The secular rise in IQ: Giving heterosis a closer look

Intelligence

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 65-83

  Mingroni, Michael A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

Author keywords

Heterosis; Intelligence; IQ

Indexed keywords

ASTHMA; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; BODY HEIGHT; DEMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; FAMILY; GROWTH RATE; HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; HERITABILITY; HETEROSIS; HETEROZYGOSITY; HISTORY; HOMOZYGOSITY; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; INBREEDING; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MYOPIA; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; PHYSICAL CAPACITY; POPULATION GENETICS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW;

EID: 0346723044     PISSN: 01602896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0160-2896(03)00058-8     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Agrawal N. Sinha S.N. Jensen A.R. Effects of inbreeding on Raven matrices Behavior Genetics 14 1984 579-585
2. Bailey S.M. Garn S.M. The genetics of maturation In Falkner F. Tanner J.M. (Eds.), Human growth: A comprehensive treatise Vol. 3 1986 169-195 Plenum New York
3. Bailey A. Le Couter A. Gottesman I. Bolton P. Simonoff E. Yuzda E. Rutter M. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study Psychological Medicine 25 1995 63-77
4. Bax E.H. Modernization and cleavage in Dutch society 1990 Avebury Aldershot, UK
5. Billy G. Microevolution and exogamy In Schwidetzky I. Chiarelli B. & Necrasov O. (Eds.), Physical anthropology of European populations 1980 59-68 Mouton The Hague
6. Bittles A.H. Neel J.V. The costs of human inbreeding and their implications for variations at the DNA level Nature Genetics 8 1994 117-121
7. Bouchard T.J. The genetic architecture of human intelligence In Vernon P.A. (Ed.), Biological approaches to the study of human intelligence 1993 33-93 Ablex Norwood, NJ
8. Bouchard T.J. Genetic and environmental influences on adult intelligence and special mental abilities Human Biology 70 1998 257-289
9. California Department of Developmental Services Changes in the population of persons with autism and pervasive developmental disorders in California's Developmental Services System: 1987 through 1998 A report to the legislature 1999, March Department of Developmental Services Sacramento
10. Carter C.O. Marshall W.A. The genetics of adult stature In Falkner F. & Tanner J.M. (Eds.), Human growth vol. 1 1978 299-305 Plenum New York
11. Cavalli-Sforza L.L. Population structure and human evolution Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 164 1966 362-379
12. Chew S.J. Ritch R. Wallman J. Zadnik K. Mutti D.O. Adams A.J. Satariano W.A. Sholtz R.I. Parental history and myopia: Taking the long view [Letter to the editor and reply] Journal of the American Medical Association 272 16 1994 1255-1256
13. Clark P.J. The heritability of certain anthropometric characters as ascertained from measurements of twins American Journal of Human Genetics 8 1 1956 49-54
14. Dahlberg G. Race, reason and rubbish 1942 Allen & Unwin London
15. Damon A. Stature increase among Italian-Americans: Environmental, genetic, or both? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 23 1965 401-408
16. DeGrandpre R.J. Hinshaw S.P. ADHD: Serious psychiatric problem or all-American copout? Cerebrum 2 3 2000 12-38
17. Dickens W.T. Flynn J.R. Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved Psychological Review 108 2 2001 346-369
18. Duffy D.L. A population-based study of bronchial asthma in adult twin pairs Chest 102 1992 654-655
19. Eveleth P.B. Tanner J.M. Worldwide variation in human growth 2nd ed. 1990 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
20. Falconer D.S. Introduction to quantitative genetics 2nd ed. 1981 Longman London
21. Farber S.L. Identical twins reared apart: A reanalysis 1981 Basic Books New York
22. Fernandez-Ballesteros R. Juan-Espinosa M. Abad F.J. Sociohistorical changes in intelligence gains In Sternberg R.J. Grigorenko E. (Eds.), Environmental effects on cognitive abilities 2001 383-424 Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ
23. Fischbein S. Intra-pair similarity in physical growth of monozygotic and dizygotic twins during puberty Annals of Human Biology 4 1977 417-430
24. Flynn J.R. Race, IQ and Jensen 1980 Routledge & Kegan Paul London
25. Flynn J.R. Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure Psychological Bulletin 101 2 1987 171-191
26. Flynn J.R. IQ gains over time: Toward finding the causes In Neisser U. (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures 1998 25-66 American Psychological Association Washington, DC
27. Fombonne E. Is the prevalence of autism increasing? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 26 1996 673-676
28. Fombonne E. du Mazaubrun C. Cans C. Grandjean H. Autism and associated medical disorders in a French epidemiological survey Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36 1997 1561-1569
29. Formenti D. Cavagna P. Basso O. Cephalometric measurements in the Italian growing population: Analysis of geographical variability Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere Rendiconti Scienze Chimiche e Fisiche Geologiche e Mediche B 125 1991 85-105
30. Gillberg C. Steffenburg S. Schaumann H. Is autism more common now than ten years ago? British Journal of Psychiatry 158 1991 403-409
31. Gillberg C. Wing L. Autism: Not an extremely rare disorder Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 99 1999 309-406
32. Giot P.R. Brachecephalisation et debrachecephalisation en Bretagne L'Anthropologie 53 1949 240-246
33. Hammond C.J. Snieder H. Gilbert C.E. Spector T.D. Genes and environment in refractive error: The twin eye study Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 42 6 2001 1232-1236
34. Hansen E.F. Rappeport Y. Vestbo J. Lange P. Increase in prevalence and severity of asthma in young adults in Copenhagen Thorax 55 2000 833-836
35. Harris J.R. Magnus P. Samuelsen S.O. Tambs K. No evidence for effects of family environment on asthma: A retrospective study of Norwegian twins American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care 156 1997 43-49
36. Hartl D.L. A primer of population genetics 1981 Sinauer Sunderland, MA
37. Hartl D.L. Clark A.G. Principles of population genetics 3rd ed. 1997 Sinauer Sunderland, MA
38. Herrnstein R.J. Murray C. The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life 1994 Free Press New York
39. Hirschhorn J.N. Lindgren C.M. Daly M.J. Kirby A. Schaffner S.F. Burtt N.P. Altshuler D. Parker A. Rioux J.D. Platko J. Gaudet D. Hudson T.J. Groop L.C. Lander E.S. Genomewide linkage analysis of stature in multiple populations reveals several regions with evidence of linkage to adult height American Journal of Human Genetics 69 1 2001 106-116
40. Hoshi H. Kouchi M. Secular trend of the age at menarche of Japanese girls with special regard to the secular acceleration of the age at peak height velocity Human Biology 53 1981 593-598
41. Hulse F. Exogamy and heterosis In Lasker G.W. (Ed.), Yearbook of physical anthropology 1964 240-258 American Association of Physical Anthropologists Washington, DC
42. Jablonka E. Lamb M.J. Epigenetic inheritance and evolution: The Lamarckian dimension 1995 Oxford University Press Oxford
43. Jensen A.R. Educability and group differences 1973 Harper & Row New York
44. Jensen A.R. Effects of inbreeding on mental-ability factors Personality and Individual Differences 4 1983 71-87
45. Jensen A.R. The g factor: The science of mental ability 1998 Praeger Westport, CT
46. Kamin L.J. Inbreeding depression and IQ Psychological Bulletin 73 1980 311-349
47. Kane H. Oakland T.D. Secular declines in Spearman's g: Some evidence from the United States Journal of Genetic Psychology 161 3 2000 337-345
48. Karlsson J.L. Concordance rates for myopia in twins Clinical Genetics 6 1974 142-146
49. Kouchi M. Brachecephalization in Japan has ceased American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112 2000 339-347
50. Lewontin R. Race and intelligence Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 26 1970 2-8
51. Loehlin J.C. The IQ paradox: Resolved? Still an open question Psychological Review 109 2002 754-758
52. Loehlin J.C. Horn J.M. Willerman L. Modeling IQ change: Evidence from the Texas Adoption Project Child Development 60 1989 993-1004
53. Lynn R. In support of the nutrition theory In Neisser U. (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures 1998 207-215 American Psychological Association Washington, DC
54. Magnus P. Jaakkola J.J.K. Secular trend in the occurrence of asthma among children and young adults: Critical appraisal of repeated cross sectional surveys British Medical Journal 314 1997 1795-1799
55. Mange A.P. Growth and inbreeding of a human isolate Human Biology 36 1964 104-133
56. Martorell R. Nutrition and the worldwide rise in IQ scores In Neisser U. (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures 1998 183-206 American Psychological Association Washington, DC
57. Miller A.K.H. Corsellis J.A. Evidence for a secular increase in brain weight during the past century Annals of Human Biology 4 1977 253-257
58. Nagoshi C.T. Johnson R.C. The ubiquity of g Personality and Individual Differences 7 1986 201-207
59. Neel J.V. Physician to the gene pool: Genetic lessons and other stories 1994 Wiley New York
60. Neisser U. Introduction: Rising test scores and what they mean In Neisser U. (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures 1998 3-22 American Psychological Association Washington, DC
61. Ounsted M. Moar V.A. Scott A. Head circumference charts updated Archives of Disease in Childhood 60 1985 936-939
62. Pearson K. Lee A. Inheritance of physical characters Biometrika 2 1903 357-462
63. Plomin R. McClearn G.E. Smith D. Vignetti S. Chorney M.J. Chorney K. Venditti C.P. Kasarda S. Thompson L.A. Detterman D.K. Daniels J. Owen M.J. McGuffin P. DNA markers associated with high versus low IQ: The IQ Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Project Behavior Genetics 24 1994 107-118
64. Powell J.E. Edwards A. Edwards M. Pandit B.S. Sungum-Paliwal S.R. Whitehouse W. Changes in the incidence of childhood autism and other autistic spectrum disorders in preschool children from two areas of the West Midlands, UK Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 42 2000 624-628
65. Risch N. Spiker D. Lotspeich L. Nouri N. Hinds D. Hallmeyer J. Kalaydjieva L. McDague P. Dimiceli S. Pitts T. Nguyen L. Yang J. Harper C. Thorpe D. Vermeer S. Young H. Hebert J. Lin A. Ferguson J. Chiotti C. Wiese-Slater S. Rogers T. Salmon B. Nicholas P. Petersen P.B. Pingree C. McMahon W. Wong D.L. Cavalli-Sforza L.L. Kraemer H.C. Myers R.M. A genomic screen of autism: Evidence for a multilocus etiology American Journal of Human Genetics 65 1999 493-507
66. Rodgers J.L. A critique of the Flynn Effect: Massive IQ gains, methodological artifacts, or both? Intelligence 26 4 1999 337-356
67. Rodgers J.L. Cleveland H.H. van den Oord E. Rowe D.C. Resolving the debate over birth order, family size and intelligence American Psychologist 55 2000 599-612
68. Rowe D.C. Rodgers J.L. Expanding variance and the case of historical changes in IQ means: A critique of Dickens and Flynn Psychological Review 109 2002 759-763
69. Sandford A. Weir T. Paré P. The genetics of asthma American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 153 1996 1749-1765
70. Scarr S. Weinberg R.A. The influence of "family background" in intellectual attainment American Sociological Review 43 1978 674-692
71. Schmidt I.M. Jorgensen M.H. Michaelsen K.F. Height of conscripts in Europe: Is postneonatal mortality a predictor? Annals of Human Biology 22 1995 57-67
72. Schreider E. Body-height and inbreeding in France American Journal of Physical Anthropology 26 1967 1-4
73. Schreider E. Inbreeding, biological and mental variations in France American Journal of Physical Anthropology 30 1969 215-220
74. Schull W.J. Neel J.V. The effects of inbreeding on Japanese children 1965 Harper & Row New York
75. Shapiro H.L. The heritage of the Bounty: The story of Pitcairn through six generations 1936 Simon & Schuster New York
76. Shay T. The level of living in Japan, 1885-1938: New evidence Komlos J. Stature, living standards, and economic development: Essays in anthropometric history 1994 173-201 University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL
77. Sibbald B. Familial inheritance of asthma and allergy In Kay A.B. (Ed.), Allergy and allergic diseases Vol. 2 1997 1177-1186 Blackwell Science London
78. Storfer M. Myopia, intelligence, and the expanding human neocortex: Behavioral influences and evolutionary implications International Journal of Neuroscience 98 1999 153-276
79. Szatmari P. Jones M.B. Zwaigenbaum L. MacLean J.E. Genetics of autism: Overview and new directions Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28 1998 351-368
80. Tanner J.M. Foetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity 1990 Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
81. Tanner J.M. Introduction: Growth in height as a mirror of the standard of living In Komlos J. (Ed.), Stature, living standards, and economic development: Essays in anthropometric history 1994 1-6 University of Chicago Press Chicago
82. Tanner J.M. Hayashi T. Preece M.A. Cameron N. Increase in length of leg relative to trunk in Japanese children and adults from 1957 and 1977: Comparison with British and with Japanese Americans Annals of Human Biology 9 1982 411-423
83. Tannock R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39 1998 65-99
84. Taylor B. Miller E. Farrington C.P. Petropoulos M.-C. Favot-Mayaud I.F. Li J. Waight P.A. Autism and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: No epidemiological evidence for a causal association Lancet 353 1999 2026-2029
85. Upton M.N. McConnachie A. McSharry C. Hart C.L. Smith G.D. Gillis C.R. Watt G.C.M. International 20 year trends in the prevalence of asthma and hay fever in adults: The Midspan family study surveys of parents and offspring British Medical Journal 321 2000 88-92
86. Van Wieringen J.C. Secular growth changes In Falkner F. & Tanner J.M. (Eds.), Human growth: A comprehensive treatise Vol. 3 1986 307-331 Plenum New York
87. Vercauteren M. Age effects and the secular trend in a cross-sectional sample: Application to four head dimensions in Belgian adults Human Biology 62 1990 681-688
88. Wahlsten D. The malleability of intelligence is not constrained by heritability In Devlin B. Feinberg S.E. Resnick D.P. & Roeder K. (Eds.), Intelligence, genes, and success: Scientists respond to the bell curve 1997 71-87 Springer Verlag New York
89. Weaver D.D. Christian J.C. Familial variation of head size and adjustment for parental head circumference Journal of Pediatrics 96 6 1980 990-994
90. Webb E.V.J. Lobo S. Hervas A. Scourfield J. Fraser W.I. The changing prevalence of autistic disorder in a Welsh health district Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 39 1997 150-152
91. Wolanski N. Jarosz E. Pyzuk M. Heterosis in man: Growth in offspring and distance between parents' birthplaces Social Biology 17 1970 1-16
92. Zellner K. Jaeger U. Kromeyer-Hauschild K. The phenomenon of debrachycephalization in Jena school children Anthropologischer Anzeiger 56 1998 301-312