Imagination, personality, and imaginary companions

Social Behavior and Personality

Volumn 31, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 721-738

  Gleason, Tracy R ^a   Jarudi, Raceel N ^a   Cheek, Jonathan M ^a  

^a WELLESLEY COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Imagery; Imaginary companion; Interpersonal style; Personality; Shyness

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346328418     PISSN: 03012212     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2003.31.7.721     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Acredolo, L., Goodwyn, S., & Fulmer, A. (1995, April). Why some children create imaginary companions: Clues from infant and toddler play preferences. Poster session presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis, IN.
2. Ames, L., & Learned, J. (1946). Imaginary companions and related phenomena. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 69, 147-167.
3. Aron, E. N. (1996). The highly sensitive person: How to thrive when the world overwhelms you. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group.
4. Aron, E. N., & Aron, A. (1997). Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 345-368.
5. Avila, A. (2002). The gift of shyness. NY: Fireside Books.
6. Bach, L. M., Chang, A. S., & Berk, L. E. (2001, April). The role of imaginary companions in the development of social skills and play maturity. Poster presented at the annual meetings of the Eastern Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
7. Bonne, O., Canettie, L., Bachar, E., DeNour, A.-K., & Shalev, A. (1999). Childhood imaginary companionship and mental health in adolescence. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 29, 277-286.
8. Bouldin, P., & Pratt, C. (1999). Characteristics of preschool and school-age children with imaginary companions. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160, 397-410.
9. Bouldin, P., & Pratt, C. (2002). A systematic assessment of the specific fears, anxiety level, and temperament of children with imaginary companions, Australian Journal of Psychology, 54, 79-85.
10. Burnkrant, R. E., & Page, T. J. (1984). A modification of the Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss Self-Consciousness Scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 629-637.
11. Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
12. Caughey, J. (1984). Imaginary social worlds. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
13. Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330-339.
14. Cheek, J. M., & Krasnoperova, E. N. (1999). Varieties of shyness in adolescence and adulthood. In L. A. Schmidt & J. Schulkin (Eds.), Extreme fear, shyness, and social phobia: Origins, biological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes (pp. 224-250). New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Cheek, J. M., & Madaffari, T. M. I. (1998, August). Shyness and the many meanings of introversion. In B.J. Carducci & J.M. Cheek (Co-Chairs), New directions in shyness research and treatment. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
16. Cheek, J. M, & Melchior, L. A. (1985, August). Measuring the three components of shyness. In M. H. Davis & S. L. Franzoi (Chairs), Emotion, personality, and personal well-being. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.
17. Clance, P. (1985). The impostor phenomenon. Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers.
18. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Davis, M. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
20. Dierker, L. C., Davis, K. F., & Sanders, B. (1995). The imaginary companion phenomenon: An analysis of personality correlates and developmental antecedents. Dissociation: The Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 8, 220-228.
21. Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.
22. Gleason, T. (2002). Social provisions of real and imaginary relationships in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 38, 979-992.
23. Gleason, T., Sebanc, A., & Hartup, W. (2000). Imaginary companions of preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 36, 419-428.
24. Guilford, J. P. (1959). Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
25. Hall, E. (1982). The fearful child's hidden talents [Interview with Jerome Kagan]. Psychology Today, 16 (July), 50-59.
26. Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: A re-examination of Murray's Narcism Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 588-599.
27. Hiscock, M. (1978). Imagery assessment through self-report: What do imagery questionnaires measure? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 223-230.
28. Horney, K. (1945). Our inner conflicts. New York: Norton.
29. Huba, G. J., Singer, J. L., Aneshensel, C. S., & Antrobus, J. S. (1982). The Short Imaginal Processes Inventory. Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologists Press.
30. Hurlock, E., & Burstein, M. (1932). The imaginary playmate: A questionnaire study. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 41, 380-392.
31. Manosevitz, M., Fling, S., & Prentice, N. (1977). Imaginary companions in young children: Relationships with intelligence, creativity and waiting ability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 73-78.
32. Manosevitz, M., Prentice, N., & Wilson, F. (1973). Individual and family correlates of imaginary companions in preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 8, 72-79.
33. Mauro, J. (1991). The friend that only I can see: A longitudinal investigation of children's imaginary companions (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 4995.
34. Meyer, J., & Tuber, S. (1989). Intrapsychic and behavioral correlates of the phenomenon of imaginary companions in young children. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 6(2), 151-168.
35. Miller, L. C., Murphy, R., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Consciousness of body: Private and public. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 397-406.
36. Nagera, H. (1969). The imaginary companion: Its significance for ego development and conflict solution. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 24, 165-195.
37. Paivio, A., & Harshman, R. (1983). Factor analysis of a questionnaire on imagery and verbal habits and skills. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 37, 461-483.
38. Partington, J., & Grant, C. (1984). Imaginary playmates and other useful fantasies. In P. Smith (Ed.), Play in animals and humans (pp. 217-240). New York: Basil Blackwell.
39. Piliavin, J. A., & Charng, H. (1988). What is the factor structure of the private and public self-consciousness scales? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 587-595.
40. Robins, C. J., Ladd, J., Welkowitz, J., Blaney, P. H., Diaz, R., & Kutcher, G. (1994). The Personal Styles Inventory: Preliminary validation of new measures of sociotropy and autonomy. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16, 277-300.
41. Schaefer, C. (1969). Imaginary companions and creative adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 1, 747-749.
42. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). The Self-Consciousness Scale: A revised version for use with general populations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 687-699.
43. Seiffge-Krenke, I. (1993). Close friendship and imaginary companions in adolescence. New Directions for Child Development, 60, 73-87.
44. Seiffge-Krenke, I. (1997). Imaginary companions in adolescence: sign of a deficient or positive development? Journal of Adolescence, 20, 137-154.
45. Singer, D., & Singer, J. (1990). The house of make-believe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
46. Singer, J. (1961). Imagination and waiting ability in young children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 396-413.
47. Singer, J. L., & Antrobus, J. S. (1970). The Imaginai Processes Inventory. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
48. Singer, J.L., & Bonanno, G.A. (1990). Personality and private experience: Individual variations in consciousness and in attention to subjective phenomena. In L.A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 419-444). New York: Guilford.
49. Svendsen, M. (1934). Children's imaginary companions. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 32, 985-999.
50. Taylor, M. (1999). Imaginary companions and the children who create them. New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Triandis, H. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
52. Vostrovsky, C. (1895). A study of imaginary companions. Education, 15, 393-398.
53. Waters, P. L., & Cheek, J. M. (in press). Personality development. In V.J. Derlega, B.A. Winstead, & W.H. Jones (Eds.), Personality: Contemporary theory and research (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
54. Watkins, M. (2000). Invisible guests: The development of imaginal dialogues. Woodstock, CT: Spring Publications.
55. Wingfield, R. (1948). Bernreuter personality ratings of college students who recall having had imaginary playmates during childhood. Journal of Child Psychiatry, 1, 190-194.