M. Turner, eds., "Doing It the Hard Way": Investigations of Gender and Technology, Unwin Hyman, 1990; and N.E. Lerman, R. Oldenziel, and A.P. Mohun, Gender and Technology: A Reader, Johns Hopkins Press, 2003.
28. R. Schwartz Cowan, "From Virginia Dare to Virginia Slims: Women and Technology in American Life," Technology and Culture, vol. 20, no. 1, 1979, pp. 51-63; J.A. McGaw, "Women and the History of American Technology," Signs, vol. 7, no. 4, 1982, pp. 798-828; N.E. Lerman, A. Palmer Mohun, and R. Oldenziel, "The Shoulders We Stand On and the View From Here: Historiography and Directions for Research," Technology and Culture, vol. 38, no. 1, 1997, pp. 9-30; R. Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine, Amsterdam Univ. Press, 1999; S.L. Hacker, D.E. Smith, and S.M. Turner, eds., "Doing It the Hard Way": Investigations of Gender and Technology, Unwin Hyman, 1990; and N.E. Lerman, R. Oldenziel, and A.P. Mohun, Gender and Technology: A Reader, Johns Hopkins Press, 2003.
29. R. Schwartz Cowan, "From Virginia Dare to Virginia Slims: Women and Technology in American Life," Technology and Culture, vol. 20, no. 1, 1979, pp. 51-63; J.A. McGaw, "Women and the History of American Technology," Signs, vol. 7, no. 4, 1982, pp. 798-828; N.E. Lerman, A. Palmer Mohun, and R. Oldenziel, "The Shoulders We Stand On and the View From Here: Historiography and Directions for Research," Technology and Culture, vol. 38, no. 1, 1997, pp. 9-30; R. Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine, Amsterdam Univ. Press, 1999; S.L. Hacker, D.E. Smith, and S.M. Turner, eds., "Doing It the Hard Way": Investigations of Gender and Technology, Unwin Hyman, 1990; and N.E. Lerman, R. Oldenziel, and A.P. Mohun, Gender and Technology: A Reader, Johns Hopkins Press, 2003.
30. P.N. Edwards, "The Army and the Microworld: Computers and the Politics of Gender Identity," Signs, vol. 16, no. 1, 1990, pp. 102-127; J. Greenbaum, "The Head and the Heart: Using Gender Analysis to Study the Social Construction of Computer Systems," Computers and Society, vol. 20, no, 2, 1990, pp. 9-17; S. Kiesler, L. Sproull, and J.S. Eccles, "Pool Halls, Chips, and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing," Psychology of Women Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 2, 1985, pp. 451-456; and G. Michaelson, "Women and Men in Computer Cartoons from Punch: 1946 to 1982," Women, Work and Computerization, A. Adam et al., eds., Elsevier, 1994.
31. P.N. Edwards, "The Army and the Microworld: Computers and the Politics of Gender Identity," Signs, vol. 16, no. 1, 1990, pp. 102-127; J. Greenbaum, "The Head and the Heart: Using Gender Analysis to Study the Social Construction of Computer Systems," Computers and Society, vol. 20, no, 2, 1990, pp. 9-17; S. Kiesler, L. Sproull, and J.S. Eccles, "Pool Halls, Chips, and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing," Psychology of Women Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 2, 1985, pp. 451-456; and G. Michaelson, "Women and Men in Computer Cartoons from Punch: 1946 to 1982," Women, Work and Computerization, A. Adam et al., eds., Elsevier, 1994.
32. P.N. Edwards, "The Army and the Microworld: Computers and the Politics of Gender Identity," Signs, vol. 16, no. 1, 1990, pp. 102-127; J. Greenbaum, "The Head and the Heart: Using Gender Analysis to Study the Social Construction of Computer Systems," Computers and Society, vol. 20, no, 2, 1990, pp. 9-17; S. Kiesler, L. Sproull, and J.S. Eccles, "Pool Halls, Chips, and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing," Psychology of Women Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 2, 1985, pp. 451-456; and G. Michaelson, "Women and Men in Computer Cartoons from Punch: 1946 to 1982," Women, Work and Computerization, A. Adam et al., eds., Elsevier, 1994.
33. P.N. Edwards, "The Army and the Microworld: Computers and the Politics of Gender Identity," Signs, vol. 16, no. 1, 1990, pp. 102-127; J. Greenbaum, "The Head and the Heart: Using Gender Analysis to Study the Social Construction of Computer Systems," Computers and Society, vol. 20, no, 2, 1990, pp. 9-17; S. Kiesler, L. Sproull, and J.S. Eccles, "Pool Halls, Chips, and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing," Psychology of Women Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 2, 1985, pp. 451-456; and G. Michaelson, "Women and Men in Computer Cartoons from Punch: 1946 to 1982," Women, Work and Computerization, A. Adam et al., eds., Elsevier, 1994.
34. See "Events and Sightings," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 24, no. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2002, pp. 56-59.
35. A.M. Koss, "Programming on the Univac 1: A Woman's Account," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 25, no. 1, Jan.-Mar. 2003, pp. 48-59.
36. M. Vehviläinen, "Gender and Computing in Retrospect: The Case of Finland," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 21, no. 2, Apr.-June 1999, pp. 44-51.