Canada and the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat, 1965

International Journal

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 744-777

  McIntyre, W David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345733477     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002070209805300410     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. B. Vivekanandan, 'The Commonwealth secretariat,' International Studies (New Delhi) 9(January 1968), 302-8; Min by Chadwick, 9 January 1957, DO 35/5001 in Public Record Office (PRO), Kew.
2. See R. J. Moore, Making the New Commonwealth (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1987).
3. For the significance of Cyprus see W. David McIntyre, 'The admission of small states to the Commonwealth,' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 24(May 1996), 244-77.
4. 'Patriotism based on reality not on dreams,' Times (London), 2 April 1964, 13.
5. 'The Commonwealth as an institution,' 22 March 1960, and 'Cyprus and the Commonwealth,' 4 April 1960. Department of External Affairs records: RG 25, Box 3446, file 1-1960/3, part 2; 'Commonwealth constitutional development,' 10 May 1960, RG 25, Box 3447, file 1-1960/3.1, National Archives of Canada (NAC).
6. 'The Commonwealth as an institution,' 22 March 1960, and 'Cyprus and the Commonwealth,' 4 April 1960. Department of External Affairs records: RG 25, Box 3446, file 1-1960/3, part 2; 'Commonwealth constitutional development,' 10 May 1960, RG 25, Box 3447, file 1-1960/3.1, National Archives of Canada (NAC).
7. 'The Commonwealth as an institution,' 22 March 1960, and 'Cyprus and the Commonwealth,' 4 April 1960. Department of External Affairs records: RG 25, Box 3446, file 1-1960/3, part 2; 'Commonwealth constitutional development,' 10 May 1960, RG 25, Box 3447, file 1-1960/3.1, National Archives of Canada (NAC).
8. John W. Holmes, 'The Commonwealth faces 1964,' Times, 7 January 1964, 9.
9. Marginal note by Pearson on Martin to PM, 10 April 1964, Pearson Papers: MG 26, N3, Box 267, file 812.3, Conf. 1964, NAC.
10. Ibid, Douglas-Home to Pearson, 10 May 1964, in Lintott to Pearson, 11 May 1964; Douglas-Home to Pearson, 3 June 1964, RG 25, Box 10662, part 2, NAC.
11. 'The changing Commonwealth,' 17 June 1964, copy in Arnold Smith Papers: MG 31, F47, Box 60, file 1, NAC.
12. PMM(64)3, 3 July 1964, GAIMS 950: PM 153/50/1 in New Zealand National Archives (NZNA).
13. Ibid, The way ahead,' mtg of officials, 7 July 1964, NZNA.
14. PMM(64) 3rd mtg, 8 July; 4th & 5th mtgs, 9 July; 6th mtg, 10 July 1964, GAIMS950: PM 153/50/4, Part 1-1 in NZNA; and in MG26, N3, Box 320, file 812.3-1964, NAC.
15. David Renton MP to PM, 9 June 1964, PREM 11/4637, PRO; Joe Garner, The Commonwealth Office 1925-1968 (London: Heinemann 1978), 351.
16. Memo. enclosed in Nkrumah to PM, 10 July 1964, PREM 11/4637, PRO.
17. London to External (PM 2424), 9 July 1964, RG 25, Box 10662, file 23-3-64, part 3; External to London (K 186), 10 July 1964, MG 26, N3, Box 209, file 813 Conf; Cabinet min., 10 July 1964. RG2, series 5A, box 6265, NAC.
18. Memo by Garner, 10 July 1964, PREM 11/4637, PRO.
19. PMM/MISC (64), 2nd mtg, 11 July 1964, CAB 133/323, PRO.
20. Trend for PM, 11 July 1964, PREM 11/4637, PRO.
21. The Commonwealth at the Summit: Communiqués of Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings 1944-1986 (London: Commonwealth Secretariat 1987), 90.
22. Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1964, vol 6, 5607;
23. 'Commonwealth Secretariat: Views of Canadian Leaders,' 11 December 1964, MG 31,E 47, Box 66, file 11; AS memo for Campbell, 31 July 1964, RG 25, Box 10662, file 23-3-64, part 3; AS conversation with Clyde Sanger, 17 October 1979, MG 31, F47, Box 88, file 23, NAC.
24. Trend for PM, 30 July 1964; Rogers (Cab. Office) to Pritchard (CRO), 3 September 1964, PREM 11/4637, PRO.
25. 'Record of Inter-Divisional Meeting,' 10 September 1964, and 'Record of Discussion by Senior Canadian Officials,' 29 September 1964, MG 31, E 47, Box 66, file 11, NAC.
26. 'Record of Inter-Divisional Meeting,' 10 September 1964, and 'Record of Discussion by Senior Canadian Officials,' 29 September 1964, MG 31, E 47, Box 66, file 11, NAC.
27. Ibid, R. G. Robertson to AS, 9 December 1964, quoted in 'Commonwealth Secretariat: Views of Canadian leaders,' 11 December 1964, NAC.
28. Ibid, R. G. Robertson to AS, 9 December 1964, quoted in 'Commonwealth Secretariat: Views of Canadian leaders,' 11 December 1964, NAC.
29. Original Working Paper, 17 August 1964, PREM 11/4637 in PRO; MCO (65)2, 1 January 1965, C. British Working Paper and draft report, MCO (65)7, 7 January 1965, CAB 133/226, PRO.
30. Garner, Commonwealth Office, 352.
31. MCO (65)7 (Final), 13 January 1965, copy in AS Papers, MG 31, E 47, Box 66, file 7, NAC.
32. Record of conversation between PM and Menzies, 28 January 1965, PREM 13/174, PRO.
33. Summary of the leaders comments in MCO (65)7, MG 26, N 3, Box 268, file 812-3 1965 Conf., NAC.
34. PMM (65) 6th mtg, 18 June 1965, MG 31, E 47, Box 66, file 2, NAC.
35. By 'Pendennis' in Observer (London), 19 July 1965. A comprehensive collection of clippings is in MG 31, E 47, files 1 and 2, and MG 26, N 11, C-2 series, Box 399, file 810-A, NAC.
36. Lintott to Pritchard (1695), 31 December 1964, PREM 13/178; Lintott to Garner (128), 26 January 1965, PREM 13/179, PRO; R.G. Robertson for PM, 5 March 1965, MG 26, N 3, Box 269, file 813 Conf., NAC.
37. Nkrumah to Wilson, 11 and 17 February 1965; Nyerere to Wilson, 25 March 1965, PREM 13/179, PRO.
38. Ibid, Trend for PM, 29 January 1965.
39. Memo by A.G. Campbell, 11 December 1964, MG 31, E 47, Box 66, file 8, NAC. It is not clear whom they had in mind. It was probably Colin Aikman, president of the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs, a law professor at Victoria University, and constitutional adviser over decolonization in Samoa and the Cook Islands. Another possibility is Frank Holmes, then an economics professor at Victoria University, who had participated in the 1959 unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conference.
40. Pearson to Holyoake, 2 March 1965, MG 26, N 3, Box 269, file 813 Conf., NAC.
41. Ibid, R.G. Robertson for PM, 5 March 1965.
42. Ibid, AS for R.G. Robertson 11 March 1965; Robertson for PM, 15 March 1965; External to London (K52), 15 March 1965.
43. Lintott to Garner (128), 26 January 1965; Trend for PM, 29 January 1965, PREM 13/179, PRO.
44. Ibid, min. by Oliver Wright, 24 Febuary 1965, and Holyoake to Wilson, 24 February 1965; CRO to Wellington (438), 5 March 1965.
45. Discussed in Ian McGibbon's entry on 'Alister McIntosh,' Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, vol 5, forthcoming.
46. Wellington to External (155), 20 May 1965, MG 31, F 47, Box 67, file 2, NAC.
47. Ibid, PMM (65) 8th mtg, 21 June 1965; PMM (65) 14, 23 June 1965; PMM(65), 11th mtg, 23 June 1965.
48. John Hilliker and Donald Barry, Canada's Department of External Affairs. 2: Coming of Age, 1946-1968 (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press 1995), 326-30.
49. Early career constructed from AS to U-Sec of State, 2 May 1967, MG 31, E 47, Box 31, file 2 and 21 July 1970 in file 12, NAC; the Tartu professorship explained in Box 113, file 6; the Baltic Times explained in address for editors of Christian Papers of North America, Ottawa, 5 May 1965. Box 72, file 8. The Moscow 'let off steam' letter: AS to Geo. Ignatieff, 1 December 1944 in Box 88, file 1. 'Project Jason' in Box 114, files 13 and 14.
50. MacDonald to Pearson, 10 August 1964, MG 26, N 3, Box 267, file 810.3 1964, NAC.
51. Note for the record, O. Wright, 29 June 1965, PREM 13/180; Pritchard to Rogers, 25 August 1965; Pritchard to Wright, 6 September 1965, PREM 13/771, PRO.
52. AS Diary item, 17 August 1965, MG 31, E 47, Box 1, file 1, NAC.
53. Discussion with British PM, 30 August 1966; Memo. by G. C. Hensley, 31 August 1966, MG 31, E 47, Box 1, file 19 in NAC; PMM September 1966. Restricted sessions, 2nd mtg, 12 September 1966. Arnold Smith papers in ComSec Archives, Marlborough House Library, London. SG 131/66/3
54. See Arnold Smith (with Clyde Sanger) Stitches in Time: The Commonwealth in World Politics (Don Mills ON: General Publishing 1981); A.N. Papadopoulos, Multilateral Diplomacy in the Commonwealth: A Decade of Expansion (The Hague: Martinius Nijhoff 1982) ; Stephen Chan, The Commonwealth in World Politics: A Study in International Action 1965-1985 (London: Lester Crook 1988); and Margaret P. Doxey, The Commonwealth Secretariat and the Contemporary Commonwealth (London: Macmillan 1989).
55. See Arnold Smith (with Clyde Sanger) Stitches in Time: The Commonwealth in World Politics (Don Mills ON: General Publishing 1981); A.N. Papadopoulos, Multilateral Diplomacy in the Commonwealth: A Decade of Expansion (The Hague: Martinius Nijhoff 1982) ; Stephen Chan, The Commonwealth in World Politics: A Study in International Action 1965-1985 (London: Lester Crook 1988); and Margaret P. Doxey, The Commonwealth Secretariat and the Contemporary Commonwealth (London: Macmillan 1989).
56. See Arnold Smith (with Clyde Sanger) Stitches in Time: The Commonwealth in World Politics (Don Mills ON: General Publishing 1981); A.N. Papadopoulos, Multilateral Diplomacy in the Commonwealth: A Decade of Expansion (The Hague: Martinius Nijhoff 1982) ; Stephen Chan, The Commonwealth in World Politics: A Study in International Action 1965-1985 (London: Lester Crook 1988); and Margaret P. Doxey, The Commonwealth Secretariat and the Contemporary Commonwealth (London: Macmillan 1989).
57. See Arnold Smith (with Clyde Sanger) Stitches in Time: The Commonwealth in World Politics (Don Mills ON: General Publishing 1981); A.N. Papadopoulos, Multilateral Diplomacy in the Commonwealth: A Decade of Expansion (The Hague: Martinius Nijhoff 1982) ; Stephen Chan, The Commonwealth in World Politics: A Study in International Action 1965-1985 (London: Lester Crook 1988); and Margaret P. Doxey, The Commonwealth Secretariat and the Contemporary Commonwealth (London: Macmillan 1989).