The admission of small states to the commonwealth

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 244-277

  McIntyre, W David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0030306570     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086539608582978     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Brook for PM, 26 April 1960, PREM 11/3220, PRO.
2. For the fullest treatment to date see D.J. Morgan, The Official History of Colonial Development, vol.5, Guidance Towards Self-Government in British Colonies (London, 1980).
3. Problems of chronology and pace are addressed in D. Austin, 'The Transfer of Power: Why and How', in W.G. Morris-Jones and G. Fischer (eds.), Decolonisation and After (London, 1980); J. Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982) ; R.F. Holland, European Decolonization 1918-1981: An Introductory Survey (London, 1985) ; J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The retreat from empire in the post-war world (London, 1988) ; J. Darwin, The End of the British Empire: The Historical Debate (Oxford, 1991); D.A. Low, The Eclipse of Empire (Cambridge, 1991); and W.R. Louis, 'The Dissolution of the British Empire', in Louis and J. Brown (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol.4 (forthcoming).
4. Problems of chronology and pace are addressed in D. Austin, 'The Transfer of Power: Why and How', in W.G. Morris-Jones and G. Fischer (eds.), Decolonisation and After (London, 1980); J. Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982) ; R.F. Holland, European Decolonization 1918-1981: An Introductory Survey (London, 1985) ; J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The retreat from empire in the post-war world (London, 1988) ; J. Darwin, The End of the British Empire: The Historical Debate (Oxford, 1991); D.A. Low, The Eclipse of Empire (Cambridge, 1991); and W.R. Louis, 'The Dissolution of the British Empire', in Louis and J. Brown (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol.4 (forthcoming).
5. Problems of chronology and pace are addressed in D. Austin, 'The Transfer of Power: Why and How', in W.G. Morris-Jones and G. Fischer (eds.), Decolonisation and After (London, 1980); J. Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982) ; R.F. Holland, European Decolonization 1918-1981: An Introductory Survey (London, 1985) ; J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The retreat from empire in the post-war world (London, 1988) ; J. Darwin, The End of the British Empire: The Historical Debate (Oxford, 1991); D.A. Low, The Eclipse of Empire (Cambridge, 1991); and W.R. Louis, 'The Dissolution of the British Empire', in Louis and J. Brown (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol.4 (forthcoming).
6. Problems of chronology and pace are addressed in D. Austin, 'The Transfer of Power: Why and How', in W.G. Morris-Jones and G. Fischer (eds.), Decolonisation and After (London, 1980); J. Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982) ; R.F. Holland, European Decolonization 1918-1981: An Introductory Survey (London, 1985) ; J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The retreat from empire in the post-war world (London, 1988) ; J. Darwin, The End of the British Empire: The Historical Debate (Oxford, 1991); D.A. Low, The Eclipse of Empire (Cambridge, 1991); and W.R. Louis, 'The Dissolution of the British Empire', in Louis and J. Brown (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol.4 (forthcoming).
7. Problems of chronology and pace are addressed in D. Austin, 'The Transfer of Power: Why and How', in W.G. Morris-Jones and G. Fischer (eds.), Decolonisation and After (London, 1980); J. Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982) ; R.F. Holland, European Decolonization 1918-1981: An Introductory Survey (London, 1985) ; J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The retreat from empire in the post-war world (London, 1988) ; J. Darwin, The End of the British Empire: The Historical Debate (Oxford, 1991); D.A. Low, The Eclipse of Empire (Cambridge, 1991); and W.R. Louis, 'The Dissolution of the British Empire', in Louis and J. Brown (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol.4 (forthcoming).
8. Problems of chronology and pace are addressed in D. Austin, 'The Transfer of Power: Why and How', in W.G. Morris-Jones and G. Fischer (eds.), Decolonisation and After (London, 1980); J. Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982) ; R.F. Holland, European Decolonization 1918-1981: An Introductory Survey (London, 1985) ; J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The retreat from empire in the post-war world (London, 1988) ; J. Darwin, The End of the British Empire: The Historical Debate (Oxford, 1991); D.A. Low, The Eclipse of Empire (Cambridge, 1991); and W.R. Louis, 'The Dissolution of the British Empire', in Louis and J. Brown (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol.4 (forthcoming).
9. Problems of chronology and pace are addressed in D. Austin, 'The Transfer of Power: Why and How', in W.G. Morris-Jones and G. Fischer (eds.), Decolonisation and After (London, 1980); J. Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982) ; R.F. Holland, European Decolonization 1918-1981: An Introductory Survey (London, 1985) ; J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The retreat from empire in the post-war world (London, 1988) ; J. Darwin, The End of the British Empire: The Historical Debate (Oxford, 1991); D.A. Low, The Eclipse of Empire (Cambridge, 1991); and W.R. Louis, 'The Dissolution of the British Empire', in Louis and J. Brown (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol.4 (forthcoming).
10. Min. enclosed in A.W. Snelling to I.B. Watt, 4 Aug. 1959, DO 35/7870, PRO.
11. See British Documents on the End of Empire Project [BDEEP], series A, volume 2, R. Hyam (ed.), The Labour Government and the End of Empire 1945-1951 (London, 1992), part 1. lxiv-lxviii.
12. For Macmillan's 'presidential style' and use of private secretaries see R. Lamb, The Macmillan Years 1957-1963: The Emerging Truth (London, 1995), 1, 10-12, 221-65 , and R. Aldous and S. Lee (eds.), Harold Macmillan and Britain's World Role (London, 1996), 14-15, 150-1.
13. For Macmillan's 'presidential style' and use of private secretaries see R. Lamb, The Macmillan Years 1957-1963: The Emerging Truth (London, 1995), 1, 10-12, 221-65 , and R. Aldous and S. Lee (eds.), Harold Macmillan and Britain's World Role (London, 1996), 14-15, 150-1.
14. CR(47)1, 24 May 1947, CAB 134/117, PRO.
15. Ibid., Gov-Gen Malaya to SSCols (183), 27 June 1947 in CR(47)3, 15 Sept. 1947; See also text in H. Tinker (ed.), Burma: The Struggle for Independence 1944-48 (London, 1984), II, 615-18, where it is dated 26 June 1947.
16. Ibid., Gov-Gen Malaya to SSCols (183), 27 June 1947 in CR(47)3, 15 Sept. 1947; See also text in H. Tinker (ed.), Burma: The Struggle for Independence 1944-48 (London, 1984), II, 615-18, where it is dated 26 June 1947.
17. CR(O)(47), 2nd mtg., 8 Aug. 1947, CAB 134/117.
18. Ibid., CR(47)3, 15 Sept. 1947.
19. CR(48) 1, 3 April 1948; CR(48) 1st mtg., 12 April 1948, CAB 134/118.
20. CA(48), 7th mtg., 26 July 1948; 8th mtg., 29 Oct. 1948, CAB 134/55.
21. See R.J. Moore, Making the New Commonwealth (Oxford, 1987); M. Brecher, 'India's Decision to Remain in the Commonwealth', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 12, 1 (1974), 62-90, and B.N. Rau, India's Constitution in the Making (Bombay, 1960), 344-56. The record of the PMM which drafted the London Declaration is in CAB 133/89.
22. See R.J. Moore, Making the New Commonwealth (Oxford, 1987); M. Brecher, 'India's Decision to Remain in the Commonwealth', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 12, 1 (1974), 62-90, and B.N. Rau, India's Constitution in the Making (Bombay, 1960), 344-56. The record of the PMM which drafted the London Declaration is in CAB 133/89.
23. See R.J. Moore, Making the New Commonwealth (Oxford, 1987); M. Brecher, 'India's Decision to Remain in the Commonwealth', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 12, 1 (1974), 62-90, and B.N. Rau, India's Constitution in the Making (Bombay, 1960), 344-56. The record of the PMM which drafted the London Declaration is in CAB 133/89.
24. See Cabinet discussions on both Ireland and India in BDEEP A, 2, Hyam, Labour Government, IV, 161-9, 174-7.
25. Min. by Gordon-Walker, 7 Feb. 1949, DO 121/28.
26. Mtg. at No 10, 22 Dec. 1948, and memo. by Gordon-Walker in CR (49)1, 3 Jan. 1949, CAB 134/119.
27. Ibid., appendix C, memo by Gordon-Walker, 31 Dec. 1948.
28. Ibid., CR (49) 1st mtg., 7 Jan. 1949, in BDEEP, A, 2, Hyam, Labour Government, IV, 180-3.
29. Ibid., 187-92, CR(49) 2nd mtg., 8 Feb. 1949.
30. CA(49) 1st mtg., 19 Jan. 1949, CAB 134/156.
31. Note by Jeffries, STC(50)20,27 April 1950, Note by Perham, STC(50)42, 18 Sept. 1950, DO 35/2218.
32. STC(50)47, 19 Oct. 1950, DO 35/2217.
33. Lloyd to Liesching, 4 Dec. 1951, enclosing report in booklet form, DO 35/2218.
34. Morgan, Guidance towards self-government, 43.
35. Ibid., 50.
36. BDEEP B, 1, R. Rathbone (ed.), Ghana: Part 1 1941-52 (London, 1992), xiii-xix.
37. Notes of a discussion in Liesching's room on 15 Feb. 1951, 16 Feb. 1951, DO 35/2217.
38. Ibid., Sec. of State to Liesching, 16 Feb. 1951, Ogmore Meeting with under-secretaries, 16 Feb. 1951.
39. Ibid., Constitutional Development of Colonial Territories (very provisional), 28 Feb. 1951. In one draft (CDC(51) 5, 6 March 1951) a status of full self-government without MoC was termed 'Limbo', but the document was flagged to be treated with 'every reserve'.
40. Summary of mtg. in CRO, 28 May 1951, DO 35/2218.
41. Memo. by SSCols C(52)28, 9 Feb. 1952, PREM 11/1367.
42. BDEEP A, 3, D. Goldsworthy (ed.), The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951-1957 (London, 1994), part II, 172, 174-7.
43. Ibid., 5, minute by Swinton, 16 Feb. 1953.
44. Swinton for Liesching, 16 March 1953, and note by Salisbury, n.d., DO 35/5056.
45. Ibid., Jeffries to Sedgwick, 31 March 1953.
46. Cab. memo by Swinton, 'Colonial Territories and Commonwealth Membership', C(53) 122, 8 April 1953, BDEEP A, 3, Goldsworthy, Conservative Government, II, 6-12.
47. Cab. memo by Swinton, 'Colonial Territories and Commonwealth Membership', C(53) 122, 8 April 1953, BDEEP A, 3, Goldsworthy, Conservative Government, II, 6-12.
48. CC(53) 26th Conclusion, 14 April 1953; CCM(53)1, 4 May 1953, CAB 134/786.
49. Holmes to Sedgwick (G 303/1), 19 Oct. 1953, DO 35/5056.
50. Ibid., Conversation between Liesching and Forsyth, Cape Town, 12 Feb. 1954; Hunt (UK Office Ottawa) to Ormerod, 11 March 1954.
51. CCM(54)8, 21 Sept. 1954, CAB 134/786.
52. C(54)307, Brook for PM, 1 Dec. 1954, PREM 11/1726F.
53. MC(55) 5, 7 Sept. 1955, CAB 134/1295; CP(SS) 133, 27 Sept. 1955, in BDEEP A, 3, Goldsworthy, Conservative Government, II, 60-8.
54. Ibid., 62, 65.
55. D. Austin, Malta and the End of Empire (London, 1971), 35.
56. Records of the Singapore conference are in CAB 133/149.
57. Note by Brook, 18 June 1956, BDEEP A, 3, Goldsworthy, Conservative Government, II, 71.
58. Home to Chanc. of Exch., 20 June 1956, CO 1032/51, PRO.
59. James Eayrs (ed.), The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey, (London, 1964); W.R. Louis and R. Owen (eds.), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); W.J. Hudson Blind Loyalty: Australia and the Suez Crisis (Melbourne, 1989), and M. Templeton, Ties of Blood and Empire : New Zealand's Involvement in Middle East Defence and the Suez Crisis 1947-57 (Auckland, 1994).
60. James Eayrs (ed.), The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey, (London, 1964); W.R. Louis and R. Owen (eds.), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); W.J. Hudson Blind Loyalty: Australia and the Suez Crisis (Melbourne, 1989), and M. Templeton, Ties of Blood and Empire : New Zealand's Involvement in Middle East Defence and the Suez Crisis 1947-57 (Auckland, 1994).
61. James Eayrs (ed.), The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey, (London, 1964); W.R. Louis and R. Owen (eds.), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); W.J. Hudson Blind Loyalty: Australia and the Suez Crisis (Melbourne, 1989), and M. Templeton, Ties of Blood and Empire : New Zealand's Involvement in Middle East Defence and the Suez Crisis 1947-57 (Auckland, 1994).
62. James Eayrs (ed.), The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey, (London, 1964); W.R. Louis and R. Owen (eds.), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); W.J. Hudson Blind Loyalty: Australia and the Suez Crisis (Melbourne, 1989), and M. Templeton, Ties of Blood and Empire : New Zealand's Involvement in Middle East Defence and the Suez Crisis 1947-57 (Auckland, 1994).
63. Min. by Chadwick, 9 Jan. 1957, DO 35/5011.
64. Lamb, Macmillan Years, 10.
65. Macmillan for Lord President, 28 Jan. 1957, PREM 11/2317; CPC(57)6, 25 Feb. 1957, CAB 134/1555.
66. CP(O)(57)5, 30 May 1957, and CO Confid. Print GEN 174/012, May 1957, CAB 134/1551.
67. CPC(57)30 (Revise), 6 Sept. 1957, CAB 134/1556.
68. Note by Brook, 20 Jan. 1958, PREM 11/2219.
69. Lamb, Macmillan Years, 224-64; P.E. Hemming, 'Macmillan and the End of the British Empire in Africa', in Aldous and Lee, Macmillan and Britain's World Role, 103-9; R. Shepherd, Iain Macleod (London, 1994), 151-258; N Fisher, Iain Macleod (London, 1973), 141-8.
70. Lamb, Macmillan Years, 224-64; P.E. Hemming, 'Macmillan and the End of the British Empire in Africa', in Aldous and Lee, Macmillan and Britain's World Role, 103-9; R. Shepherd, Iain Macleod (London, 1994), 151-258; N Fisher, Iain Macleod (London, 1973), 141-8.
71. Lamb, Macmillan Years, 224-64; P.E. Hemming, 'Macmillan and the End of the British Empire in Africa', in Aldous and Lee, Macmillan and Britain's World Role, 103-9; R. Shepherd, Iain Macleod (London, 1994), 151-258; N Fisher, Iain Macleod (London, 1973), 141-8.
72. Lamb, Macmillan Years, 224-64; P.E. Hemming, 'Macmillan and the End of the British Empire in Africa', in Aldous and Lee, Macmillan and Britain's World Role, 103-9; R. Shepherd, Iain Macleod (London, 1994), 151-258; N Fisher, Iain Macleod (London, 1973), 141-8.
73. See R. Holland, 'Never, Never Land: British Colonial Policy and the Roots of Violence in Cyprus, 1950-54', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21, 3 (1993), 148-176 and D.M. Anderson, 'Policing and Communal Conflict: The Cyprus Emergency, 1954-60', ibid., 177-207; and S.G. Xydis Cyprus Reluctant Republic (The Hague, 1973).
74. See R. Holland, 'Never, Never Land: British Colonial Policy and the Roots of Violence in Cyprus, 1950-54', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21, 3 (1993), 148-176 and D.M. Anderson, 'Policing and Communal Conflict: The Cyprus Emergency, 1954-60', ibid., 177-207; and S.G. Xydis Cyprus Reluctant Republic (The Hague, 1973).
75. See R. Holland, 'Never, Never Land: British Colonial Policy and the Roots of Violence in Cyprus, 1950-54', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21, 3 (1993), 148-176 and D.M. Anderson, 'Policing and Communal Conflict: The Cyprus Emergency, 1954-60', ibid., 177-207; and S.G. Xydis Cyprus Reluctant Republic (The Hague, 1973).
76. CPC(58)4, 11 March 1958, CAB 134/1557.
77. Note by Snelling, 10 Dec. 1958; min. by Chadwick, 11 Dec. 1958, DO 35/7873.
78. Brook for PM, 17 Feb. 1959, PREM 11/2910.
79. Ibid., Brook for PM, 18 Feb. 1959.
80. STC(59) 1st mtg., 11 March 1959, CAB 134/2505.
81. Ibid., STC(59)3, 9 March 1959.
82. Ibid., STC(59)6 at STC(59) 2nd mtg. 24 March, 1959.
83. Min. by Chadwick, 23 March 1959, DO 35/7870.
84. Min. by Higham, 15 April 1959, CO 1032/132.
85. STC(59) 4th mtg., 24 April 1959, CAB 134/2505.
86. CP(O)59, 1, 8 June 1959, CAB 134/1552.
87. CPC(59)7, 23 July 1959, CAB 134/1558.
88. Brook to Laithwaite, 3 July 1959; Laithwaite to Brook, 22 July 1950, DO 35/7870.
89. Brook for PM, 7 Dec. 1959, PREM 11/2910.
90. Home to Macmillan (10/60), 14 March 1960, PREM 11/3220.
91. CP(O)(60)1, 30 March 1960, Annex A, CAB 134/1552.
92. Ibid., CP(O)(60), 1st mtg., 1 April 1960.
93. CPC(60)9, 19 April 1960, CAB 134/1559.
94. Brook for PM, 26 April 1960, PREM 11/3220.
95. CPC(60)10, 27 April 1960, DO 35/7870; CPC(60), 4th mtg., 27 April 1960, CAB 134/1559.
96. CSG(60)2, 31 May 1960, CAB 133/200.
97. Ibid., Reported in CSG(UK)(60)6, 11 July.
98. Home to PM, 8 July 1960, PREM 11/3220.
99. Note for the record, by T. Bligh, 20 July, of mtg. on 13 July 1960. 'No circulation - as arranged by Sir N. Brook', PREM 11/3649.
100. Report of Group of Commonwealth Officials, 23 July 1960, CAB 133/200.
101. H. Evans, Downing St. Diary: The Macmillan Years 1957-63 (London, 1981), 142. For Macmillan's meetings with individual Prime Ministers and last-minute appeals to Verwoerd in March 1961 see PREM 11/3217. See also J.D.B. Miller, 'South Africa's Departure', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, 1, 1 (1961), 56-79, and P. Harnetty, 'Canada, South Africa and the Commonwealth', ibid., 2, 1 (1961), 33-44; H. Macmillan, Pointing the Way 1959-1961 (London, 1972), 297-301.
102. H. Evans, Downing St. Diary: The Macmillan Years 1957-63 (London, 1981), 142. For Macmillan's meetings with individual Prime Ministers and last-minute appeals to Verwoerd in March 1961 see PREM 11/3217. See also J.D.B. Miller, 'South Africa's Departure', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, 1, 1 (1961), 56-79, and P. Harnetty, 'Canada, South Africa and the Commonwealth', ibid., 2, 1 (1961), 33-44; H. Macmillan, Pointing the Way 1959-1961 (London, 1972), 297-301.
103. H. Evans, Downing St. Diary: The Macmillan Years 1957-63 (London, 1981), 142. For Macmillan's meetings with individual Prime Ministers and last-minute appeals to Verwoerd in March 1961 see PREM 11/3217. See also J.D.B. Miller, 'South Africa's Departure', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, 1, 1 (1961), 56-79, and P. Harnetty, 'Canada, South Africa and the Commonwealth', ibid., 2, 1 (1961), 33-44; H. Macmillan, Pointing the Way 1959-1961 (London, 1972), 297-301.
104. H. Evans, Downing St. Diary: The Macmillan Years 1957-63 (London, 1981), 142. For Macmillan's meetings with individual Prime Ministers and last-minute appeals to Verwoerd in March 1961 see PREM 11/3217. See also J.D.B. Miller, 'South Africa's Departure', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, 1, 1 (1961), 56-79, and P. Harnetty, 'Canada, South Africa and the Commonwealth', ibid., 2, 1 (1961), 33-44; H. Macmillan, Pointing the Way 1959-1961 (London, 1972), 297-301.
105. H. Evans, Downing St. Diary: The Macmillan Years 1957-63 (London, 1981), 142. For Macmillan's meetings with individual Prime Ministers and last-minute appeals to Verwoerd in March 1961 see PREM 11/3217. See also J.D.B. Miller, 'South Africa's Departure', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, 1, 1 (1961), 56-79, and P. Harnetty, 'Canada, South Africa and the Commonwealth', ibid., 2, 1 (1961), 33-44; H. Macmillan, Pointing the Way 1959-1961 (London, 1972), 297-301.
106. Brook for PM, 6 Feb. 1962, PREM 11/3649.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid., Macmillan to Menzies (Secret & Confidential), 8 Feb. 1962.
109. Ibid., Brook for PM, 2 April 1962.
110. Ibid., Brook for PM, 16 May 1962.
111. Ibid., Mtg. at Admiralty House, 18 May 1962.
112. PMM(UK)(62) A1, 27 Aug. 1962, CAB 133/263. For the Cold War dimensions, see W.R. Louis and R. Robinson on 'The Imperialism of Decolonization', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 22, 3 (1994), 462-511.
113. DO(0)(64)30, 20 May 1964, CAB 133/201.
114. PMM(UK)(64) A16, 26 June 1964, CAB 133/264; See W. David McIntyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth 1965-90 (London, 1991), 49-51.
115. PFP(62)20, 30 Nov. 1962, CAB 134/2402.
116. For example, essays by Holland and Darwin in Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 12, 2 (1984); see also above n.3.
117. But see D.A. Low, 'Little Britain and Large Commonwealth', in Eclipse of Empire, 326-359.
118. Ibid., 'Africa Year 1960', 215-25. See also J.D. Hargreaves, Decolonization in Africa (London, 1988), 186-203, and D. Austin, 'The British Point of No Return', in P. Gifford and W.R. Louis, The Transfer of Power in Africa: Decolonization 1940-1960 (New Haven, 1982), 225-47.
119. Ibid., 'Africa Year 1960', 215-25. See also J.D. Hargreaves, Decolonization in Africa (London, 1988), 186-203, and D. Austin, 'The British Point of No Return', in P. Gifford and W.R. Louis, The Transfer of Power in Africa: Decolonization 1940-1960 (New Haven, 1982), 225-47.
120. Ibid., 'Africa Year 1960', 215-25. See also J.D. Hargreaves, Decolonization in Africa (London, 1988), 186-203, and D. Austin, 'The British Point of No Return', in P. Gifford and W.R. Louis, The Transfer of Power in Africa: Decolonization 1940-1960 (New Haven, 1982), 225-47.