Food safety inspections: A call for rational reorganization

Food and Drug Law Journal

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 453-458

  DeWaal, Caroline Smith ^a  

^a Center for Science in the Public Interest   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOOD CONTROL; FOOD HANDLING; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD QUALITY; FOOD SAFETY; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; REVIEW;

CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; FOOD; FOOD INSPECTION; HUMANS; LEGISLATION, FOOD; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE; UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 0345466416     PISSN: 1064590X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Pub. L. No. 104-170, 110 Stat. 1489 (1996) (amending 7 U.S.C. §§ 136 et seq. (1994)).
2. U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., U.S. Dep't of Agric., Envtl. Protection Agency, National Food Safety Initiative (visited June 17, 1999) 〈www.foodsafety.gov〉.
3. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection Associated with Eating Alfalfa Sprouts - Michigan and Virginia, June-July 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 741 (1997); Update: Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis - United States and Canada, 1997,46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 521 (1997); Hepatitis A Outbreak In Michigan Schools, USDA Release No. 0100.97 (Apr. 2, 1997); Barbara Mahon et al., An International Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Caused by Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds, 175 J. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 876 (1997); Pam Belluck & Christopher Drew, Tracing Bout of Illness to Small Lettuce Farm, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 5, 1998, at Al; E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak Associated with Odwalla Brand Apple Juice Products, DHHS News, P96-17 (Oct. 31, 1996); Mickey Parish, Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Serovars Associated with a Citrus-Processing Facility Implicated in a Salmonellosis Outbreak, 61 J. FOOD PROTECTION 280 (1998).
4. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection Associated with Eating Alfalfa Sprouts - Michigan and Virginia, June-July 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 741 (1997); Update: Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis - United States and Canada, 1997,46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 521 (1997); Hepatitis A Outbreak In Michigan Schools, USDA Release No. 0100.97 (Apr. 2, 1997); Barbara Mahon et al., An International Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Caused by Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds, 175 J. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 876 (1997); Pam Belluck & Christopher Drew, Tracing Bout of Illness to Small Lettuce Farm, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 5, 1998, at Al; E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak Associated with Odwalla Brand Apple Juice Products, DHHS News, P96-17 (Oct. 31, 1996); Mickey Parish, Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Serovars Associated with a Citrus-Processing Facility Implicated in a Salmonellosis Outbreak, 61 J. FOOD PROTECTION 280 (1998).
5. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection Associated with Eating Alfalfa Sprouts - Michigan and Virginia, June-July 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 741 (1997); Update: Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis - United States and Canada, 1997,46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 521 (1997); Hepatitis A Outbreak In Michigan Schools, USDA Release No. 0100.97 (Apr. 2, 1997); Barbara Mahon et al., An International Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Caused by Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds, 175 J. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 876 (1997); Pam Belluck & Christopher Drew, Tracing Bout of Illness to Small Lettuce Farm, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 5, 1998, at Al; E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak Associated with Odwalla Brand Apple Juice Products, DHHS News, P96-17 (Oct. 31, 1996); Mickey Parish, Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Serovars Associated with a Citrus-Processing Facility Implicated in a Salmonellosis Outbreak, 61 J. FOOD PROTECTION 280 (1998).
6. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection Associated with Eating Alfalfa Sprouts - Michigan and Virginia, June-July 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 741 (1997); Update: Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis - United States and Canada, 1997,46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 521 (1997); Hepatitis A Outbreak In Michigan Schools, USDA Release No. 0100.97 (Apr. 2, 1997); Barbara Mahon et al., An International Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Caused by Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds, 175 J. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 876 (1997); Pam Belluck & Christopher Drew, Tracing Bout of Illness to Small Lettuce Farm, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 5, 1998, at Al; E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak Associated with Odwalla Brand Apple Juice Products, DHHS News, P96-17 (Oct. 31, 1996); Mickey Parish, Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Serovars Associated with a Citrus-Processing Facility Implicated in a Salmonellosis Outbreak, 61 J. FOOD PROTECTION 280 (1998).
7. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection Associated with Eating Alfalfa Sprouts - Michigan and Virginia, June-July 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 741 (1997); Update: Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis - United States and Canada, 1997,46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 521 (1997); Hepatitis A Outbreak In Michigan Schools, USDA Release No. 0100.97 (Apr. 2, 1997); Barbara Mahon et al., An International Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Caused by Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds, 175 J. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 876 (1997); Pam Belluck & Christopher Drew, Tracing Bout of Illness to Small Lettuce Farm, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 5, 1998, at Al; E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak Associated with Odwalla Brand Apple Juice Products, DHHS News, P96-17 (Oct. 31, 1996); Mickey Parish, Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Serovars Associated with a Citrus-Processing Facility Implicated in a Salmonellosis Outbreak, 61 J. FOOD PROTECTION 280 (1998).
8. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection Associated with Eating Alfalfa Sprouts - Michigan and Virginia, June-July 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 741 (1997); Update: Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis - United States and Canada, 1997,46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 521 (1997); Hepatitis A Outbreak In Michigan Schools, USDA Release No. 0100.97 (Apr. 2, 1997); Barbara Mahon et al., An International Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Caused by Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds, 175 J. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 876 (1997); Pam Belluck & Christopher Drew, Tracing Bout of Illness to Small Lettuce Farm, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 5, 1998, at Al; E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak Associated with Odwalla Brand Apple Juice Products, DHHS News, P96-17 (Oct. 31, 1996); Mickey Parish, Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Serovars Associated with a Citrus-Processing Facility Implicated in a Salmonellosis Outbreak, 61 J. FOOD PROTECTION 280 (1998).
9. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFF., FOOD SAFETY & QUALITY: SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS SHOW NEED FOR MORE COORDINATION (Apr. 1992) (GAO/RCED-92-96) [hereinafter SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS]; U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., NATIONWIDE BROILER CHICKEN MICROBIOLOGICAL BASELINE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM, JULY 1994-JUNE 1995 (Apr. 1996); Eric Mouzin et al., Prevention of Vibrio Vulnificus Infections 278 JAMA 576(1997); Viral Gastroenteritis Associated with Eating Oysters - Louisiana, Dec. 1996-Jan. 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 1109 (1997); U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVS., U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE: A NATIONAL FOOD SAFETY INITIATTVE. A REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT, app. B (May 1997) [hereinafter FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE].
10. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFF., FOOD SAFETY & QUALITY: SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS SHOW NEED FOR MORE COORDINATION (Apr. 1992) (GAO/RCED-92-96) [hereinafter SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS]; U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., NATIONWIDE BROILER CHICKEN MICROBIOLOGICAL BASELINE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM, JULY 1994-JUNE 1995 (Apr. 1996); Eric Mouzin et al., Prevention of Vibrio Vulnificus Infections 278 JAMA 576(1997); Viral Gastroenteritis Associated with Eating Oysters - Louisiana, Dec. 1996-Jan. 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 1109 (1997); U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVS., U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE: A NATIONAL FOOD SAFETY INITIATTVE. A REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT, app. B (May 1997) [hereinafter FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE].
11. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFF., FOOD SAFETY & QUALITY: SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS SHOW NEED FOR MORE COORDINATION (Apr. 1992) (GAO/RCED-92-96) [hereinafter SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS]; U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., NATIONWIDE BROILER CHICKEN MICROBIOLOGICAL BASELINE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM, JULY 1994-JUNE 1995 (Apr. 1996); Eric Mouzin et al., Prevention of Vibrio Vulnificus Infections 278 JAMA 576(1997); Viral Gastroenteritis Associated with Eating Oysters - Louisiana, Dec. 1996-Jan. 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 1109 (1997); U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVS., U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE: A NATIONAL FOOD SAFETY INITIATTVE. A REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT, app. B (May 1997) [hereinafter FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE].
12. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFF., FOOD SAFETY & QUALITY: SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS SHOW NEED FOR MORE COORDINATION (Apr. 1992) (GAO/RCED-92-96) [hereinafter SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS]; U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., NATIONWIDE BROILER CHICKEN MICROBIOLOGICAL BASELINE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM, JULY 1994-JUNE 1995 (Apr. 1996); Eric Mouzin et al., Prevention of Vibrio Vulnificus Infections 278 JAMA 576(1997); Viral Gastroenteritis Associated with Eating Oysters - Louisiana, Dec. 1996-Jan. 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 1109 (1997); U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVS., U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE: A NATIONAL FOOD SAFETY INITIATTVE. A REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT, app. B (May 1997) [hereinafter FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE].
13. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFF., FOOD SAFETY & QUALITY: SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS SHOW NEED FOR MORE COORDINATION (Apr. 1992) (GAO/RCED-92-96) [hereinafter SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS]; U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., NATIONWIDE BROILER CHICKEN MICROBIOLOGICAL BASELINE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM, JULY 1994-JUNE 1995 (Apr. 1996); Eric Mouzin et al., Prevention of Vibrio Vulnificus Infections 278 JAMA 576(1997); Viral Gastroenteritis Associated with Eating Oysters - Louisiana, Dec. 1996-Jan. 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 1109 (1997); U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVS., U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE: A NATIONAL FOOD SAFETY INITIATTVE. A REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT, app. B (May 1997) [hereinafter FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE].
14. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFF., FOOD SAFETY & QUALITY: SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS SHOW NEED FOR MORE COORDINATION (Apr. 1992) (GAO/RCED-92-96) [hereinafter SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS]; U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., NATIONWIDE BROILER CHICKEN MICROBIOLOGICAL BASELINE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM, JULY 1994-JUNE 1995 (Apr. 1996); Eric Mouzin et al., Prevention of Vibrio Vulnificus Infections 278 JAMA 576(1997); Viral Gastroenteritis Associated with Eating Oysters - Louisiana, Dec. 1996-Jan. 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 1109 (1997); U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVS., U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE: A NATIONAL FOOD SAFETY INITIATTVE. A REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT, app. B (May 1997) [hereinafter FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE].
15. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFF., FOOD SAFETY & QUALITY: SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS SHOW NEED FOR MORE COORDINATION (Apr. 1992) (GAO/RCED-92-96) [hereinafter SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS]; U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., NATIONWIDE BROILER CHICKEN MICROBIOLOGICAL BASELINE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM, JULY 1994-JUNE 1995 (Apr. 1996); Eric Mouzin et al., Prevention of Vibrio Vulnificus Infections 278 JAMA 576(1997); Viral Gastroenteritis Associated with Eating Oysters - Louisiana, Dec. 1996-Jan. 1997, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY REP. 1109 (1997); U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVS., U.S. DEP'T OF AGRIC., ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE: A NATIONAL FOOD SAFETY INITIATTVE. A REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT, app. B (May 1997) [hereinafter FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE].
16. COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE & TECH., FOODBORNE PATHOGENS: RISKS & CONSEQUENCES 1 (1994).
17. See FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE, supra note 4, at 37; Pathogen Reduction; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems; Proposed Rule, 60 Fed. Reg. 6780 (Feb. 3, 1995).
18. See FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE, supra note 4, at 37; Pathogen Reduction; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems; Proposed Rule, 60 Fed. Reg. 6780 (Feb. 3, 1995).
19. Procedures for the Safe and Sanitary Processing and Importing of Fish and Fishery Products, 60 Fed. Reg. 65,096 (Dec. 18, 1995) (codified at 9 C.F.R. §§ 123, 1240 (1998)); Pathogen Reduction; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems, 61 Fed. Reg. 38,806 (July 25, 1996) (codified at 9 C.F.R. §§ 304, 308, 310, 320, 327, 381, 416-17).
20. Procedures for the Safe and Sanitary Processing and Importing of Fish and Fishery Products, 60 Fed. Reg. 65,096 (Dec. 18, 1995) (codified at 9 C.F.R. §§ 123, 1240 (1998)); Pathogen Reduction; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems, 61 Fed. Reg. 38,806 (July 25, 1996) (codified at 9 C.F.R. §§ 304, 308, 310, 320, 327, 381, 416-17).
21. See FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE, supra note 4, at 3, 39; Privatization of in-plant Seafood Inspections and Related Services; Notice of Inquiry, 60 Fed. Reg. 49,242 (Sept. 22, 1995); Michael Taylor, Preparing America's Food Safety System for the Twenty-First Century - Who is Responsible for What When it Comes to Meeting the Food Safety Challenges of the Consumer-Driven Global Economy?, 52 FOOD & DRUG L.J. 13 (1997).
22. See FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE, supra note 4, at 3, 39; Privatization of in-plant Seafood Inspections and Related Services; Notice of Inquiry, 60 Fed. Reg. 49,242 (Sept. 22, 1995); Michael Taylor, Preparing America's Food Safety System for the Twenty-First Century - Who is Responsible for What When it Comes to Meeting the Food Safety Challenges of the Consumer-Driven Global Economy?, 52 FOOD & DRUG L.J. 13 (1997).
23. See FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE, supra note 4, at 3, 39; Privatization of in-plant Seafood Inspections and Related Services; Notice of Inquiry, 60 Fed. Reg. 49,242 (Sept. 22, 1995); Michael Taylor, Preparing America's Food Safety System for the Twenty-First Century - Who is Responsible for What When it Comes to Meeting the Food Safety Challenges of the Consumer-Driven Global Economy?, 52 FOOD & DRUG L.J. 13 (1997).
24. See FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE, supra note 4, at 37; Poultry Products Inspection Act, Pub. L. No. 85-172, 71 Stat. 441 (1957) (codified at 21 U.S.C. §§ 451-470 (1994)); Federal Meat Inspection Act, Pub. L. No. 59-242, 34 Stat. 1260 (1967) (codified at 21 U.S.C. §§ 601-695 (1994)); Egg Products Inspection Act, Pub. L. No. 91-597, 84 Stat. 1620 (1970) (codified at 21 U.S.C. §§ 1031 et seq.(1994)).
25. See FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE, supra note 4, at 37.
26. Pub. L. No. 75-717, 52 Stat. 1040 (1938) (codified as amended 21 U.S.C. §§ 301 et seq. (1994)).
27. See Taylor, supra note 8, at 15-18.
28. Id. at 16; 21 U.S.C. §§ 451-470, 601-695, 1031 et seq.
29. Caroline Smith DeWaal, Delivering on HACCP's Promise to Improve Food Safety: A Comparison of Three HACCP Regulations, 52 FOOD & DRUG L.J. 331 (1997).
30. ELIZABETH DAHL & CAROLINE SMITH DEWAAL, SCRAMBLED EGGS: HOW A BROKEN FOOD SAFETY SYSTEM LET CONTAMINATED EGGS BECOME A NATIONAL FOOD POISONING EPIDEMIC (CSPI 1997); GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFF., FOOD SAFETY: U.S. LACKS A CONSISTENT FARM-TO-TABLE APPROACH TO EGG SAFETY (July 1999) (GAO/RCED-99-184).
31. ELIZABETH DAHL & CAROLINE SMITH DEWAAL, SCRAMBLED EGGS: HOW A BROKEN FOOD SAFETY SYSTEM LET CONTAMINATED EGGS BECOME A NATIONAL FOOD POISONING EPIDEMIC (CSPI 1997); GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFF., FOOD SAFETY: U.S. LACKS A CONSISTENT FARM-TO-TABLE APPROACH TO EGG SAFETY (July 1999) (GAO/RCED-99-184).
32. See SALMONELLA CONTROL EFFORTS, supra note 4.
33. Taylor, supra note 8, at 18.
34. Id.; see also FOOD SAFETY FROM FARM TO TABLE, supra note 4, at 37.
35. H.R. 1612, 106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999); S. 908, 106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999), Copies of the text of the bills can be found online. Library of Congress, THOMAS (visited July 9, 1999) 〈thomas.loc.gov〉.
36. H.R. 1612, 106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999); S. 908, 106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999), Copies of the text of the bills can be found online. Library of Congress, THOMAS (visited July 9, 1999) 〈thomas.loc.gov〉.
37. FDA Food Safety Inspection, OEI-05-09-01070 (Aug. 1991).
38. 7 C.F.R. § 59.28; Agric. Mktg. Serv., Quality Eggs for Volume Buyers, Brochure No. AMS-627 (Aug. 1996).
39. Id.
40. Dahl & DeWaal, supra note 15, at 11.
41. DeWaal, supra note 14, at 331-35.
42. Taylor, supra note 8, at 19.
43. USDA Researchers Create New Product That Reduces Salmonella in Chickens, USDA Release No. 0121.98 (Mar. 19, 1998).
44. Interview with John DeLoach, President, MS BioScience, Inc., in Dundee, IL (Apr. 1998).
45. Rosanna Mentzer Morrison, Jean Buzby & C.T. Jordan Lin, Irradiating Ground Beef to Enhance Food Safety, 20 FOOD REV. 34 (1997); Irradiation in the Production, Processing, and Handling of Food, 62 Fed. Reg. 64,102 (Dec. 3, 1997) (codified at 21 C.F.R. § 179); Memo from Robert Sindt, Burditt & Radzius, to Caroline Smith DeWaal, CSPI (Apr. 1, 1998); Meeting with Robert Sindt, Burditt & Radzius, James Elfstrum, Rhodia, & Jerry Carosella, Consultant, Regulatory Microbiology, Washington, D.C. (Apr. 3, 1998).
46. Rosanna Mentzer Morrison, Jean Buzby & C.T. Jordan Lin, Irradiating Ground Beef to Enhance Food Safety, 20 FOOD REV. 34 (1997); Irradiation in the Production, Processing, and Handling of Food, 62 Fed. Reg. 64,102 (Dec. 3, 1997) (codified at 21 C.F.R. § 179); Memo from Robert Sindt, Burditt & Radzius, to Caroline Smith DeWaal, CSPI (Apr. 1, 1998); Meeting with Robert Sindt, Burditt & Radzius, James Elfstrum, Rhodia, & Jerry Carosella, Consultant, Regulatory Microbiology, Washington, D.C. (Apr. 3, 1998).
47. Rosanna Mentzer Morrison, Jean Buzby & C.T. Jordan Lin, Irradiating Ground Beef to Enhance Food Safety, 20 FOOD REV. 34 (1997); Irradiation in the Production, Processing, and Handling of Food, 62 Fed. Reg. 64,102 (Dec. 3, 1997) (codified at 21 C.F.R. § 179); Memo from Robert Sindt, Burditt & Radzius, to Caroline Smith DeWaal, CSPI (Apr. 1, 1998); Meeting with Robert Sindt, Burditt & Radzius, James Elfstrum, Rhodia, & Jerry Carosella, Consultant, Regulatory Microbiology, Washington, D.C. (Apr. 3, 1998).
48. Taylor, supra note 8, at 27.
49. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, art. 3, GATT Doc. MTN/FA II-Al A-4 in Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, GATT Doc. MTN/FA (Dec. 15, 1993); 33 I.L.M. 9 (1994).
50. See Taylor, supra note 8, at 26-27.
51. Safe Tables Our Priority, Center for Science in the Public Interest, Consumer Federation of America, Public Voice for Food and Health Policy, Government Accountability Project & the U.S. Humane Society, Memorandum to President Bill Clinton Regarding The President's Food Safety Initiative (Apr. 2, 1997).
52. Testimony of Dr. Jane Henney, M.D., Commissioner of Food and Drugs, before the Committee on Agriculture, Rural Development, and Related Agencies, U.S. Senate, Mar. 16, 1999 (responding to question from Senator Richard Durbin (D-IL)).
53. INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, ENSURING SAFE FOOD FROM PRODUCTION TO CONSUMPTION 7-9 (1998).
54. H.R. 1612, 106th Cong., 1st Sess,.(1999); S. 908, 106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999). Both bills are available online. Library of Congress, THOMAS (visited July 9, 1999) 〈thomas.loc.gov〉.
55. H.R. 1612, 106th Cong., 1st Sess,.(1999); S. 908, 106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999). Both bills are available online. Library of Congress, THOMAS (visited July 9, 1999) 〈thomas.loc.gov〉.
56. H.R. 1612 §§ 101-107; S. 908 §§ 101-107.
57. H.R. 1612 §§ 101-428; S. 908 §§ 101-428.
58. 38 H.R. 2345, 106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999); S. 1281, 106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999), Both bills are available online. Library of Congress, THOMAS (visited July 9, 1999) 〈thomas.loc.gov〉.
59. 38 H.R. 2345, 106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999); S. 1281, 106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999), Both bills are available online. Library of Congress, THOMAS (visited July 9, 1999) 〈thomas.loc.gov〉.