Analgesia and sedation in emergency situations and in the pediatric intensive care unit;Analgesia e sedação em situações de emergência e unidades de tratamento intensivo pediátrico

Jornal de Pediatria

Volumn 79, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2003, Pages

  Lago, Patrícia M ^a   Piva, Jefferson P ^a   Ramos Garcia, Pedro Celiny ^a   Sfoggia, Ana ^a   Knight, Geoff ^b   Ramelet, Anne Sylvie ^b   Duncan, Alan ^b  

^a PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^b PRINCESS MARGARET HOSPITAL FOR CHILDREN   (Australia)

Author keywords

Analgesics; Intensive care unit; Invasive procedures; Sedatives

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; SEDATIVE AGENT;

CARDIAC ANXIETY; EMERGENCY WARD; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; REVIEW; SEDATION; SYNAPTOGENESIS;

EID: 0346334762     PISSN: 00217557     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/s0021-75572003000800012     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Anand KJS, Hickey PR. Pain in the foetus and neonate. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1321-9.
2. Anand KJS, Coskun V, Thrivikraman KV, Nemernoff CB, Plotsky PM. Long-term behavioral effects of repetitive pain in neonatal rat pups. Physiol Behav 1999;66:627-37.
3. Grunau RVE, Whitfield MF, Petrie JH, Fryer EL. Early pain experience, child, and family factors, as precursors of somatization: a prospective study of extremely premature and fullterm children. Pain 1994;56:353-9.
4. Grunau RVE, Whitfield MF, Petrie JH. Pain sensitivity and temperament in extremely low-birth-weight premature toddlers and preterm and full-term controls. Pain 1994;58:341-6.
5. Grunau RE, Oberlander T, Whitfield MF, Fitzgerald CE, Lee SK. Demographic and therapeutic determinants of pain reactivity in very low birth weight neonates at 32 weeks' postconceptional age. Pediatrics 2001;107:105-12.
6. Grunau RE. Long-term effects of pain. Research and Clinical Forums 1998;20:19-29.
7. Anand KJS, Hickey PR. Halothane-morphine compared with high-dose sufentanil for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in neonatal cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1-9.
8. Ramelet AS. Assessment of pain and agitation in critically ill infants. Aust Crit Care 1999; 12:92-6.
9. Nitowsky HM, Matz L, Berzofsky JA. Studies on oxidative drug metabolism in the full term newborn infant. J Pediatr 1966;69:1139-49.
10. Gladtke E. The importance of pharmacokinetics for paediatrics. Eur J Pediatr 1979;131:85-91.
11. Arant BS Jr. Developmental patterns of renal functional maturation compared in the human neonate. J Pediatr 1978;92:705-12.
12. Leake RD, Trystad CW. Glomerular filtration rate during the period of adaptation to extrauterine life. Pediatr Res 1977; 11:959-62.
13. Lloyd-Thomas AR, Booker PD. Infusion of midazolam in paediatric patients after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 1986;58: 1109-15.
14. Silvani DL, Rosen DA, Rosen KR. Continuous midazolam infusion for sedation in the paediatric intensive care unit. Anesth Analg 1988;67:286-8.
15. Wilton N, Leigh J, Rosen D, Pandit U. Preanaesthetic sedation of preschool children using intranasal midazolam. Anaesthesiology 1988;69:927-75.
16. Chang T, Glazko T. Biotransformation and metabolism of ketamine. Int Anaesthesiol Clin 1974;12:157-77.
17. Welborn LG, Rice LJ, Hannallah RS, Broadman LM, Ruttiman UE, Fink R. Postoperative apnoea in former preterm infants: Prospective comparison of spinal and general anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 1990;72:838-42.
18. Rita L, Seleny FL. Ketamine hydrochloride for paediatric premedication 11. Prevention post anaesthetic excitement. Anesth Analg 1974;53:380-2.
19. Tobias JD, Martin LD, Wetzel RC. Ketamine by continuous infusion for sedation in the paediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1990;18:819-21.
20. Green SM, Denmark TK, Cline J, Roghair C, Abd Allah S, Rothrock SG. Ketamine sedation for pediatric critical care procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care 2001;17:244-8.
21. Jones RDM, Chan K, Andrew LJ. Pharmacokinetics of propofol in children. Br J Anaesth 1990;65:661-7.
22. Hertzog JH, Dalton HJ, Anderson BD, Shad AT, Gootenberg JE, Hauser GJ. Prospective evaluation of Propofol anaesthesia in the pediatric intensive care unit for elective oncology procedures in ambulatory and hospitalised children. Pediatrics 2000;106:742-7.
23. Murdoch S, Cohen A. Intensive care sedation: a review of current British practice. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:922-8.
24. Parke TJ, Stevens JE, Rice AS, Greenaway CL, Bray RJ, Smith PJ, et al. Metabolic acidosis and fatal myocardial failure after propofol infusion in children: five case reports. BMJ 1992;305: 613-16.
25. Bray RJ. Propofol infusion syndrome in children. Paediatr Anaesth 1998;8:491-9.
26. Cray SH, Robinson BH, Cox PN. Lactic acidaemia and bradyarrhythmia in a child sedated with propofol. Crit Care Med 1998;26:2087-92.
27. Maze M, Tranquilli W. Alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonists: defining the role in clinical anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 1991;74:581-605.
28. Reimer EJ, Dunn GS, Montgomery CJ, Scheepers LD, Merrick PM. The effectiveness of clonidine as an analgesic in paediatric adenotonsillectomy. Can J Anaesth 1998;45:1162-7.
29. Ambrose C, Sale S, Howells R, Bevan C, Jenkins I, Weir P, et al. Intravenous clonidine infusion in critically ill children: dose dependent sedative effects and cardiovascular stability. Br J Anaesth 2000;84:794-6.
30. Mallol J, Sly PD. Effect of chloral hydrate on arterial oxygen saturation in wheezy infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1988;5:96-9.
31. McRori TI, Lynn AM, Nespecca MK, Opheim KE, Slattery JT. The maturation of morphine clearance and metabolism. Am J Dis Child 1992;146:972-6.
32. Bhat R, Chari G, Gulati A, Aldana O, Velamati R, Bhargava H. Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of morphine during the first week of life. J Pediatr 1990;117:477-81.
33. Johnson KL, Erickson JP, Holley FO, Scott JC. Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in the paediatric population. Anesthesiology 1984;61:A441.
34. Katz R, Kelly WH. Pharmacokinetics of continuous infusions of fentanyl in critically ill children. Crit Care Med 1993;21:995-1000.
35. Hickey P, Hansen DD, Wessell DL, Lang P, Jonas RA, Elixson EM. Blunting of stress response in the pulmonary vasculature of infants by fentanil. Anesth Analg 1985;64:1137-42.
36. Vacanti JP, Crone RK, Murphy JD, Smith SD, Black PR, et al. The pulmonary haemodynamic response to perioperative anaesthesia in the treatment of high-risk infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1984;19:672-9.
37. Arnold J.H., Truog R.D., Scavone J.M., Fenton T. Changes in the pharmacodynamic response to fentanyl in neonates during continuous infusion. J Pediatr 1991;119:639-43.
38. Katz R, Kelly WH, Hsi A. Prospective study on the occurrence of withdrawal in critically ill children who receive fentanyl by continuous infusion. Crit Care Med 1994;22:763-67.
39. Fonsmark L, Rasmussen YH, Carl P. Occurrence of withdrawal in critically ill sedated children. Crit Care Med 1999;27:196-9.
40. Tobias JD. Tolerance, withdrawal and physical dependency after long-term sedation and analgesia of children in the paediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2000;28:2122-32.
41. Wilder RT. Local anesthetics for the pediatric patient. Ped Clin N Amer 2000;47:545-58.