The genetics of asthma

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 153, Issue 6 I, 1996, Pages 1749-1765

  Sandford, Andrew ^a   Weir, Tracey ^a   Paré, Peter ^a,b  

^a The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research   (Canada)

^b ST PAUL S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLERGY; ASTHMA; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; CHROMOSOME 14Q; CHROMOSOME 5Q; FAMILIAL DISEASE; GENE SEGREGATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TWIN CONCORDANCE;

EID: 0029890317     PISSN: 1073449X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.6.8665031     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. Pirson, F., D. Charpin, M. Sansonetti, A. Lanteaume, G. Kulling, J. Charpin, and D. Vervloet. 1991. Is intrinsic asthma a hereditary disease? Allergy 46:367-371.
2. Sibbald, B., and M. Turner-Warwick. 1979. Factors influencing the prevalence of asthma among first degree relatives of extrinsic and intrinsic asthmatics. Thorax 34:322-337.
3. Lander, E. S., and N. J. Schork. 1994. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science 265:2037-2048.
4. Greally, M., W. S. Jagoe, and J. Greally. 1982. The genetics of asthma. Ir. Med. J. 75:403-405.
5. Dold, S., M. Wjst, E. von Mutius, P. Reitmeir, and E. Stiepel. 1992. Genetic risk for asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dis. Child. 67:1018-1022.
6. Van Arsdel, P. P., and A. G. Motulsky. 1959. Frequency and heritability of asthma and allergic rhinitis in college students. Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. (Roma). 9:101.
7. Longo, G., R. Strinati, F. Poli, and F. Fumi. 1987. Genetic factors in non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity. Am. J. Dis. Child. 141: 331-334.
8. Falconer, D. S. 1967. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. Ronald Press, New York.
9. Clark, P. J. 1956. The heritability of certain anthropometric characters as ascertained from measurement of twins. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 8:49-54.
10. Hanson, B., M. McGue, B. Roitman-Johnson, N. Segal, T. J. Bouchard, and M. N. Blumenthal. Atopic disease and immunoglobulin E in twins reared apart and together. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48:873-879.
11. Hopp, R. J., A. K. Bewtra, G. D. Watt, N. M. Nair, and R. G. Townley. 1984. Genetic analysis of allergic disease in twins. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 73:265-270.
12. Lee, S. K., J. D. Metrakos, K. R. Tanaka, and D. C. Heiner. 1980. Genetic influence on serum IgD levels. Pediatr. Res. 14:60-63.
13. Bazaral, M., A. Orgel, and R. N. Hamburger. 1974. Genetics of IgE and allergy: serum IgE levels in twins. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 54:288-304.
14. Al-Agidi, S. 1980. Serum immunoglobulin levels in Iraqi twins. Hum. Biol. 52:393-399.
15. Milani-Comparetti, M. 1970. Allergy and disease in twins: an anamnestic study. Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. (Roma). 19:239-241.
16. Wüthrich, B., E. Baumann, R. A. Fries, and U. W. Schnyder. 1981. Total and specific IgE (RAST) in atopic twins. Clin. Allergy 11: 147-154.
17. Edfors-Lubs, M. L. 1971. Allergy in 7000 twin pairs. Acta Allergol. 26:249-285.
18. Duffy, D. L., N. G. Martin, D. Battistutta, J. L. Hopper, and J. D. Mathews. 1990. Genetics of asthma and hay fever in Australian twins. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142:1351-1358.
19. Nieminen, M. M., J. Kaprio, and M. Koskenvuo. 1991. A population-based study of bronchial asthma in twin pairs. Chest 100:71-75.
20. Allen, G., B. Harvald, and J. Shields. 1967. Measures of twin concordance. Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. (Roma). 17:475-481.
21. Cook, R. A., and A. van der Veer. 1916. Human sensitization. J. Immunol. 1:201-305.
22. Schwartz, M. 1952. Heredity in bronchial asthma. Acta Allergol. 5(Suppl.):2.
23. Cookson, W. O. C. M., and J. M. Hopkin. 1988. Dominant inheritance of atopic immunoglobulin-E responsiveness. Lancet i:86-88.
24. Cookson, W. O. C. M., R. P. Young, A. J. Sandford, M. F. Moffatt, T. Shirakawa, P. A. Sharp, J. A. Faux, C. Julier, P. N. Le Souef, Y. Nakamura, G. M. Lathrop, and J. M. Hopkin. 1992. Maternal inheritance of atopic IgE responsiveness on chromosome 11q. Lancet 340:381-384.
25. Dizier, M. H., M. Hill, A. James, J. Faux, G. Ryan, P. Le Soeuf, M. Lathrop, A. W. Musk, F. Denenais, and W. Cookson. 1995. Detection of a recessive major gene for high IgE levels acting independently of specific response to allergens. Genet. Epidemiol. 12:93-105.
26. Marsh, D. G., D. A. Myers, and W. B. Bias. 1981. The epidemiology and genetics of atopic allergy. N. Engl. J. Med. 305:1551-1559.
27. Gerrard, J. W., S. Horne, P. Vickers, J. W. Mackenzie, N. Goluboff, J. Z. Garson, and C. S. Maningas. 1974. Serum IgE levels in parents and children. J. Pediatr. 85:660-663.
28. Blumenthal, M. N., K. Namboodiri, N. Mendell, P. Gleich, R. C. Elston, and E. Yunis. 1981. Genetic transmission of IgE levels. Am. J. Med. Genet. 10:219-228.
29. Borecki, I. B., D. C. Rao, J. M. Lalouel, M. McGue, and J. W. Gerrard. 1985. Demonstration of a common major gene with pleiotrophic effects on immunoglobulin E and allergy. Genet. Epidemiol. 2: 327-338.
30. Meyers, D. A., T. H. Beaty, C. R. Colyer, and D. G. Marsh. 1991. Genetics of total serum IgE levels: a regressive model approach to segregation analysis. Genet. Epidemiol. 8:351-359.
31. Marsh, D. G., W. B. Bias, and K. Ishizaka. 1974. Genetic control of basal serum immunoglobulin E level and its effect on specific reaginic sensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:3588-3592.
32. Gerrard, J. W., D. C. Rao, and N. E. Morton. 1978. A genetic study of IgE. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 30:46-58.
33. Meyers, D. A., T. H. Beaty, L. R. Freidhoff, and D. G. Marsh. 1987. Inheritance of serum IgE (basal levels) in man. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 41:51-62.
34. Meyers, D. A., W. B. Bias, and D. G. Marsh. 1982. A genetic study of total IgE levels in the Amish. Hum. Hered. 32:15-23.
35. Hasstedt, S. J., D. A. Meyers, and D. G. Marsh. 1983. Inheritance of IgE. Am. J. Med. Genet. 14:61-66.
36. Blumenthal, M. N., K. Namboodiri, N. Mendell, G. Gleich, R. C. Elston, and E. Yunis. 1981. Genetic transmission of serum IgE levels. Am. J. Med. Genet. 10:219-228.
37. Blumenthal, M. N., E. Yunis, N. Mendell, and R. C. Elston. 1986. Preventive allergy: genetics of IgE-mediated diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 78:962-968.
38. Meyers, D. A., D. S. Postma, C. I. M. Panhuysen, J. Xu, P. J. Amelung, R. C. Levitt, and E. R. Bleecker. 1994. Evidence for a locus regulating total serum IgE levels mapping to chromosome 5. Genomics. 23:464-470.
39. Lawrence, S., R. Beasley, I. Doull, B. Begishvili, F. Lampe, S. T. Holgate, and N. E. Morton. 1994. Genetic analysis of atopy and asthma as quantitative traits and ordered polychotomies. Ann. Hum. Genet. 58:359-368.
40. Martinez, F. D., C. J. Holberg, M. Halonen, W. J. Morgan, A. L. Wright, and L. M. Taussig. 1994. Evidence for Mendelian inheritance of serum IgE levels in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 55:555-565.
41. Barbee, R. A., M. Halonen, M. Lebowitz, and B. Burrows. 1981. Distribution of IgE in a community population sample: correlations with age, sex, and allergen skin test reactivity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 68:106-111.
42. Paré, P. D., J. A. Faux, M. R. Hill, R. Kan, P. Bremmer, M. Musk, C. Murray, P. N. Le Souef, A. W. Musk, and W. O. C. M. Cookson. 1995. Skin test responses and specific IgE levels to common aeroallergens in Australian Aborigines (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:A214.
43. Hagel, I., N. R. Lynch, M. C. DiPrisco, R. I. Lopez, and N. M. Garcia. 1993. Allergie reactivity of children of different socioeconomic levels in tropical populations. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 11:29-34.
44. Burrows, B., M. Halonen, R. A. Barbee, and M. D. Lebowitz. 1981. The relationship of serum IgE to cigarette smoking. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 124:523-525.
45. Barbee, R. A., M. D. Lebowitz, H. C. Thompson, and B. Burrows. 1976. Immediate skin-test reactivity in a general population sample. Ann. Intern. Med. 84:129-133.
46. Sibbald, B., and M. Turner-Warwick. 1979. Factors influencing the prevalence of asthma among first degree relatives of extrinsic and intrinsic asthmatics. Thorax 34:332-337.
47. Sears, M. R., B. Burrows, E. M. Flannery, G. P. Herbison, C. J. Hewitt, and M. D. Holdaway. 1991. Relation between airway responsive-ness and serum IgE in children with asthma and in apparently normal children. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:1067-1071.
48. Burrows, B., M. R. Sears, E. M. Flannery, G. P. Herbison, M. D. Holdaway, and P. A. Silva. 1995. Relation of the course of bronchial responsiveness from age 9 to age 15 to allergy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:1302-1308.
49. Burrows, B., M. R. Sears, E. M. Flannery, G. P. Herbison, and M. D. Holdaway. 1992. Relationships of bronchial responsiveness assessed by methacholine to serum IgE, lung function, symptoms, and diagnoses in 11-year-old New Zealand children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 90:376-385.
50. Konig, P., and S. Godfrey. 1974. Exercise-induced bronchial lability inmonozygotic and dizygotic twins. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 54:280.
51. Townley, R. G., A. K. Bewtra, N. M. Nair, F. D. Brodkey, G. D. Watt, and K. M. Burke. 1979. Methacholine inhalation challenge studies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 64:569-574.
52. Townley, R. G., H. Guirgis, A. Bewtra, G. Watt, K. Burke, and K. Carney. 1976. IgE levels and methacholine inhalation responses in monozygous and dizygous twins. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 57:227.
53. Ericsson, C. H., M. Svartengren, B. Mossberg, N. Pedersen, and P. Camner. 1991. Bronchial reactivity and allergy-promoting factors in monozygotic twins discordant for allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy 67:53-59
54. Svartengren, M., C. H. Ericsson, B. Mossberg, and P. Camner. 1990. Bronchial reactivity and atopy in asthma discordant monozygotic twins. Ann. Allergy 64:124-128.
55. Fish, J. E., R. R. Rosenthal, G. Batra, H. Menkes, W. Summer, S. Permutt, and P. Norman. 1976. Airway responses to methacholine in allergic and nonallergic subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 113: 579-586.
56. Duffy, D. L., and C. A. Mitchell. 1993. Lower respiratory tract symptoms in Queensland schoolchildren: risk factors for wheeze, cough and diminished ventilatory function. Thorax 48:1021-1024.
57. Laurell, C. C., and S. Eriksson. 1963. The electrophoretic alpha 1 globulin pattern of serum in alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 15:132.
58. Kurachi, K., T. Chandra, S. J. Degen, T. T. White, T. L. Marchioro, S. L. Woo, and E. W. Davie. 1981. Cloning and sequence of cDNA coding for alpha-1-antitrypsin. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78: 6826-6830.
59. Long, G. L., T. Chandra, S. L. Woo, E. W. Davie, and K. Kurachi. 1984. Complete sequence of the cDNA for human alpha-1-antitrypsin and the gene for the S-variant. Biochemistry 23:4828-4837.
60. Antequera, F., and A. Bird. 1994. Predicting the total number of human genes. Nat. Genet. 8:114.
61. McKusick, V. A. 1992. Mendelian inheritance in man: catalogs of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked phenotypes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
62. Collins, F. S. 1995. Positional cloning moves from perditional to traditional. Nat. Genet. 9:347-350.
63. Weissenbach, J., G. Gyapay, C. Dib, A. Vignal, J. Morisette, P. Millasseau, G. Vaysseix, and M. Lathrop. 1992. A second-generation linkage map of the human genome. Nature 359:794-801.
64. National Institutes of Health/CEPH (Centre D'Étude du Polymorphisme Humain) Collaborative Mapping Group. 1992. A comprehensive genetic linkage map of the human genome. Science 258:67-86.
65. Gyapay, G., J. Morisette, A. Vignal, C. Dib, C. Fizames, P. Millasseau, S. Marc, G. Barnardi, M. Lathrop, and J. Weissenbach. 1994. The 1993-94 Genethon human genetic linkage map. Nat. Genet. 7:246-339.
66. Morton, N. E. 1955. Sequential tests for the detection of linkage. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 7:277-318.
67. Schork, N. J., M. Boehnke, J. D. Terwilliger, and J. Ott. 1993. Two-trait-locus linkage analysis: a powerful strategy for mapping complex genetic traits. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53:1127-1136.
68. Risch, N. 1992. Genetic linkage: interpreting lod scores. Science 255: 803-804
69. Shah, S., and J. R. Green. 1994. Disease susceptibility genes and the sib-pair method: a review of recent methodology. Ann. Hum. Genet. 58:381-395.
70. Lane, S. J., J. P. Arm, D. Z. Staynov, and T. H. Lee. 1994. Chemical mutational analysis of the human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA in glucocorticoid-resistant bronchial asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 11:42-48.
71. Marsh, D. G., W. B. Bias, S. H. Hsu, and L. Goodfriend. 1973. Association of the HL-A7 cross-reacting group with a specific reaginic antibody response in allergic man. Science 179:691-693.
72. Kerem, B.-S., J. M. Rommens, J. A. Buchanan, D. Markiewicz, T. K. Cox, A. Chakravarti, M. Buchwald, and L.-C. Tsui. 1989. Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: genetic analysis. Science 245:1073-1080.
73. Lehesjoki, A.-E., M. Koskiniemi, R. Norio, S. Tirrito, P. Sistonen, E. Lander, and A. de la Chapelle. 1993. Localization of the gene for progressive myoclonus epilepsy on chromosome 21: linkage disequilibrium allows high resolution mapping. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2:1229-1234.
74. Boerwinkle, E., S. Visvikis, D. Welsh, J. Steinmetz, S. Hanash, and C. F. Sing. 1987. The use of measured genotype information in the analysis of quantitative phenotypes in man, II: the role of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in determining levels, variability and covariability of cholesterol, betalipoprotein and triglycerides in a sample of unrelated individuals. Am. J. Med. Genet. 27:567-582.
75. Sing, C. F., and E. A. Boerwinkle. 1987. Genetic architecture of inter-individual variability in apolipoprotein, lipoprotein and lipid phenotypes. Ciba Foundation Symposium 130:99-127.
76. Haseman, J. K., and R. C. Elston. 1972. The investigation of linkage between a quantitative trait and a marker locus. Behav. Genet. 2:3-19.
77. Marsh, D. G., J. D. Neely, D. R. Breazeale, B. Ghosh, L. R. Freidhoff, E. Ehrlich-Kautzky, C. Schou, G. Krihnaswamy, and T. H. Beaty. 1994. Linkage analysis of IL4 and other chromosome 5q31.1 markers and total serum immunoglobulin E concentrations. Science 264:1152-1156.
78. Cookson, W. O. C. M., P. A. Sharp, J. A. Faux, and J. M. Hopkin. 1989. Linkage between immunoglobulin E responses underlying asthma and rhinitis and chromosome 11q. Lancet i:1292-1295.
79. Amelung, P. J., C. I. M. Panhuysen, D. S. Postma, R. C. Levitt, G. H. Koeter, C. A. Francomano, E. R. Bleecker, and D. A. Meyers. 1992. Atopy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness: exclusion of linkage to markers on chromosomes 11q and 6p. Clin. Exp. Allergy 22:1077-1084.
80. Hizawa, N., E. Yamaguchi, M. Ohe, A. Itoh, K. Furuya, N. Ohnuma, and Y. Kawakami. 1992. Lack of linkage between atopy and locus 11q13. Clin. Exp. Allergy 22:1065-1069.
81. Lympany, P., K. I. Welsh, G. M. Cochrane, D. M. Kemeny, and T. H. Lee. 1992. Genetic analysis of the linkage between 11q and atopy. Clin. Exp. Allergy 22:1085-1092.
82. Rich, S. S., B. Roitman-Johnson, B. Greenberg, S. Roberts, and M. N. Blumenthal. 1992. Genetic analysis of atopy in three large kindreds: no evidence of linkage to D11S97. Clin. Exp. Allergy 22:1070-1076.
83. Brereton, H. M., R. E. Ruffin, P. J. Thompsom, and D. R. Turner. 1994. Familial atopy in Australian pedigrees: adventitious linkage to chromosome 8 is not confirmed nor is there evidence of linkage to the high affinity IgE receptor. Clin. Exp. Allergy 24:868-877.
84. Young, R. P., P. A. Sharp, J. R. Lynch, J. A. Faux, G. M. Lathrop, W. O. C. M. Cookson, and J. M. Hopkin. 1992. Confirmation of genetic linkage between atopic IgE responses and chromosome 11q13. J. Med. Genet. 29:236-238.
85. Shirakawa, T., T. Hashimoto, J. Furuyama, and K. Morimoto. 1994. Linkage between severe atopy and chromosome 11q13 in Japanese families. Clin. Genet. 46:228-232.
86. Hizawa, N., E. Yamaguchi, K. Furuya, N. Ohnuma, N. Kodama, J. Kojima, M. Ohe, and Y. Kawakami. 1995. Association between high serum total IgE levels and D11S97 on chromosome 11q13 in Japanese subjects. J. Med. Genet. 32:363-369.
87. Sandford, A. J., T. Shirakawa, M. F. Moffatt, S. E. Daniels, C. Ra, J. A. Faux, R. P. Young, Y. Nakamura, G. M. Lathrop, W. O. C. M. Cookson, and J. M. Hopkin. 1993. Localisation of atopy and β subunit of high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on chromosome 11q. Lancet 341:332-334.
88. Collee, J. M., L. P. ten Kate, H. G. de Vries, J. W. Kliphuis, K. Bouman, H. Scheffer, and J. Gerritsen. 1993. Allele sharing on chromosome 11q13 in sibs with asthma and atopy. Lancet 342:936.
89. Coleman, R., R. C. Trembath, and J. I. Harper. 1993. Chromosome 11q13 and atopy underlying atopic eczema. Lancet 341:1121-1122.
90. van Herwerden, L., S. B. Harrap, Z. Y. H. Wong, M. J. Abramson, J. J. Kutin, A. B. Forbes, J. Raven, A. Lanigan, and E. H. Walters. 1995. Linkage of high-affinity IgE receptor gene with bronchial hyperreactivity, even in the absence of atopy. Lancet 346:1262-1265.
91. Shirakawa, T., A. Li, M. Dubowitz, M. Dekker, A. E. Shaw, J. A. Faux, C. Ra, W. O. C. M. Cookson, and J. M. Hopkin. 1994. Association between atopy and variants of the β subunit of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor. Nat. Genet. 7:125-130.
92. Hill, M. R., A. L. James, J. A. Faux, G. Ryan, J. M. Hopkin, P. Le Söuef, A. W. Musk, W. O. C. M. Cookson. 1995. FcεRI-β polymorphism and risk of atopy in a general population sample. B.M.J. 311:776-779.
93. Duffy, D. L., S. C. Healey, G. Chenevix-Trench, N. G. Martin, J. Weger, and J. Lichter. 1995. Atopy in Australia. Nat. Genet. 10:260.
94. Shirakawa, T., X.-Q. Mao, S. Sasaki, M. Kawai, T. Enomoto, K. Yoshikawa, T. Yoshikawa, T. Hashimoto, J. Furuyama, J. M. Hopkin, and K. Morimoto. 1995. Association between atopy and FcεRIβ variants in the Japanese population. In S. Sasaki, T. Miyamoto, and J. M. Hopkin, editors. Recent Advances in Prediction and Prevention of Childhood Asthma. Churchill-Livingston, Osaka.
95. Moffatt, M. F., P. A. Sharp, J. A. Faux, R. P. Young, W. O. C. M. Cookson, and J. M. Hopkin. 1992. Factors confounding genetic linkage between atopy and chromosome 11q. Clin. Exp. Allergy 22: 1046-1051.
96. Xu, J., R. C. Levitt, C. I. Panhuysen, D. S. Postma, E. W. Taylor, P. J. Amelung, K. J. Holroyd, E. R. Bleecker, and D. A. Meyers. 1995. Evidence for two unlinked loci regulating total serum IgE levels. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:425-430.
97. Postma, D. S., E. R. Bleecker, P. J. Amelung, K. J. Holroyd, J. Xu, C. I. M. Panhuysen, D. A. Meyers, and R. C. Levitt. 1995. Genetic susceptibility to asthma - bronchial hyperresponsiveness coinherited with a major gene for atopy. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:894-900.
98. Boyer, S., E. Pereira, L. Palmer, P. Rye, J. Goldblatt, C. Sanderson, and P. Le Souef. 1995. Confirmation of the presence of a polymorphism in the interleukin 4 promoter in an asthmatic cohort (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:A470.
99. Moffatt, M. F., M. R. Hill, F. Cornelis, C. Schou, J. A. Faux, R. P. Young, A. L. James, G. Ryan, P. le Souef, A. W. Musk, J. M. Hopkin, and W. O. C. M. Cookson. 1994. Genetic linkage of T-cell receptor α/δ complex to specific IgE responses. Lancet 343:1597-1600.
100. Verhoef, A., J. A. Higgins, C. J. Thorpe, S. G. E. Marsh, J. D. Hayball, J. R. Lamb, and R. E. O'Hehir. 1993. Clonal analysis of the atopic immune response to the group 2 allergen of Dermatophagoides spp.: identification of HLA-DR and -DQ restricted T cell epitopes. Int. Immunol. 5:1589-97
101. Yssel, H., K. E. Johnson, P. V. Schneider, J. Widerman, A. Terr, R. Kastelein, and J. E. de Vries. 1992. T cell activation-inducing epitopes of the house dust mite allergen Der p I: proliferation and lymphokine production patterns by Der p I-specific CD4+ T cell-clones. J. Immunol. 148:738-745.
102. Marsh, D. G., and S. K. Huang. 1991. Molecular genetics of human immune responsiveness to pollen allergens. Clin. Exp. Allergy 21 (Suppl. 1):168-172.
103. Freidhoff, L. R., E. Ehrlich-Kautzky, D. A. Meyers, A. A. Ansari, W. B. Bias, and D. G. Marsh. 1988. Association of HLA-DR3 with human immune response to Lol p I and Lol p II allergens in allergic subjects. Tissue Antigens 31:211-219.
104. Ansari, A. A., L. R. Freidhoff, D. A. Meyers, W. B. Bias, and D. G. Marsh. 1989. Human immune responsiveness to Lolium perenne pollen allergen Lol p III (Rye III) is associated with HLA-DR3 and DR5. Hum. Immunol. 25:59-71.
105. Fischer, G. F., W. F. Pickl, I. Fae, C. Ebner, F. Ferreira, H. Breiteneder, E. Vikoukal, O. Scheiner, and D. Kraft. 1992. Association between IgE response against Bet v I, the major allergen of birch pollen, and HLA-DRB alleles. Hum. Immunol. 33:259-265.
106. Reid, M. J., W. A. Nish, B. A. Whisman, D. W. Goetz, R. D. Hylander, W. A. Parker, and T. M. Freeman. 1992. HLA-DR4-associated non-responsiveness to mountain-cedar allergen. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 89:593-598.
107. Tautz, C., H.-P. Rihs, A. Thiele, P. Zwollo, L. R. Freidhoff, D. G. Marsh, and X. Baur. 1994. Association of class II sequences encoding DR1 and DQ5 specificities with hypersensitivity to chironomid allergen Chi t I. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 93:918-925.
108. Cardaba, B., C. Vilches, E. Martin, B. de Andres, V. del Pozo, D. Hernandez, S. Gallardo, J. C. Fernandez, M. Villalba, R. Rodriguez, A. Basomba, M. Kreisler, P. Palomino, and C. Lahoz. 1993. DR7 and DQ2 are positively associated with immunoglobulin-E response to the main antigen of olive pollen (Ole e I) in allergic patients. Hum. Immunol. 38:293-299.
109. Scotto d'Abusco, A., L. R. Friedhoff, M. P. Perry, B. Ghosh, E. E. Kautzky, A. Ruffilli, and D. G. Marsh. 1992. HLA-DRB typing and Par O I antibodies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 89:218(A294).
110. Huang, S. K., P. Zwollo, and D. G. Marsh. 1991. Class II major histocompatibility complex restriction of human T cell responses to short ragweed allergen, Amb a V. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:1469-1473.
111. Young, R. P., J. W. Dekker, B. P. Wordsworth, C. Schou, K. D. Pile, F. Matthiesen, W. M. Rosenberg, J. I. Bell, J. M. Hopkin, and W. O. Cookson. 1994. HLA-DR and HLA-DP genotypes and immunoglobulin E responses to common major allergens. Clin. Exp. Allergy 24:431-439.
112. Blumenthal, M., D. Marcus-Bagley, Z. Awdeh, B. Johnson, E. Yunis, and C. A. Alper. 1992. HLA-DR2, [HLA-B7, SC31, DR2], and [HLA-B8, SC01, DR3] haplotypes distinguish subjects with asthma from those with rhinitis only in ragweed pollen allergy. J. Immunol. 148:411-416.
113. Perichon, B., and R. Krishnamoorthy. 1991. Asthma and HLA system. Allerg. Immunol. (Paris) 23:301-307.
114. Caraballo, L., J. Marrugo, S. Jimenez, G. Angelini, and G. B. Ferrara. 1991. Frequency of DPB1*0401 is significantly decreased in patients with allergic asthma in a mulatto population. Hum. Immunol. 32:157-161.
115. Caraballo, L. R., and M. Hernandez. 1990. HLA haplotype segregation in families with allergic asthma. Tissue Antigens 35:182-186.
116. Hsieh, K.-H., C.-C. Shieh, R.-P. Hsieh, and W.-J. Liu. 1991. Association of HLA-DQw2 with Chinese childhood asthma. Tissue Antigens 38:181-182.
117. Mullarkey, M. F., P. S. Thomas, J. A. Hansen, D. R. Webb, and B. Nisperos. 1986. Association of aspirin-sensitive asthma with HLA-DQw2. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133:261-263.
118. Lympany, P. A., K. I. Welsh, P. E. Christie, M. Schmitz-Schumann, M. Kemeny, and T. H. Lee. 1993. An analysis with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes of the association between aspirin-induced asthma and antigens of the HLA system. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 92:114-123.
119. Bignon, J. S., Y. Aron, L. Y. Ju, M. C. Kopferschmitt, R. Garnier, C. Mapp, L. M. Fabbri, G. Pauli, A. Lockhart, D. Charron, and E. Swierczewski. 1994. HLA class II alleles in isocyanate-induced asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:71-75.
120. Mapp, C. E. Occupational asthma: interactions between genetic factors and adverse environment? Med. Lav. 85:187-192.
121. Ishikawa, T., and Y. Kitao. 1985. Gentic control of m vivo IgE antibody production specific to Dermatophagoides farinae. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 77:210-212.
122. Turner, M. W., J. Brostoff, R. S. Wells, C. R. Stokes, and J. F. Soothill. 1977. HLA in eczema and hayfever. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 27:43-47.
123. Marsh, D. G., D. A. Meyers, L. R. Freidhoff, R. Hussain, S. H. Hsu, and W. B. Bias. 1981. Association of HLA phenotypes A1, B8, Dw3 and A3, B7, Dw2 with allergy. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 66(Suppl. 1):48-50.
124. Ostergaard, P. A., and J. Ericksen. 1979. Association between HLA-A1/B8 in children with extrinsic asthma and IgA deficiency. Eur. J. Pediat. 131:263-270.
125. Rachelefsky, G., M. S. Park, S. Siegel, P. I. Terasaki, R. Katz, and S. Saito. 1976. Strong association between B-lymphocyte group-2 specificity and asthma. Lancet 2:1042-1044.
126. Thurton, C. W. G., L. Morris, J. A. Buckingham, S. D. Lawler, and M. Turner-Warwick. 1979. Histocompatibility antigens in asthma: population and family studies. Thorax 34:670-679.
127. Tiwari, J. L., and P. I. Terasaki. 1985. HLA and Disease Associations. Springer-Verlag, Inc., New York.
128. Candore, G., A. T. Colucci, M. A. Modica, and C. Caruso. 1991. HLA-B8, DR3 T cell impairment is completely restored by in vitro treatment with interleukin-2. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 13:551-561.
129. Modica, M. A., A. M. Zambito, G. Candore, and C. Caruso. 1990. Markers of T lymphocyte activation in HLA-B8, DR3 positive individuals. Immunobiology 181:257-266.
130. Del Prete, G. 1992. Human Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes: their role in the pathophysiology of atopy. Allergy 47:450-455.
131. Szentivanyi, A. 1968. The β-adrenergic theory of the atopic abnormality in bronchial asthma. J. Allergy 42:203-232.
132. 2-adrenergic receptor in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 8:334-339.
133. Bai, T. R. 1990. Abnormalities in airway smooth muscle in fatal asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141:552-557.
134. Whicker, S. D., C. L. Armour, and J. L. Black. 1988. Responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle from asthmatic patients to relaxant and contractile agonists. Pulm. Pharmacol. 1:25-31.
135. 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties. Biochemistry 33:9414-9419.
136. 2-adrenergic receptor in nocturnal and nonnocturnal asthma. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1635-1641.
137. 2-adrenoceptor polymorphism with lower airway reactivity in asthmatic subjects. Lancet 345:1213-1214.
138. 2-adrenergic receptor gene restriction fragment length polymorphism and bronchial asthma. Thorax 50:353-359.
139. Katz, R. M., J. Lieberman, and S. C. Siegel. 1976. Alpha-1-antitrypsin levels and prevalence of Pi variant phenotypes in asthmatic children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 57:41-45.
140. Hyde, J. S., P. Werner, C. M. Kumar, and B. S. Moore. 1979. Protease inhibitor variants in children and young adults with chronic asthma. Ann. Allergy 43:8-13.
141. Buist, A. S., G. J. Sexton, A.-M. H. Azzam, and B. E. Adams. 1979. Pulmonary function in heterozygotes for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: a case control study. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 120:759-766.
142. 1-antitrypsin deficiency in atopic allergy. Clin. Allergy 11:555-560.
143. 1-antitrypsin deficiency: prevalence and clinical spectrum in asthmatic children. Allergy 45:197-203.
144. Lieberman, J., and C. Colp. 1990. A role for intermediate heterozygous alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in obstructive lung disease. Chest 98:522-523.
145. Welch, M. H., M. E. Reinecke, J. F. Hammerstein, and C. A. Guenter. 1969. Antitrypsin deficiency in pulmonary disease: the significance of intermediate levels. Ann. Intern. Med. 71:533-542.
146. 1-antitrypsin variants: prevalence and clinical spirometry. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 103:918-925.
147. 1-antitrypsin in bronchial asthma. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 109:487-490.
148. Gaillard, M. C., T. A. Kilroe-Smith, C. Nogueira, D. Dunn, T. Jenkins, B. Fine, and J. Kallenbach. 1992. Alpha-1-protease inhibitor in bronchial asthma: phenotypes and biochemical characteristics. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:1311-1315.
149. Townley, R. G., J. G. Southard, P. Radford, R. J. Hopp, A. K. Bewtra, and L. Ford. 1990. Association of MS Pi phenotype with airway hyperresponsiveness. Chest 98:594-599.
150. 1-antichymotrypsin deficiency: a possible association. J. Intern. Med. 227:115-118.
151. Warner, J.O., A. P. Norman, and J. F. Soothill. 1976. Cystic fibrosis heterozygosity in the pathogenesis of allergy. Lancet 1:990-991.
152. Gyukovits, K., V. Markus, and I. Bittera. 1977. Cystic-fibrosis heterozygosity in childhood bronchial asthma. Lancet 1:203.
153. Davies, P. B. 1984. Autonomic and airway reactivity in obligate heterozygotes for cystic fibrosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 129:911-914.
154. Counahan, R., and M. B. Mearns. 1975. Prevalence of atopy and exercise-induced bronchial lability in relatives of patients with cystic fibrosis. Arch. Dis. Child. 50:477-481.
155. Davies, P. B., and P. J. Byard. 1989. Heterozygotes for cystic fibrosis: models for study of airway and autonomic reactivity. J. Appl. Physiol. 66:2124-2128.
156. Schroeder, S. A., D. M. Gaughan, and M. Swift. 1995. Protection against bronchial asthma by CFTR Δ508 mutation: a heterozygote advantage in cystic fibrosis. Nature Med. 1:703-705.
157. Mennie, M., A. Gilfillan, D. J. H. Brock, and W. A. Liston. 1995. Heterozygotes for the Δ508 cystic fibrosis allele are not protected against bronchial asthma. Nature Med. 1:978-979.
158. Brenner-Ullman, A., H. Melzer Ofir, M. Daniels, and M. Shohat. 1994. Possible protection against asthma in heterozygotes for familial Mediterranean fever. Am. J. Med. Genet. 53:172-175.
159. Hurley, D. M., D. Accili, C. A. Stratakis, M. Karl, N. Vamvakopoulos, E. Rorer, K. Constantine, S. I. Taylor, and G. P. Chrousos. 1991. Point mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the hormone binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in familial glucocorticoid resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 87:680-686.
160. Tang, M. L. K., A. S. Kemp, J. Thorburn, and D. J. Hill. 1994. Reduced interferon-γ in neonates and subsequent atopy. Lancet 344: 983-985.
161. Fujii, H., N. Kondo, H. Agata, O. Fukutomi, S. Shinoda, N. Kuwabara, S. Tomatsu, T. Kondo, R. Inoue, and T. Orii. 1995. Genetic analysis of IgE and the IGHE, IGHEP1 and IGHEP2 genes in atopic families. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 106:62-68.
162. Walter, M. A., C. A. Chambers, B. Zimmerman, and D. W. Cox. 1990. A multigene deletion in the immunoglobulin heavy chain region in a highly atopic individual. Hum. Genet. 85:643-647.
163. Hirshman, C. A., A. Malley, and H. Downes. 1980. Basenji-Greyhound dog model of asthma: reactivity to Ascaris suum, citric acid, and methacholine. J. Appl. Physiol. 49:953-957.
164. Hirshman, C. A., H. Downes, and L. Veith. 1984. Airway responses in offspring of dogs with and without airway hyperreactivity. J. Appl. Physiol. 56:1272-1277.
165. Tobias, J. D., R. A. Sauder, and C. A. Hirshman. Reduced sensitivity to β-adrenergic agonists in Basenji-Greyhound dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 69:1212-1219.
166. Emala, C., C. Black, C. Curry, M. A. Levine, and C. A. Hirshman. 1993. Impaired β-adrenergic receptor activation of adenylyl cyclase in airway smooth muscle in the Basenji-Greyhound dog model of airway hyperresponsiveness. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 8: 668-675.
167. Levin, R. C., and W. Mitzner. 1988. Expression of airway hyperreactivity to acetylcholine as a simple autosomal recessive trait in mice. FASEB J. 2:2605-2608.
168. Levitt, R. C., and W. Mitzner. 1989. Autosomal recessive inheritance of airway hyperreactivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine. J. Appl. Physiol. 67:1125-1132.
169. Pauwels, R., M. Van Der Straeten, W. Weyne, and H. Bazin. 1985. Genetic factors in non-specific bronchial reactivity in rats. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 66:98-104.
170. Takino, Y., K. Sugahara, and I. Horino. 1971. Two lines of guinea pigs sensitive and nonsensitive to chemical mediators and anaphylaxis. J. Allergy 47:247-261.
171. DeSanctis, G. T., M. Merchant, D. R. Beier, R. D. Dredge, J. K. Grobholz, T. R. Martin, E. S. Lander, and J. M. Drazen. 1995. Quantitative locus analysis of airway hyperresponsiveness in A/J and C57BL/6J mice. Nat. Genet. 11:150-154.
172. Campbell, D. A., J. Britton, I. Pavord, K. Richards, A. Knox, A. F. Markham, and J. F. J. Morrison. 1995. LTα NcoI polymorphism at the TNF locus correlates with clinical symptoms of asthma. Eur. J. Resp. Dis. 8:552.
173. Holme, G., and H. Piechuta. 1981. The derivation of an inbred line of rats which develop asthma-like symptoms following challenge with aerosolized antigen. Immunology 42:19-24.
174. Holroyde, M. C., S. Y. Smith, and G. Holme. 1982. Analysis of antigen-induced changes in pulmonary mechanics in sensitized inbred rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 60:644-651.
175. Vaz, N. M., and B. B. Levine. 1970. Immune responses of inbred mice to repeated low doses of antigen: relationship to histocompatibility (H-2) type. Science 168:852-854.
176. Mouton, D., A. Prouvost-Danon, Y. Bouthillier, J. C. Mevel, and A. Abadie. 1980. Variations in the phenotypic expression of an H-2-linked gene contributing to the control of IgE and haemagglutinating antibody responses to ovalbumin. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 131D:205-215.
177. Dandeu, J.-P., J. Rabillon, R. Perronet, and B. David. 1992. H2 genotype and IgE immune response to Fel dI, the cat major allergen, in mice. Immunol. Lett. 33:229-232.
178. 10 (GAT). J. Immunol. 123:463-470.
179. Watanabe, N., S. Kojima, and Z. Ovary. 1976. Suppression of IgE antibody production in SJL mice, 1: nonspecific suppressor T cells. J. Exp. Med. 143:833-845.
180. Biozzi, G., D. Mouton, O. A. Sant'Anna, H. C. Passos, M. Gennari, M. H. Reis, V. A. C. Ferreira, A. M. Heumann, Y. Bouthillier, O. M. Ibanez, C. Stiffel, and M. Siqueira. 1979. Genetics of immunoresponsiveness to natural antigens in the mouse. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 85:31-98.
181. Murphey, S. M., C. White, T. Waters, and P. Fireman. 1976. Reagin synthesis in inbred rats, II: genetic control of reaginic antibody synthesis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 58:381-386.
182. Smith, S. R., and J. Petillo. 1976. IgE production in five inbred rat strains following immunization with alum-precipitated egg albumin. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 52:21-31.
183. Bazin, H., B. Platteau, and R. Pauwels. 1981. Genetic control of the IgE reaginic immune response. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 66(Suppl. 1):19-24.
184. Abadie, A., and A. Prouvost-Danon. 1980. Specific and total responses to antigenic stimuli in Brown-Norway, Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats. Immunology 39:561-569.
185. 2 injections in BN and LEW rats: a genetic analysis. Immunogenetics 20:227-236.
186. Anfosso, F., R. Leyris, M. Soler, and J. Charpin. 1980. Pollen-allergen IgE response in the inbred rat: Regulation of allergen P-IgE antibodies in high and low responders by suppressive factors. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 63:44-51.
187. Schwartzman, R. M., J. H. Rockey, and R. E. Halliwell. 1971. Canine reaginic antibody: characterization of the spontaneous anti-ragweed and induced anti-dinitrophenyl reaginic antibodies of the atopic dog. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 9:549-569.
188. Arshad, S. H., S. Mattews, C. Gant, and D. W. Hide. 1992. Effect of allergen avoidance on development of allergic disorders in infancy. Lancet 339:1439-1497.