Evolution of Organic Analytical Methods in Environmental Forensic Chemistry

Environmental Forensics

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 37-46

  Wait, A Dallas ^a  

^a GRADIENT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346534617     PISSN: 15275922     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/enfo.1999.0001     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Albrecht, P. and Ourisson, G. 1971. Biogenic substances in sediments and fossils. Angew. Chem. Intern. Edit. Engl. 10, 209-225.
2. Alcock, R.E. and Jones, K.C. 1996. Dioxins in the environment: A review of trend data. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 3133-3143.
3. American Chemical Society. 1967. Chemistry and the Environment. Washington DC.
4. American Chemical Society. 1980. Guidelines for data acquisition and data quality evaluation in environmental chemistry. Anal. Chem. 52, 2242-2249.
5. American Chemical Society. 1994. Milestones in Analytical Chemistry. Washington DC.
6. API (American Petroleum Institute). 1994. Transport and Fate of Non-BTEX Petroleum Chemicals in Soils and Groundwater, Chapter 3. API Publication Number 4593. Health and Environmental Sciences Department.
7. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1977. Standard Practice for Reporting Opinions of Technical Experts. ASTM Committee E-30 on Forensic Sciences. Method E620-77.
8. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1980. Standard Practice for Evaluation of Technical Data. ASTM Committee E-30 on Forensic Sciences. Method E678-80.
9. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1982. Standard Practice for Examining and Testing Items That Are or May Become Involved with Litigation. ASTM Committee E-30 on Forensic Sciences. Method E860-82.
10. Bacher, R., Swerev, M. and Ballschmitter, K. 1992. Profile and pattern of monochloro- through octochlorodioxins and -dibenzofurans in chimney deposits from wood burning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1649-1655.
11. Bellar, T.A. and Lichtenberg, J.J. 1974. Determining volatile organics at microgram-per-litre levels by gas chromatography. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 66, 739-744.
12. Berger, W., McCarty, H. and Smith, R.K. 1996. Environmental Laboratory Data Evaluation, Chapter 3. Douglasville, Georgia, Genium Publishing Corp.
13. Berry, M.R., Luthe, C.E. and Voss, R.H. 1993. Ubiquitous nature of dioxins: A comparison of the dioxins content of common everyday materials with that of pulps and papers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1164-1168.
14. Blomberg, L. 1982. Current aspects of the stationary phase in gas chromatography. J. of High Res. Chrom. & Chrom. Commun. 5, 520-533.
15. Blomberg, L.G. 1984. Contemporary capillary columns for gas chromatography. J. of High Res. Chrom. & Chrom. Commun. 7, 232-244.
16. Blumer, M. 1973. Chemical fossils: Trends in organic geochemistry. Pure Appl. Chem. 34, 591-609.
17. Boehm, P.D., Fiest, D.L., Hausknecht, K., Barbash, J. and Perry, G. 1982. Investigation of the transport and fate of petroleum hydrocarbons from the Ixtoc-I blowout in the bay of Campache -Sampling and analytical approaches. In: Energy and Environmental Chemistry - Fossil Fuels, Volume 1. (Keith, L.H., Ed.). Michigan, Ann Arbor Science.
18. Braus, H., Middleton, F. and Walton, G. 1951. Organic chemical compounds in raw and filtered surface waters. Anal. Chem. 23, 1160-1164.
19. Brilis, G.M. and Worthington, J.C. 1998. Science in law and courtroom decisions on science - A historical primer. In Proceedings: USEPA 17th Annual Natural Conference on Managing Environmental Quality Systems. April 1-3, Denver, Colorado.
20. Budde, W.L. and Eichelberger, J.W. 1979. Organic Analysis Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry - A Technique & Procedures Manual. Michigan, Ann Arbor Science.
21. Burns, W.A., Mankiewicz, P.J., Bence, A.E., Page, D.S. and Parker, K.R. 1997. A principal component and least-squares method for allocating polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments in multiple sources. Environ. Tox. Chem. 16, 1119-1131.
22. Calvin, M. 1969. Chemical Evolution. London, Oxford University Press.
23. Carson, R.L. 1962. Silent Spring. Boston, Massachusetts, Houghton Mifflin Company.
24. Charpentier, B.A. and Sevenants, M.R. 1988. Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography. ACS Symposium Series 366. Washington DC, American Chemical Society.
25. Colton, C.E. and Skinner, P.N. 1996. The Road to Love Canal. Managing Industrial Waste before EPA. Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press.
26. Didyk, B., Simoneit, B., Brassel, S. and Eglinton, G. 1978. Organic geochemical indicators of paleoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature 283, 368-371.
27. Doms, D.J. and Lott, P.F. 1982. Forensic chromatography. Trends in Anal. Chem. 1(5), 105-110.
28. Douglas, G.S., Bence, A.E., Prince, R.C., McMillen, S.J. and Butler, E.L. 1996. Environmental stability of selected petroleum hydrocarbon source and weathering ratios. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2332-2339.
29. Drushel, H.V. 1983. Needs of the chromatographer. J. Chrom. Sci. 21, 375-384.
30. Erickson, M.D. 1997. Analytical Chemistry of PCBs, 2nd Edition. New York, Lewis Publishers.
31. Eganhouse, R.P. and Kaplan, I.R. 1985. α-Tocopheryl acetate as an indicator of municipal waste contamination in the environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 282-285.
32. Eglinton, G. and Murphy, M.T.J. 1969. Organic Geochemistry. New York, Springer-Verlag.
33. Eglinton, G. 1973. Chemical fossils: A combined organic geochemical and environmental approach. Pure Appl. Chem. 34, 611-632.
34. Eglinton, G., Hajibrahim, S.K., Maxwell, J.R., Quirke, J.M.E., Shaw, G.J., Volkman, J.K. and Wardroper, A.M.K. 1979. Lipids of aquatic sediments, recent and ancient. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 293, 69-91.
35. Farer, D.B. 1998. Statutory and equitable defenses to CERCLA private cost recovery actions. In Proceedings: 18th Annual RCRA/CERCLA and Private Litigation Update, American Bar Association, December 10-11, Washington DC.
36. Frame, G.M. 1997a. A collaborative study of 209 PCB congeners and 6 aroclors on 20 different HR GC columns. 1. Retention and coelution database. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 357, 701-713.
37. Frame, G.M. 1997b. A collaborative study of 209 PCB congeners and 6 aroclors on 20 different HR GC columns. 2. Semi-quantitative aroclor congener distributions. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 357, 701-713.
38. Frame, G.M., Cochran, J.W. and Bowadt, S.S. 1996. Complete PCB congener distributions for 17 aroclor mixtures determined by 3 HRGC systems optimized for comprehensive, quantitative, congener-specific analysis. J High Resol. Chem. 19, 657-668.
39. Frame, G.M., Wagner, R.E., Carnahan, J.C., Brown, J.F., May, R.J., Smullen, L.A. and Bedard, D.L. 1996. Comprehensive, quantitative, congene-specific analysis of eight arodors and complete PCB conger assignments on DB-1 capillary GC columns. Chemosphere 33, 603-623.
40. FWPCA (Federal Water Pollution Control Administration). 1966. The Identification and Measurement of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Surface Waters. Washington DC, U.S. Department of the Interior, Water Quality Activities, Division of Pollution Surveillance.
41. Gohlke, R.S. 1959. Time-of flight mass spectrometry and gas-liquid partition chromatography. Anal. Chem. 31, 535-541.
42. Harr, J. 1995. A Civil Action. New York, Random House.
43. Hites, R.A. and Biemann, K. 1968. Mass spectrometer-computer system particularly suited for gas chromatography of complex mixtures. Anal. Chem. 40, 1217-1221.
44. Hites, R.A. and Budde, W.L. 1991. EPA's analytical methods for water: The next generation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 998-1006.
45. Ho, M.H. 1990. Analytical Methods in Forensic Chemistry. New York, Ellis Horwood.
46. Huntley, S.L., Carlson-Lynch, H., Johnson, G.W., Paustenbach, D.J. and Finley, B.L. 1998. Identification of historical PCDD/F sources in Newark Bay estuary subsurface sediments using polytopic vector analysis and radioisotope dating techniques. Chemosphere 36, 1167-1185.
47. Hurst, K.W., Davis, T.E. and Chinn, B.D. 1996. The lead fingerprint of gasoline contamination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 307, 304A-307A.
48. Hwang, S., Gensburg, L.J., Fitzgerald, E.F., Herzfeld, P.M. and Bush, B. 1993. Fingerprinting sources of contamination: Statistical techniques for identifying point sources of PCBs. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 2, 365-382.
49. Jacobs, M.B. 1941. The Analytical Chemistry of Industrial Poisons, Hazards and Solvents. New York, Interscience Publishers Inc.
50. Jayatilaka, A. and Poole, C.F. 1994. Identification of petroleum distillates from fire debris using multidimensional gas chromatography. Chromatographia 39, 200-209.
51. Jennings, W. 1980. Evolution and application of the fused silica column. J. of High Res. Chrom. & Chrom. Commun. 3, 601-608.
52. Kannan, K., Maruya, K. and Tanabe, S. 1997. Distribution and characterization of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in soil and sediments from a superfund site contaminated with aroclor 1268. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1483-1488.
53. Keith, L.H. 1991. The way it was: Analysis of organics in water in 1967. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 564-565.
54. Kominsky, J.R. and Kwoka, C.D. 1989. Background concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in office buildings in Boston, Massachusetts. Chemosphere 18, 599-608.
55. Koorse, S.J. 1989. False positives, detection limits, and other laboratory imperfections: The regulatory implications. Environ. Law Reporter 19, 10211-10222.
56. Lautamo, R., Schirmer, R. and Jennings, W. 1998. A brief history of column developments in gas chromatography. Amer. Laboratory 30(25), 28-32.
57. Lee, M.L., Yang, F.J. and Bartle, K.D. 1984. Open Tubular Column Gas Chromatography: Theory and Practice. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
58. Lichtenberg, J.J. 1978. Colloquium - The impact of the consent decree on analytical chemistry in industry. In: Measurement of Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater, pp. 9-23. ASTM Special Technical Publication 686.
59. Lundell, G.E.F. 1933. The chemical analysis of things as they are. Analytical Edition Indust. Engineer. Chem. 5(4), 221-235.
60. Mancy, K.H. 1972. Analytical problems in water pollution control. In: Analytical Chemistry: Key to Progress on National Problems, Chapter 6. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Special Publication 351. Washington DC.
61. Maney, J.P. and Wait, A.D. 1991. The importance of measurement integrity. Environmental Lab 3(5), 20-25.
62. MacDonald, I.R. 1998. Natural oil spills. Sci. Amer. 279, 56-61.
63. McCarthy, J.E. and Tiemann, M. 1998. CRS Report for Congress. MTBE in Gasoline: Clean Air and Drinking Water Issues. Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. Report 98-290 ENR.
64. Melpolder, F., Warfield, C. and Headington, C. 1953. Mass spectrometer determination of volatile contaminants in water. Anal. Chem. 25, 1453-1456.
65. Middleton, F. and Walton, G. 1961. Organic chemical contamination of groundwater. The Groundwater Contamination Symposium, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 5-7, 1961. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
66. Mills, P. 1998. PBMS: Status, projections and conjectures. Environ. Test & Anal. 7(6), 20, 22, 45.
67. Mills, P. 1999. Auditing PBMS: What to expect. Environ. Test & Anal. 8(1), 22, 40, 42-44.
68. Novotny, M.V. 1978. Contemporary capillary gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 50(1), 16A-32A.
69. Novotny, M.V. 1989. Recent developments in analytical chromatography. Science 246, 51-57.
70. Page, D.S., Boehm, P.D., Douglas, G.S. and Bence, A.E. 1995. In: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Fate and Effects in Alaskan Water, pp. 41-83. (Wells, P.C., Butler and Hughes, J.S., Eds). ASTM Special Technical Publication 1219, Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials.
71. Peters, K.E. and Moldowan, J.M. 1993. The Biomarker Guide. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
72. Phillipi, G.T. 1965. On the depth, time and mechanism of petroleum generation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 29, 1021-1049.
73. Philp, R., Maxwell, J. and Eglinton, G. 1976. Environmental organic geochemistry of aquatic sediments. Sci. Progr. Oxf. 63, 521-545.
74. Rachdawong, P. and Christensen, E.R. 1997. Determination of PCB sources by a principal component method with nonnegative constraints. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2686-2691.
75. Rappe, C. 1994. Dioxin, patterns and source identification. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 348, 63-75.
76. Reed, W.E. and Kaplan, I.R. 1977. The chemistry of marine petroleum seeps. J. Geochem. Explor. 7, 255-293.
77. Reed, W. and Mankiewicz, P. 1975. Molecular stratigraphy. Nature 254, 127-129.
78. Reuter, J.E., Allen, B.C., Richards, R.C., Pankow, J.F., Goldman, C.R., Scholl, R.L. and Seyfried, J.S. 1998. Concentrations, sources, and fate of the gasoline oxygenate methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) in a multiple-use lake. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 3666-3672.
79. Rodgers, W.H. 1994. Environmental Law, 2nd Edition. St. Paul, Minnesota, West Publishing Company.
80. Rosen, A. and Middleton, F. 1955. Identification of petroleum refinery wastes in surface waters. Anal. Chem. 27, 790-794.
81. Ryckman, D., Burbank, N. and Edgerley, E. 1964. New techniques for the evaluation of organic pollutants. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 56, 975-983.
82. Saferstein, R. 1982. Forensic Science Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
83. Schomberg, G. 1983. Future developments in the hardware for GC applications. J. Chrom. Sci. 21, 97-105.
84. Shifrin, N.S. and Toole, A.P. 1998. Historical perspective on PCBs. Environ. Eng. Sci. 15, 247-257.
85. Scott, R.P.W. 1995. Techniques and Practice of Chromatography, Chapter 1. New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
86. Smith, J.S., Eng, L. and Mill, T. 1994. The determination of age of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in groundwater. In Proceedings: 46th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 14-19, San Antonio, TX.
87. Smith, R.M. 1982. Arson analysis by mass chromatography. Anal. Chem. 54(13), 1399A-1409A.
88. Stafford, D.T. 1992. Forensic gas chromatography. In: Gas Chromatography in Forensic Science. (Tebbettm, I., Ed.). New York, Ellis Horwood.
89. Stout, S.A., Uhler, A.D. and McCarthy, K.J. 1998. PAH can provide a unique forensic fingerprint for hydrocarbon products. Soil & Groundwater Cleanup October 24-29, 1998.
90. Stout, S.A., Uhler, A.D., Naymik, T.G. and McCarthy, K.J. 1998. Environmental forensics - Unraveling site liability. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(11), 260A-264A.
91. Studier, M.M., Hayatsu, R. and Anders, E. 1968. Organic matter in early solar system. 1. Hydrocarbons. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 32, 151-173.
92. Swallow, K.C., Shifrin, N.S. and Doherty, P.J. 1988. Hazardous organic compound analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 136-142.
93. Swerev, M. and Ballschmitter, K. 1989. Pattern analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs in environmental samples as an approach to an occurrence/source correlation. Chemosphere 18, 609-616.
94. Tebbett, I. 1992. Gas Chromatography in Forensic Science. New York, Ellis Horwood.
95. Tidy, C.M. 1879. The process for determining the organic purity of potable waters. J. of Chem. Soc. Transactions 35, 46-106.
96. Tripp, D.B. 1998. Cases in 1998. In Proceedings: 18th Annual RCRA/CERCLA and Private Litigation Update, American Bar Association, December 10-11, Washington DC.
97. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1979. Handbook for Analytical Quality Control in Water and Wastewater Laboratories. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati. EPA-600/4-79-019.
98. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1980. Interim Guidelines and Specifications for Preparing Quality Assurance Project Plans. Office of Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance, Washington DC. QAMS-005/80.
99. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1984. Data Quality Objectives. Memorandum from EPA Deputy Administrator Alvin L. Aim to all EPA Assistant Administrators, dated May 24. Washington DC.
100. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1986. NEIC Policies and Procedures. National Enforcement Investigations Center, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring. EPA-330/9-78-001-R.
101. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1994. Guidance for the Data Objectives Process. Quality Assurance Management Staff, Washington DC. EPA QA/G4.
102. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997a. Laboratory Data Quality at Federal Facility Superfund Sites. Office of Inspector General. Report No. E1SKB6-09-0041-7100132.
103. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997b. Drinking Water Advisory: Consumer Acceptability Advice and Health Effects Analysis on Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE). Office of Water. EPA-822-F-97-009.
104. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997c. Cleaning Up the Nation's Waste Sites: Markets and Technology Trends. 1996 Edition. Office of Solid Waste and Energy Response. EPA 542-R-96-005.
105. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997d. Special Report on Environmental Endocrine Disruption: An Effects Assessment and Analysis. Office of Research and Development. EPA/630/R-96/012.
106. USGAO (U.S. General Accounting Office). 1998. Hazardous Waste: Unaddressed Risks at Many Potential Superfund Sites. GAO/RCED-99-8.
107. U.S. Public Health Service. 1946. Public Health Reports 61(11), 371-385.
108. Uhler, A.D., Stout, S.A. and McCarthy, K.J. 1998. Increase success of assessments at petroleum sites in 5 steps. Soil & Groundwater Cleanup. December/January, 13-19.
109. Wait, A.D. and Abell, P.I. 1982. Qualitative fatty acid and n-alkane stratigraphy of the Lake Tukana Basin, Kenya. Org. Geochem. 4, 37-50.
110. Wait, A.D. and Douglas, G.S. 1995. QA for Nonstandard Analytical Methods. Environ. Lab 7(6), 30-34.
111. Wallin, B.K., Hamilton, E.J. and Wait, A.D. 1994. Minimizing data quality liability. Environ. Lab 6(4), 19-22.
112. Weiss, C., Johnson, D. and Kwon, B. 1963. Direct determination of organic constituents of natural waters by flame ionization gas chromatography. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 55, 1367-1379.
113. Welte, D.H. 1965. Relation between petroleum and source rock. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geologist 49, 2246-2268.
114. Worthington, J.C., Luka, K.G. and Haney, R.P. 1991. Factors affecting the admissibility and weight of environmental data as evidence. In Proceedings: Seventh Annual Waste Testing and Quality Assurance Symposium, July 8-11, Washington DC.
115. Zurer, P.S. 1991. Contract labs charged with fraud in analyses of superfund samples. Chem & Engineer. News 69, 14-16.