Constructing a landscape for postwar science: Roger revelle, the scripps institution and the university of California, San Diego

Minerva

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 327-352

  Rainger, Ronald ^a  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0346431657     PISSN: 00264695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1017952811593     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Scripps Archives (La Jolla, CA), Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Office of the Director Records, Revelle, (afterwards, SIOD), Box 1, folder 33, Revelle to Sproul, 19 June 1950.
2. Scripps Archives, Scripps Subject Files, (afterwards, SSF), Conference, ‘The Position of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in the University, the State and the Nation’, box 5, folder 45, transcript, 53-58.
3. Harvey M. Sapolsky, Science and the Navy: The History of the Office of Naval Research (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990);
4. Vannevar Bush, Science - The Endless Frontier (Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Research and Development, 1945).
5. On academic oceanographers: Naomi Oreskes and Ronald Rainger, ‘Science and Security before the Atomic Bomb: The Loyalty Case of Harald U. Sverdrup’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, XXXI (3), (2000), 356-363.
6. For an examination of the relationship between basic and applied research in oceanography see: Chandra Mukerji, A Fragile Power: Science and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
7. Leading analyses of the relationship between basic and applied science in the postwar period include: Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993);
8. and Rebecca S. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
9. Susan Schlee, The Edge of an Unfamiliar World: A History of Oceanography (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1972);
10. Helen Raitt and Beatrice Moulton, Scripps Institution of Oceanography: First Fifty Years (Los Angeles: Ward Ritchie Press, 1967).
11. Henry Bryant Bigelow, Oceanography: Its Scope, Problems and Economic Importance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931);
12. Thomas Wayland Vaughan, ‘The Oceanographic Point of View’, in Contributions to Marine Biology: Lectures and Symposia Given at the Hopkins Marine Station (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1930), 40-56.
13. For the growing American scientific presence in the Pacific in the 1920s, see Roy MacLeod and Fritz Rehbock, ‘Developing a Sense of the Pacific: The 1923 Pan-Pacific Science Congress in Australia’, Pacific Science, 54 (3), 2000, 226.
14. Robert Marc Friedman, Appropriating the Weather: Vilhelm Bjerknes and the Construction of Modern Meteorology (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989);
15. H.U. Sverdrup, Martin W. Johnson, and Richard H. Fleming, The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology (New York: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1942).
16. On Sverdrup’s influence, see Eric L. Mills, ‘Useful in Many Capacities: An Early Career in American Physical Oceanography’, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, XX (2), (1990), 293-311.
17. SIOD Revelle, box 5, folder 55, Sverdup to Sette, 22 October 1940. SIOD Sverdup, box 1, folder 18, Sverdrup to Sproul, 27 January 1941. On Revelle: Scripps Archives, Roger Revelle Papers, box 1, folder 65, Revelle to Levorsen, 5 April 1940, (afterwards, RR). The last donation from the Ellen B. Scripps Estate or the E.B. Scripps Foundation was a pledge of $9, 000 for the year 1941-1942: Bancroft Library (Berkeley, CA), University of California Presidents’ Records, (afterwards, UCPR), CU5, folder 1941:414, Lundberg to Corley, 4 September 1941.
18. SIOD Vaughan, box 1, folder 1, Vaughan to Jones, 17 January 1924; Vaughan to Davis, 28 February 1924. On Revelle: National Archives (Washington, DC), Hydrographic Office General Correspondence 1924-45, RG 37, entry 48, box 142, folder H1-15 (6) 253572-256000, (afterwards, HO). On anti-fouling, see: UCPR, CU5, folder 1940:414A, Sverdrup to Office of the President, 24 October 1940.
19. Schlee, Edge of an Unfamiliar World, op. cit. note 4, 285-295;
20. Summary Technical Report of Division 6, NDRC, vol. 6A
21. [Columbus O’Donnell Iselin], The Application of Oceanography to Subsurface Warfare (Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Research and Development, 1946), 4-5;
22. Athelstan F. Spilhaus, ‘A Bathythermograph’, Journal of Marine Research, I (2), (1937-1938), 95-100.
23. Woods Hole Archives (Woods Hole, MA), Office of the Director Records Iselin, (afterwards, WHOID), box 6, folder 53, Iselin to Jewett, 5 August 1940, and 16 August 1940. WHOID Iselin, box 6, folder 48, Iselin to Briscoe, 22 August 1940. National Archives (College Park, MD), Office of Scientific Research and Development Records, RG 227, entry 77, box 4, folder 01.90, Prediction of Sound Ranges, Iselin to Tate, 1 October 1941 (afterwards, OSRD). For the National Academy Report: National Archives (College Park, MD), Bureau of Ships, (afterwards, BS), General Correspondence, 1940-1945, RG 19, S68, box 1201, Naval Research Advisory Committee to the Technical Aide, Secretary of the Navy, 28 January 1941.
24. SIOD Sverdrup, box 1, folder 16, Burhans to Sverdrup, 7 May 1940.
25. OSRD, entry 29, box 672, folder University of California, ‘Proceedings of Meeting of Informal Board to study NDRC and US Navy Oceanography Program for the Pacific Ocean’, 30 July 1941.
26. On Revelle’s work: Navy Radio and Sound Laboratory, ‘Report of Survey of San Francisco Harbor to Determine Locality of Proposed Locations for Harbor Defense Installations’, 23 January 1943;
27. and Navy Radio and Sound Laboratory, ‘Survey of Puget Sound Area: Report on the Suitability of Possible Herald Locations Strait of Juan de Fuca and Admiralty Inlet, State of Washington’, 5 February 1943, both in BS General Correspondence, S68, box 1216.
28. BS General Correspondence, S68, box 1208, Hydrographer to Coordinator of Research and Development, 4 January 1943; BS General Correspondence, S68, box 1210, Colpitts to Revelle, 1 March 1943; BS Electronics Division, General Correspondence, September-December 1944, box 231, folder sonar, Revelle to Director Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 15 September 1944.
29. BS Radio Division, General Correspondence, box 109, folder 4, Revelle to Commander in Chief, US Fleet, Readiness Division, 14 June 1943; BS Secret Correspondence, January-February 1944, S68, box 184, Conference, 21 January 1944.
30. BS Radio Division, General Correspondence, 1943, box 109, folder underwater sound, Revelle to Iselin, 10 August 1943. National Archives (College Park, MD), Office of Naval Research Records, RG 298, Office of the Coordinator of Research and Development, box 62, folder Oceanographic Data, vol. 1, Conference, Military Requirements for Oceanography, 11 November 1942, (afterwards, ONR). OSRD, entry 79, box 6, folder Harnwell, Colpitts to Harnwell, 27 June 1944; HO Security Classified General Correspondence, 1924-1945, entry 49, box 31, folder A10-1/S68 428232, Bennett to Sverdrup, 9 May 1944.
31. Oreskes and Rainger, ‘Science and Security before the Atomic Bomb’, op. cit. note 3, 350-354.
32. SSF, Research: Surface Currents, Drift, Salinity and Temperature [Studies] World War II, July-December 1944, box 16, folder 41, Memorandum of a Conference between Roger Revelle and Harald Sverdrup, 22 October 1944. BS Secret Correspondence, January-February 1945, S68, box 153, Charles C. Bates, ‘Wave Research in the United States from August 1943 to November 1944’. Oceanography was included in the Joint Army-Navy Intelligence Studies: National Archives (College Park, MD), Army Chief of Staff Records, RG 319.
33. SSF, US Navy Hydrographic Office 1945-1946, box 26, folder 25, Minutes of the Meeting Held in the Hydrographic Office, 19 October 1945; National Archives (College Park, MD), Chief of Naval Operations Records, RG 38, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air), Flight Division, Aerology Division, General Correspondence, 1919-1945, box 3, folder H1 (1), Mills to Hydrographer, 11 December 1945. Chief of Naval Operations, Commander in Chief Confidential Correspondence 1945, box 1805, folder H1(3), Commander Amphibious Forces to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, 20 August 1945.
34. OSRD, entry 78, box 47, folder Demobilization III, Hutchisson to Harnwell, 29 September 1944, 28 December 1944. SSF, box 16, folder 42, Memorandum for Commander Roger Revelle Summarizing Conclusions Reached at a Conference at La Jolla, 10-13 January 1945.
35. Project disposition occurred at a conference, 18 November 1944: OSRD, entry 78, box 47, folder Demobilization III, Hamwell to Colpitts, 1 November 1944; Harnwell, Status Report, 9 November 1944. On MPL, BS Radio Division, General Correspondence, box 221, folder sonar, Jones to Regents of the University of California, 12 December 1944. Sverdrup remained SIO director, but the government created UCDWR and MPL because of his security problems: Oreskes and Rainger, ‘Science and Security before the Atomic Bomb’, op. cit. note 3.
36. SSF, Expeditions: Operation Crossroads, 1946, May-December 1946, box 6, folder 29, Memorandum, 013B [Revelle] Joint Task Force One to 01D Joint Task Force One, 11 May 1946. SIOD Revelle, box 3, folder 60, Revelle, ‘Report of the Co-ordinator of Oceanography’.
37. Memorandum, 013B to 01D Joint Task Force One; SSF, Expeditions: Operation Crossroads, March-April 1946, box 6, folder 28, Munk to Sverdrup, 29 March 1946. Also: WHOI Archives, Operation Crossroads JTF1, Marshall Islands, 1946-1947, Accession Number 92-18, Riley to Iselin, 31 March 1946; and Pamela M. Henson, ‘The Smithsonian Goes to War: The Increase and Diffusion of Scientific Knowledge in the Pacific’, in Roy M. MacLeod (ed.), Science and the Pacific War: Science and Survival in the Pacific, 1939-1945 (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000), 27-50.
38. Memorandum for Revelle, op. cit., note 19.
39. Mills to Hydrographer, 11 December 1945, op. cit. note 18; SIOD Sverdrup, box 1, folder 49, [Sverdrup], ‘Memorandum on Postwar Studies of the Oceanography of the Surface Layers’, 31 May 1945.
40. SIOD Revelle, box 5, folder 2, Memorandum [Revelle] to Chief of Naval Research, Oceanography in the Navy Postwar Program’, nd [17 October 1947].
41. [Revelle],’Oceanography in the Navy Postwar Program’, op. cit. note 24;
42. SSF, US Navy Office of Naval Research, February 1947-1948, box 26, folder 36, [Revelle], ‘The Military Aspects of the Geophysics Branch Program’.
43. National Archives (College Park, MD), Defense Threat Reduction Agency Records, RG 374, entry 47B, box 156, folder A3-1, Memorandum for Joint Chiefs of Staff, 18 April 1947, (afterwards, DTRA).
44. Revelle chaired a ‘Symposium on Bikini’, SIOD Revelle, box 5, folders 3, 4.
45. DTRA, entry 47B, box 156, folder Incoming Dispatches; folder Planning Conference Notes; and box 156, folder Al Operation Plans, Revelle to Parsons, 18 June 1947. Publications of the resurvey are in: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers, nos. 260 A-Z, and 260 AA-II.
46. On ONR, see Sapolsky, Science and the Navy, op. cit. note 3, 3-56. On Conrad and Old’s efforts to negotiate contracts with UC, see Uren to Sproul, 20 October 1945, UCPR CU5 series 2, file 748, folder October 1945; and Bowen to Deutsch, 29 October 1945. UCPR, CU5, series 2, file 748, folder December 1945. ONR’s basic contract with Scripps, N6ori-III, identified task orders for work on such subjects as currents, interaction of sea and atmosphere, and distribution of physical and chemical properties. SSF, Contracts N6ori-III, 1946-1947, box 5, folder 65, Navy Department, Office of Research and Inventions, Contract N6ori-111 with the Regents of the University of California, 1 July 1946. On defining contracts in the most general terms: Washington National Record Center (Suitland, MD), ONR General Files 1945-1948, Accession 5332, box 21, folder A 11 (1), Bowen to Hovde, 22 April 1946.
47. [Revelle], ‘Military Aspects of Geophysics Branch Program’, op. cit note 25;
48. [Revelle], Oceanography in the Navy Postwar Program’, op. cit note 24.
49. On ONR research in relation to defence and national welfare: ONR General Files 1945-1948, Accession 5332, box 5, folder Chief of Naval Research, Weaver, ‘Motions Concerning ONR Planning Division’, 6 November 1946; and Laurence to Knudsen, 5 December 1946.
50. SIOD Revelle, Research and Development Board, 1949, box 3, folder 19. SIOD Revelle, National Research Council Committee on Amphibious Operations, 1950-1954, box 2, folders 44-45, box 3, folders 1-4. On coastal engineering: SSF, Research: US War Department Beach Erosion Board Contract W-49-055-ENG3, Investigations of Fundamental Principles Governing Movement of Beaches and Near Shore Materials, box 17, folders 5-8. SSF, Research: Air/Sea Boundary, 1953, box 17, folder 18, Revelle to Landsberg, 12 April 1953; SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 49, Revelle to Duntley, 31 January 1952.
51. SSF, Marine Life Research Program, box 13, folder 11, Sverdrup to Sproul, 20 February 1947; Sverdrup to Revelle, 26 February 1947. SSF, Ships, Horizon, box 20, folder 48, Rice to Hubbs, 25 November 1947. On Scripps’ contracts for 1948: UCPR, CU5, folder 1948: 414.
52. SSF, Research: Bureau of Ships, SOFAR 1946-1947, box 16, folder 52, Revelle to Humphreys, 28 November 1948; and Revelle and Eckart to Code 418, 20 May 1949; SSF, Research: Bureau of Ships, SOFAR, 1948-1952, box 16, folder 53, Eckart to Revelle, 10 June 1949.
53. SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 13, Revelle to Sverdrup, 6 January 1948; SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 14, Eckart to Corley, 24 May 1948.
54. Harald U. Sverdrup, ‘Oceanographic Observations on the E.W. Scripps Cruises of 1940’, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Records of Observations, I (1943), 161-248.
55. H.H. Hess, ‘Drowned Ancient Islands of the Pacific Basin’, American Journal of Science, CCXLIV (1946), 772-791.
56. On Ewing, see H.W. Menard, The Ocean of Truth: A Personal History of Global Tectonics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 30-43.
57. SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 27, ‘Proposed University of California Mid-Pacific Expedition’, 10 October 1949.
58. SSF, Expeditions: MIDPAC, R/V Horizon, Correspondence May-June 1950, box 6, folder 36, Commanding Officer and Director, Navy Electronics Laboratory to Chief, Bureau of Ships, 6 January 1950; Revelle to Vine and Perkins, 9 January 1950. SSF, Expeditions: MIDPAC, box 6, folder 37, Dietz to Revelle, 7 June 1950.
59. Revelle to Vine and Perkins; SSF, Expeditions: MIDPAC, box 6, folder 36, Proposed Mid-Pacific Expedition. Joint SIO-NEL-MPL Planning Committee, ‘Proposed Studies Related to Underwater Sound and Undersea Warfare Problem’, nd [January 1950].
60. SSF, Expeditions: MIDPAC, box 6, folder 37, Raitt, Mid-Pacific Expedition, 1950, 1 June 1950.
61. Menard, Ocean of Truth, op. cit. note 35, 44-56. The quote is on 44. SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 36, Revelle to Meyer, 20 December 1950. His MIDPAC lecture invitations are in folders 36-40.
62. Menard, Ocean of Truth, op. cit., note 35, 63, 111. Much of this information is still classified.
63. SSF, Expeditions: Capricorn, June-July 1952, box 7, folder 6, Hooper to Commander Joint Task Force 132, 26 June 1952; SSF, Expeditions: Norpac, box 7, folder 43, Reid to Marr, 19 May 1954, and related materials folders 43-48. On Armed Forces Special Weapons Project: UCPR, CU5, folder 1954: 414, Revelle to Barthell, 1 June 1954. On Norpac: SSF, Expeditions: Norpac, box 7, folder 44, Revelle to Japanese Oceanographers and Fisheries, 15 November 1954. On Downwind: SSF, Expeditions: Downwind, Correspondence October 1957-February 1958, box 8, folder 8, press release [Revelle], 12 October 1957. On nuclear weapons tests in the South Pacific, see: Barton C. Hacker, Elements of Controversy: The Atomic Energy Commission and Radiation Safety in Nuclear Weapons Testing, 1947-1974 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
64. On fisheries, oil, and other resources, see: Thomas Wolff, In Pursuit of Tuna: The Expansion of a Fishing Industry and its International Ramifications - The End of an Era (Tempe: Arizona State University Press, 1980).
65. SSF, Marine Life Research Program, box 13, folder 11, Meeting of the Sardine Research Committee, 13 March 1947.
66. UCPR, CU5 series 4, box 32:27, Carritt et al. to Sproul, 24 September 1947; On Hubbs: Scripps Archives, Carl L. Hubbs Papers, box 33, folder 44, Hubbs to Sverdrup, 3 September 1947; Hubbs to Sproul, 24 September 1947.
67. SSF, Marine Life Research Program, 1947, box 13, folder 15, Revelle to Isaacs, 29 November 1947. 46 SSF, Marine Life Research Program, box 13, folder 16, Sverdrup, ‘The Sardine Problem’;
68. and [Revelle], ‘Marine Life Research Program’. On disputes with FWS biologists: SSF, Marine Life Research Program, box 13, folder 16, Hubbs to Sette, 9 April 1948; Sette to Revelle, 11 May 1948. Also notes from MRL Administrative Committee meeting, Hubbs Papers, box 24, folder 32, 27 May 1948.
69. SSF, Marine Life Research Program, box 13, folder 52, Wooster to Revelle, 19 December 1950 SSF, Conferences: Sardine Conference 1952-1953, box 3, folder 42, Clark to All Who Attended 1951 Conference, 13 March 1952. UCPR CU5 folder 1951: 414-2, Saxby to Corley, 11 January 1951; Corley to Sproul, 9 March 1951.
70. SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 28, Eckart to Knudsen, 30 January 1950. In the 1930s and 1940s sixteen students finished doctoral degrees in biology and microbiology and eight in oceanography. In the 1950s forty-nine received doctorates in oceanography and eight in zoology and microbiology, after those fields were re-established at SIO. Raitt and Moulton, Scripps Institution, op. cit. note 4, Appendix II, 192-194
71. ONR General Files 1945-1948, Accession 5332, box 38, folder p11-1, Postgraduate Training in Science, Chief of Research and Inventions to Chief of Bureau of Personnel, 22 July 1946; ‘Position of the Scripps Institution’, op. cit. note 2, transcript, 22. On Revelle’s role in developing the Chesapeake Bay Oceanographic Institution associated with Hopkins: SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 17, 27 November 1948. On the decline of women students: Naomi Oreskes, ‘Laissez-tomber. Military Patronage and Women’s Work in mid-Twentieth Century Oceanography’, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, XXX (2), (2000), 373-392.
72. Revelle to Landsberg, op. cit. note 30, 12 April 1953. SSF, Beach Erosion Board Contract, box 17, folder 8, Revelle to President, Beach Erosion Board, 7 April 1952; and Revelle to O’Brien, 11 April 1952.
73. ‘Position of the Scripps Institution’, op. cit. note 2, transcript, 56. On transferring MLR: Scripps Archives, University of California Institute of Marine Resources, (afterwards, IMR), Executive Committee and Advisory Council, 1953-1959, box 7, folder 392, Minutes of the Organization Meeting, 23 November 1953. SIOD Revelle, box 2, folder 11, Revelle to Marr, 14 February 1954.
74. SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 28, Revelle to Ryerson, 2 January 1950. National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Oceanography, Oceanography 1951: A Report on the Present Status of the Science of the Sea (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1952), 10-11, 13-14.
75. On opposition to Revelle: UCPR, CU5, series 4, box 32:27, Fox et al. to Sproul, 12 May 1950, 31 October 1950. Saxby to Corley, 11 January 1951; Corley to Sproul, 9 March 1951. The quote is from UCPR, CU5, series 4, box 32:27, transcript of discussion, Sproul and Revelle, 26 March 1951.
76. UCPR, CU5, series 4, box 32:29, Revelle to Sproul, 20 June 1950; Schaefer to Revelle, 19 October 1950. Hubbs Papers, box 22, folder 43, Revelle to Schaefer, 18 December 1950.
77. Revelle to Ryerson, op. cit. note 52, 2 January 1950. SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 36, Revelle to Sproul, 9 November 1950. The proposal is in: UCPR, CU5, series 4, box 32:29, Revelle to Sproul, 5 October 1951.
78. SSF, Administration - Director’s Search Committee 1947, box 1, folder 25, Revelle to O’Brien, 7 November 1947. Knudsen headed the 1947 search to replace Sverdrup: UCPR, CU5, series 4, box 32:27, Knudsen to Sproul, 2 July 1947. SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 46, Revelle to Mrak, 8 June 1951. SIOD Revelle, box 1, folder 48, Revelle to McKinney, 20 October, 1951.
79. Scripps Archives, State of California, Marine Research Committee Meeting Minutes, box 1, vol. 1
80. [Revelle], ‘Prospectus of the Proposed Institute of Marine Resources’, 14 November 1951. On university approval of IMR: UCPR, CU5, series 4, box 32:29, Woods to Sproul, 13 December 1951.
81. Hubbs Papers, box 22, folder 24, Revelle to Woods, 1 December 1951; and IMR, Executive Committee and Advisory Council, 1953-1959, box 7, folder 392, Annual Report, 23 April 1956. On Wheelock: IMR, Office of the Director Reports, box 6, folders 376 and 377, Revelle to O’Brien, 14 May 1953, 14 July 1953, 2 October 1953; and IMR, Executive Committee and Advisory Council, 1953-1959, box 7, folder 392, Minutes of the Organization Meeting, 23 November 1953.
82. IMR, Executive Committee and Advisory Council, January-September 1953, box 6, folder 376, Revelle, ‘Proposal for the Institute of Marine Resources’.
83. RR, box 23, folder 13, Revelle to Sverdrup, 10 May 1950. SSF, Administration, Faculty Meetings, 1949, 1954-1958, box 1, folder 27, Abstract of Minutes of SIO Faculty Meetings, 26 April 1955, 7 June 1955.
84. Verne A. Stadtman, The Centennial Record of the University of California (Berkeley: University of California Printing Department, 1968), 223;
85. Verne A. Stadtman, The University of California, 1868-1968 (New York: McGraw Hill, 1970), 349-361.
86. Stadtman, University of California, 351, 361. Mandeville Special Collections Library (La Jolla, CA), Records of the Chancellor’s Office, Campus Expansion Files, Collection RSS 003, box 1, folder 1, State of California, House Resolution 112, 30 March 1955, (afterwards, UCSD).
87. UCSD, box 1, folder 1, Revelle to Holy, 5 August 1955; and UCSD, box 1, folder 10, ‘A Program for the La Jolla Campus of the University of California’, nd [1957].
88. ‘A Program for the La Jolla Campus’, UCSD, box 2, folder 1.
89. Staff of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‘A Proposed Policy and Program for Expansion of the La Jolla Campus’, 3 December 1956.
90. On institutes: UCSD, box 1, folder 10, ‘Preliminary Considerations for the Establishment of an Institution of Higher Learning in the San Diego Area’, nd [1955].
91. The quote is from: UCSD, box 1, folder 1, Revelle to Knudsen, 10 November 1956. Revelle’s comments on faculty requirements and providing institutes with administrative and budgetary responsibility for research contracts are in: ‘A Proposed Policy and Program for Expansion of the La Jolla Campus’.
92. On organized research: Stadtman, University of California, op. cit. note 61, 356-374;
93. and Roger L. Geiger, Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities Since World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 47-58.
94. Revelle to Holy, Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities Since World War op. cit. note 63;
95. ‘Preliminary Considerations for an Institution of Higher Learning’, op. cit. note 64. On the Chamber of Commerce: UCSD, box 7, folder 4.
96. On Navy support: Nancy Scott Anderson, An Improbable Venture: A History of the University of California, San Diego (La Jolla: UCSD Press, 1993), 40-41.
97. The quotation is from: Roger Revelle, ‘Bikini Revisited - Preliminary Results of the Scientific Resurvey during the Summer of 1947’, Science, CVI, (28 November 1947), 512-513.
98. For Scripps scientists on Operation IVY: Willard Bascom, The Crest of the Wave: Adventures in Oceanography (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 89-114.
99. Details about the activities of Scripps’ scientists who participated in Operations WIGWAM and REDWING are in Scripps Archives, Theodore Robert Folsom Papers and John Isaacs Papers. On the laboratory of nuclear geochemical studies: Hans Suess and Harmon Craig, ‘Oceanographic and Geochemical Investigations by Use of Natural Isotopic Tracers’, UCPR, CU5, 1955:414.
100. [Roger Revelle and others], The Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation: Summary Report of the Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation on Oceanography and Fisheries (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1956), 73-84
101. Roger Revelle and Milner B. Schaefer, ‘General Considerations Concerning the Ocean as a Receptacle for Radioactive Materials’
102. in [Roger Revelle and others], The Effects of Atomic Radiation on Oceanography and Fisheries (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1957), 1-25.
103. After the mid-1950s, environmental investigations dominated the work of Theodore Folsom and Edward Goldberg: Scripps Archives, Scientific Papers of Theodore Robert Folsom, vols. 2-4; Edward D. Goldberg, A Guide to Marine Pollution (New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1972).
104. In addition to funding research, the AEC provided Scripps with a $1, 000, 000 computer: Anderson, Improbable Venture, op. cit. note 66, 80.
105. UCSD, box 1, folder 3, Hopkins to Sproul, 1 March 1956.
106. UCSD box 1, folder 1, Sproul to Revelle, 5 September 1956.
107. Stadtman, University of California, op. cit. note 61, 319-339; quote is on 339. See also: David P. Gardner, The California Oath Controversy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967);
108. and Russell H. Fitzgibbon, The Academic Senate of the University of California (Berkeley: Office of the President, University of California, 1968), 40.
109. Quotations are from the Senate Educational Policy Committee Report, UCSD, box 6, folder 5 Strong to Sproul, 20 May 1957. Other faculty reports that were critical included an earlier Senate Educational Policy Committee Report, UCSD, box 6, folder 4, Mowry to Sproul 12 April 1956; and the report of a special faculty committee assembled by Sproul and led by Glenn Seaborg, UCSD, box 6, folder 5, Board of Regents Meeting, 15 June 1956, 120-124. Vern Knudsen expressed his skepticism about research institutes in UCSD box 1, folder 1, Knudsen to Revelle, 7 November 1956.
110. UCSD box 6, folder 1, Minutes of a Regents’ Conference on Educational Policy in a Period of Expanding Enrollments, 14 August 1957.
111. Anderson, Improbable Venture, op. cit. note 66, 67-75, 113-138. Anderson refers to Revelle’s use of the phrase ‘cathedral on a bluff’, and ‘desegregation’ on 37.