How big should hexagonal ice crystals be to produce halos?

Applied Optics

Volumn 38, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 1626-1629

  Mishchenko, Michael I ^a   Macke, Andreas ^b  

^a NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

^b GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346703285     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 21553165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.38.001626     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Y. Takano and K. N. Liou, “Solar radiative transfer in cirrus clouds. I: Single-scattering and optical properties of hexagonal ice crystals,” J. Atmos. Sci. 46, 3-19 (1989).
2. A. Macke, “Scattering of light by polyhedral ice crystals,” Appl. Opt. 32, 2780-2788 (1993).
3. J. Iaquinta, H. Isaka, and P. Personne, “Scattering phase function of bullet rosette ice crystals,” J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 1401-1413 (1995).
4. Y. Takano and K. N. Liou, “Radiative transfer in cirrus clouds. III: Light scattering by irregular ice crystals,” J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 818-837 (1995).
5. P. Minnis, P. W. Heck, and D. F. Young, “Inference of cirrus cloud properties using satellite-observed visible and infrared radiances. Part II: Verification of theoretical cirrus radiative properties,” J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 1305-1322 (1993).
6. K. Sassen, N. C. Knight, Y. Takano, and A. J. Heymsfield, “Effects of ice-crystal structure on halo formation: cirrus cloud experimental and ray-tracing modeling studies,” Appl. Opt. 33, 4590-4601 (1994).
7. P. N. Francis, P. Hignett, and A. Macke, “The retrieval of cirrus cloud properties from aircraft multi-spectral reflectance measurements during EUCREX’93,” Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 124, 1273-1291 (1998).
8. P. J. Huffman and W. R. Thursby, “Light scattering by ice crystals,” J. Atmos. Sci. 26, 1073-1077 (1969).
9. K. Sassen and K.-N. Liou, “Scattering of polarized laser light by water droplet, mixed-phase and ice crystal clouds. Part I: Angular scattering patterns,” J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 838-851 (1979).
10. O. A. Volkovitskiy, L. N. Pavlova, and A. G. Petrushin, “Scattering of light by ice crystals,” Izvestiya. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 16, 98-102 (1980).
11. J. S. Foot, “Some observations of the optical properties of clouds. Part II: Cirrus,” Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 114, 145-164 (1988).
12. P. N. Francis, “Some aircraft observations of the scattering properties of ice crystals,” J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 1142-1154 (1995).
13. P. Posse and W. von Hoyningen-Huene, “Information about scattering properties and particle characteristics of a stratiform cloud at Helgoland by remote optical measurements,” Contr. Atmos. Phys. 68, 359-366 (1995).
14. O. Crepel, J. F. Gayet, J. F. Fournol, and S. Oschepkov, “A new airborne polar nephelometer for the measurements of optical and microphysical cloud properties. Part II: Preliminary tests,” Ann. Geophys. 15, 460-470 (1997).
15. R. P. Lawson, A. J. Heymsfield, S. M. Aulenbach, and T. L. Jensen, “Shapes, sizes and light scattering properties of ice crystals in cirrus and a persistent contrail during SUCCESS,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1331-1334 (1998).
16. P. Minnis, K.-N. Liou, and Y. Takano, “Inference of cirrus cloud properties using satellite-observed visible and infrared radiances. Part I: Parameterization of radiance fields,” J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 1279-1304 (1993).
17. M. I. Mishchenko, W. B. Rossow, A. Macke, and A. A. Lacis, “Sensitivity of cirrus cloud albedo, bidirectional reflectance and optical thickness retrieval accuracy to ice particle shape,” J. Geophys. Res. 101, 16,973-16,985 (1996).
18. C. M. R. Platt, N. L. Abshire, and G. T. McNice, “Some microphysical properties of an ice cloud from lidar observation of horizontally oriented crystals,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 17, 1220-1224 (1978).
19. H. Chepfer, G. Brogniez, and Y. Fouquart, “Cirrus clouds’ microphysical properties deduced from POLDER observations,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 60, 375-390 (1998).
20. 2 lidar observations of zenith-enhanced backscatter from oriented crystals,” NASA Conf. Publ. 3238, 9-12 (1993).
21. K.-D. Rockwitz, “Scattering properties of horizontally oriented ice crystal columns in cirrus clouds. Part 1,” Appl. Opt. 28, 4103-4110 (1989).
22. R. Greenler, Rainbows, Halos, and Glories (Cambridge U. Press, New York, 1990).
23. J. D. Spinhirne, “Cirrus infrared parameters and shortwave reflectance relations from observations,” J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 1438-1458 (1996).
24. J. Descloitres, J. C. Buriez, F. Parol, and Y. Fouquart, “POLDER observations of cloud bidirectional reflectances compared to a plane-parallel model using the International Cloud Climatology Project cloud phase functions,” J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11,411-11,418 (1998).
25. K. Sassen, “Remote sensing of planar ice crystal fall attitudes,” J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 58, 422-429 (1980).
26. J. D. Klett, “Orientation model for particles in turbulence,” J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2276-2285 (1995).
27. C. M. R. Platt, J. D. Spinhirne, and W. D. Hart, “Optical and microphysical properties of a cold cirrus cloud: evidence for regions of small ice particles,” J. Geophys. Res. 94, 11,151-11,164 (1989).
28. W. P. Arnott, Y. Y. Dong, J. Hallett, and M. R. Poelott, “Role of small ice crystals in radiative properties of cirrus: a case study, FIRE II, November 22, 1991,” J. Geophys. Res. 99, 1371-1381 (1994).
29. K. Sassen, “Contrail-cirrus and their potential for regional climate change,” Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78, 1885-1903 (1997).
30. M. I. Mishchenko, L. D. Travis, and D. W. Mackowski, “T-matrix computations of light scattering by nonspherical particles: a review,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 55, 535-575 (1996).
31. A. Macke and M. I. Mishchenko, “Applicability of regular particle shapes in light scattering calculations for atmospheric ice particles,” Appl. Opt. 35, 4291-4296 (1996).
32. S. G. Warren, “Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave,” Appl. Opt. 23, 1206-1225 (1984).
33. A. Macke, J. Mueller, and E. Raschke, “Single scattering properties of atmospheric ice crystals,” J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 2813-2825 (1996).
34. P. Yang and K. N. Liou, “Single-scattering properties of complex ice crystals in terrestrial atmosphere,” Contr. Atmos. Phys. 71, 223-248 (1998).
35. M. I. Mishchenko, L. D. Travis, R. A. Kahn, and R. A. West, “Modeling phase functions for dustlike tropospheric aerosols using a shape mixture of randomly oriented polydisperse spheroids,” J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16,831-16,847 (1997).
36. P. L. Marston, “Geometrical and catastrophe optics methods in scattering,” in Physical Acoustics, A. D. Pierce and R. N. Thurston, eds. (Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1992), Vol. 21, pp. 1-234.
37. J. E. Hansen and L. D. Travis, “Light scattering in planetary atmospheres,” Space Sci. Rev. 16, 527-610 (1974).