Structural adjustment and the response of civil society in Bangladesh and Zimbabwe: A comparative analysis

New Political Economy

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 149-164

  Maclean, Sandra J ^a   Quadir, Fahimul ^a   Shaw, Timothy M ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345936776     PISSN: 13563467     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13563469708406292     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. See, for example, Michael Barratt Brown, Africa's Choices: After Thirty years of the World Bank (Penguin, 1995); Jennifer Clapp, Adjustment and Agriculture in Africa: Farmers, the State and the World Bank in Guinea (Macmillan, 1997); Noellen Heyzer et al. (Eds), Government-NGO Relations in Asia (Macmillan, 1995); Laura Macdonald, Supporting Civil Society (Macmillan, 1997); Paul Nelson, The World Bank and NGOs: The Limits of Apolitical Development (Macmillan, 1995); and Tor Skalnes, The Politics of Economic Reform in Zimbabwe (Macmillan, 1996).
2. See, for example, Michael Barratt Brown, Africa's Choices: After Thirty years of the World Bank (Penguin, 1995); Jennifer Clapp, Adjustment and Agriculture in Africa: Farmers, the State and the World Bank in Guinea (Macmillan, 1997); Noellen Heyzer et al. (Eds), Government-NGO Relations in Asia (Macmillan, 1995); Laura Macdonald, Supporting Civil Society (Macmillan, 1997); Paul Nelson, The World Bank and NGOs: The Limits of Apolitical Development (Macmillan, 1995); and Tor Skalnes, The Politics of Economic Reform in Zimbabwe (Macmillan, 1996).
3. See, for example, Michael Barratt Brown, Africa's Choices: After Thirty years of the World Bank (Penguin, 1995); Jennifer Clapp, Adjustment and Agriculture in Africa: Farmers, the State and the World Bank in Guinea (Macmillan, 1997); Noellen Heyzer et al. (Eds), Government-NGO Relations in Asia (Macmillan, 1995); Laura Macdonald, Supporting Civil Society (Macmillan, 1997); Paul Nelson, The World Bank and NGOs: The Limits of Apolitical Development (Macmillan, 1995); and Tor Skalnes, The Politics of Economic Reform in Zimbabwe (Macmillan, 1996).
4. See, for example, Michael Barratt Brown, Africa's Choices: After Thirty years of the World Bank (Penguin, 1995); Jennifer Clapp, Adjustment and Agriculture in Africa: Farmers, the State and the World Bank in Guinea (Macmillan, 1997); Noellen Heyzer et al. (Eds), Government-NGO Relations in Asia (Macmillan, 1995); Laura Macdonald, Supporting Civil Society (Macmillan, 1997); Paul Nelson, The World Bank and NGOs: The Limits of Apolitical Development (Macmillan, 1995); and Tor Skalnes, The Politics of Economic Reform in Zimbabwe (Macmillan, 1996).
5. See, for example, Michael Barratt Brown, Africa's Choices: After Thirty years of the World Bank (Penguin, 1995); Jennifer Clapp, Adjustment and Agriculture in Africa: Farmers, the State and the World Bank in Guinea (Macmillan, 1997); Noellen Heyzer et al. (Eds), Government-NGO Relations in Asia (Macmillan, 1995); Laura Macdonald, Supporting Civil Society (Macmillan, 1997); Paul Nelson, The World Bank and NGOs: The Limits of Apolitical Development (Macmillan, 1995); and Tor Skalnes, The Politics of Economic Reform in Zimbabwe (Macmillan, 1996).
6. See, for example, Michael Barratt Brown, Africa's Choices: After Thirty years of the World Bank (Penguin, 1995); Jennifer Clapp, Adjustment and Agriculture in Africa: Farmers, the State and the World Bank in Guinea (Macmillan, 1997); Noellen Heyzer et al. (Eds), Government-NGO Relations in Asia (Macmillan, 1995); Laura Macdonald, Supporting Civil Society (Macmillan, 1997); Paul Nelson, The World Bank and NGOs: The Limits of Apolitical Development (Macmillan, 1995); and Tor Skalnes, The Politics of Economic Reform in Zimbabwe (Macmillan, 1996).
7. See, for example, Giovanni Andrea et al. (Eds), Africa's Recovery in the 1990s: From Stagnation and Adjustment to Human Development (St Martin's Press, 1992); Paul Mosley et al., Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-based Lending, Vols I & II (Routledge, 1991); and Giovanni Andrea et al. (Eds), Adjustment with a Human Face, Vols I & II (Oxford University Press, 1987).
8. See, for example, Giovanni Andrea et al. (Eds), Africa's Recovery in the 1990s: From Stagnation and Adjustment to Human Development (St Martin's Press, 1992); Paul Mosley et al., Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-based Lending, Vols I & II (Routledge, 1991); and Giovanni Andrea et al. (Eds), Adjustment with a Human Face, Vols I & II (Oxford University Press, 1987).
9. See, for example, Giovanni Andrea et al. (Eds), Africa's Recovery in the 1990s: From Stagnation and Adjustment to Human Development (St Martin's Press, 1992); Paul Mosley et al., Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-based Lending, Vols I & II (Routledge, 1991); and Giovanni Andrea et al. (Eds), Adjustment with a Human Face, Vols I & II (Oxford University Press, 1987).
10. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1996 (Oxford University Press, 1996); and United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, States of Disarray (UNRISD, 1995).
11. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1996 (Oxford University Press, 1996); and United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, States of Disarray (UNRISD, 1995).
12. Public Interest Research Group, Alternative Economic Survey: 1992-93 (Public Interest Research Group, 1993), p. 96.
13. Rehman Sobhan & Muzaffer Ahmad, Public Enterprise in an Intermediate Regime: A Study of the Political Economy of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, 1980), pp. 132-3.
14. Clare E. Humphrey, Privatization in Bangladesh: Economic Transition in a Poor Country (Westview Press, 1990), pp. 50-2.
15. Syed Serajul Islam, Bangladesh: State and Economic Strategy (University Press, 1988), p. 147.
16. Humphrey, Privatization in Bangladesh, pp. 50-1.
17. Rehman Sobhan & Ahmad Ahsan, Disinvestment and Denationalisation: Profile and Performance (Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, 1984), p. 25.
18. Rehman Sobhan (Ed.), Debt Default to the Development Finance Institutions: The Crisis of State Sponsored Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh (University Press, 1991), pp. 146-7.
19. Government of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Arthonoyik Jarip: 1982-83 (Ministry of Finance, 1983), pp. 87-8.
20. Sobhan & Ahsan, Disinvestment and Denationalization, p. 33.
21. Humphrey, Privatization in Bangladesh, p. 60.
22. Rehman Sobhan, The Development of the Private Sector in Bangladesh: A Review of the Outcome of State Policy (Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, 1990), p. 25.
23. Government of Bangladesh, The Fourth Five Year Plan: 1990-95, Draft (Ministry of Planning, 1990), pp. ii-1.
24. Sobhan, The Development of the Private Sector in Bangladesh, pp. 53-5.
25. Talukder Maniruzzaman, 'The Fall of the Military Dictator: 1991 Elections and the Prospect of Civilian Rule in Bangladesh', Pacific Affairs, Vol. 65, No. 2 (1992), pp. 206-8.
26. 'World Bank concerned at anti-reform talk', Daily Star, 6 March 1994, p. 1.
27. Muhammad A. Hakim, Bangladesh Politics: The Shahabuddin Interregnum (University Press, 1992), pp. 10-41.
28. Sadaha Islam, 'Try harder: World Bank prods Dhaka to speed up reforms', Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 157, No. 18 (5 May 1994), p. 77.
29. Enayetullah Khan, 'Give peace a chance, please', Dhaka Courier, 22 March 1996, p. 7.
30. Michael Bratton, 'Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa', World Politics, Vol. 41, No. 3 (1989), p. 410.
31. Government of Bangladesh, Report of the Task Forces on Bangladesh Development Strategies for the 1990s: Policies for Development, Vol. 2 (University Press, 1991), p. 373.
32. World Bank, Pursuing Common Goals: Strengthening Relations between Government and Development NGOs (World Bank Resident Mission, 1996), p. 4.
33. Government of Bangladesh, Flow of Foreign Grant Fund Through NGO Affairs Bureau (Prime Minister's Office, June 1996).
34. David Korten, 'Third Generation NGO Strategies: A Key to People-centred Development', World Development, Vol. 15, Supplement (1987), pp. 145-59.
35. Paul Ekins, A New World Order: Grassroots Movements for Social Change (Routledge, 1992), pp. 122-23.
36. Grameen Bank, Consolidated and Cumulative Statement as of May 1996 (Grameen Bank, 1996), p. 2.
37. See Susan Holcombe, Managing to Empower: The Grameen Bank's Experience of Poverty Alleviation (Zed, 1995).
38. A.N.M. Wahid, 'The Grameen Bank and Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh: Theory, Evidence and Limitations', The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 53, No. 1 (1994), pp. 1-15.
39. Ainon Nahar Mizan, In Quest of Empowerment: The Grameen Bank's Impact on Women's Power and Status (University Press, 1994), p. 152.
40. See Catherine H. Lovell, Breaking the Cycle of Poverty: The BRAC Strategy (University Press, 1992).
41. Ekins, A New World Order, pp. 116-17.
42. Ibid., pp. 173-4.
43. Adite Nag Chowdhury, Let Grassroots Speak: People's Participation, Self-help Groups and NGOs in Bangladesh (University Press, 1989), pp. 111-24.
44. Government expenditures on health increased by 33 per cent in real dollars in 1980/81 and 20 per cent in 1981/82 and on education by 60 per cent in 1980/81 and then 5 per cent per year until 1990/91. From 1980 to 1990 infant mortality dropped from 88/1000 in 1980 to 61/1000, under age five mortality decreased from 104/1000 to 87/1000, and maternal mortalities fell at similar rates. In education, enrollment increased from 1.2 million in 1980 to 2.1 million 10 years later. See Government of Zimbabwe/UNICEF, Programme of Cooperation 1995-2000, Harare, October 1993.
45. On ZANU-PF's 'developmentalist' ideology, see Lloyd M. Sachikonye, 'From "equity" and "participation" to structural adjustment: state and social forces in Zimbabwe', in: D. Moore & G. Schmitz (Eds), Debating Development Discourses: Institutional and Popular Perspectives (Macmillan, 1995), p. 181.
46. Brian Raftopoulos, 'Beyond the House of Hunger: Democratic Struggle in Zimbabwe', Review of African Political Economy, No. 54 (1992), p. 64.
47. According to Sachikonye ('From "equity" and "participation" to structural adjustment', p. 182), the proliferation of state enterprises was not 'an altruistic (or presumably, ideologically-based) strategy ... to limit or pre-empt the expansion of the private sector [but rather] a conscious attempt by the state-based bourgeoisie to carve a niche for itself for its own accumulation requirements'.
48. Jeffrey Herbst, State and Politics in Zimbabwe (University of California Press, 1990), p. 18.
49. Timothy M. Shaw, 'Beyond Neocolonialism: Varieties of Corporatism in Africa', Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 20 (1982), pp. 239-61.
50. Havina S. Dashwood, 'The Relevance of Class to the Evolution of Zimbabwe's Development Strategy, 1980-1991', Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1 (1996), pp. 27-48.
51. Raftopoulos, 'Beyond the House of Hunger', pp. 64-5.
52. Colin Stoneman, 'The World Bank: Some Lessons for South Africa', Review of African Political Economy, No. 58 (1993), p. 94.
53. Lionel Cliffe, 'Were they pushed or did they jump? Zimbabwe and the World Bank', Southern African Report, March 1991, pp. 25-8.
54. Ibid.; see also Dashwood, 'The Relevance of Class'.
55. Ibid.; see also Dashwood, 'The Relevance of Class'.
56. John Makumbe, 'Bureaucratic Corruption in Zimbabwe: Causes and Magnitude of the Problem', Africa Development, Vol. XIX, No. 3 (1994), pp. 45-60; Andrew Meldrum, 'The land scandal', Africa Report January-February 1995, pp. 28-31.
57. John Makumbe, 'Bureaucratic Corruption in Zimbabwe: Causes and Magnitude of the Problem', Africa Development, Vol. XIX, No. 3 (1994), pp. 45-60; Andrew Meldrum, 'The land scandal', Africa Report January-February 1995, pp. 28-31.
58. Munhamo Chiszo, Government Spending on Social Services and the Impact of Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe (1993); M. Chiszo et al., A Review of Policy Dimensions of Adjustment in Zimbabwe 1990-9, (UNICEF, 1994); Brian MacGarry, Double Damage: Rural People and Economic Structural Adjustment in a Time of Drought, Silveira House Social Series No. 7 (1994); UNICEF, Children and Women in Zimbabwe: A Situation Analysis Update 1994 (UNICEF, 1994).
59. Munhamo Chiszo, Government Spending on Social Services and the Impact of Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe (1993); M. Chiszo et al., A Review of Policy Dimensions of Adjustment in Zimbabwe 1990-9, (UNICEF, 1994); Brian MacGarry, Double Damage: Rural People and Economic Structural Adjustment in a Time of Drought, Silveira House Social Series No. 7 (1994); UNICEF, Children and Women in Zimbabwe: A Situation Analysis Update 1994 (UNICEF, 1994).
60. Munhamo Chiszo, Government Spending on Social Services and the Impact of Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe (1993); M. Chiszo et al., A Review of Policy Dimensions of Adjustment in Zimbabwe 1990-9, (UNICEF, 1994); Brian MacGarry, Double Damage: Rural People and Economic Structural Adjustment in a Time of Drought, Silveira House Social Series No. 7 (1994); UNICEF, Children and Women in Zimbabwe: A Situation Analysis Update 1994 (UNICEF, 1994).
61. Munhamo Chiszo, Government Spending on Social Services and the Impact of Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe (1993); M. Chiszo et al., A Review of Policy Dimensions of Adjustment in Zimbabwe 1990-9, (UNICEF, 1994); Brian MacGarry, Double Damage: Rural People and Economic Structural Adjustment in a Time of Drought, Silveira House Social Series No. 7 (1994); UNICEF, Children and Women in Zimbabwe: A Situation Analysis Update 1994 (UNICEF, 1994).
62. Andrew Meldrum, 'Economic jitters', African Business, November 1995, reprinted in Zimbabwe Press Mirror, 11 November 1995, p. 3.
63. Andrew Meldrum, 'Economic jitters', African Business, November 1995, reprinted in Zimbabwe Press Mirror, 11 November 1995, p. 3.
64. Sachikonye, 'From "equity" and "participation" to structural adjustment', p. 195.
65. The passage by the government of the Welfare Organizations Amendment Bill in 1995, which exposes NGOs to greater public scrutiny and allows the government to limit their activity, both indicates and reinforces the growing state-NGO/civil society rift.
66. Sandra J. MacLean, 'Conflicting boundaries? NGO partnerships and the development of global and national civil societies in southern Africa', paper presented at Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, CA, April 1995.
67. Christine Sylvester, 'Whither Opposition in Zimbabwe?', Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1995), pp. 403-23.
68. See, for example, James H. Mittelman & Mustapha Pasha, Out from Underdevelopment Revisited: Changing Global Structures and the Remaking of the Third World (Macmillan, 1997); Steffan Lindberg & Arni Sverrisson (Eds), Social Movements in Development: The Challenge of Globalisation and Democratisation (Macmillan, 1997); and Caroline Thomas & Peter Wilkin (Eds), Globalisation in the South: Towards a Political Economy of Another World Order (Macmillan, 1997).
69. See, for example, James H. Mittelman & Mustapha Pasha, Out from Underdevelopment Revisited: Changing Global Structures and the Remaking of the Third World (Macmillan, 1997); Steffan Lindberg & Arni Sverrisson (Eds), Social Movements in Development: The Challenge of Globalisation and Democratisation (Macmillan, 1997); and Caroline Thomas & Peter Wilkin (Eds), Globalisation in the South: Towards a Political Economy of Another World Order (Macmillan, 1997).
70. See, for example, James H. Mittelman & Mustapha Pasha, Out from Underdevelopment Revisited: Changing Global Structures and the Remaking of the Third World (Macmillan, 1997); Steffan Lindberg & Arni Sverrisson (Eds), Social Movements in Development: The Challenge of Globalisation and Democratisation (Macmillan, 1997); and Caroline Thomas & Peter Wilkin (Eds), Globalisation in the South: Towards a Political Economy of Another World Order (Macmillan, 1997).
71. See, for example, Pradeep Agrawal et al., Economic Restructuring in East Asia and India (Macmillan, 1995); Gary McMohan (Ed.), Lessons in Economic Policy for Eastern Europe from Latin America (Macmillan, 1996); and Howard Stein (Ed.), Asian Industrialisation and Africa: Studies in Policy Alternatives of Structural Adjustment (Macmillan, 1995).
72. See, for example, Pradeep Agrawal et al., Economic Restructuring in East Asia and India (Macmillan, 1995); Gary McMohan (Ed.), Lessons in Economic Policy for Eastern Europe from Latin America (Macmillan, 1996); and Howard Stein (Ed.), Asian Industrialisation and Africa: Studies in Policy Alternatives of Structural Adjustment (Macmillan, 1995).
73. See, for example, Pradeep Agrawal et al., Economic Restructuring in East Asia and India (Macmillan, 1995); Gary McMohan (Ed.), Lessons in Economic Policy for Eastern Europe from Latin America (Macmillan, 1996); and Howard Stein (Ed.), Asian Industrialisation and Africa: Studies in Policy Alternatives of Structural Adjustment (Macmillan, 1995).