The eyes of deep-sea fish II. Functional morphology of the retina

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 637-685

  Wagner, H J ^a   Frohlich E ^a   Negishi, K ^b   Collin, S P ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^b NIPPON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Japan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; RHODOPSIN; VISUAL PIGMENT;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; CELL PROLIFERATION; COLOR VISION; CYTOLOGY; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; FISH; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; MORPHOLOGY; NERVE CELL; NONHUMAN; OPTICAL RESOLUTION; PHOTORECEPTOR; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA AMACRINE CELL; RETINA BIPOLAR GANGLION CELL; RETINA CELL; RETINA ROD; RETINA ROD OUTER SEGMENT; SEROTONINERGIC NERVE CELL; VISUAL FIELD;

ANIMALS; FISHES; OCEANS AND SEAS; PHOTORECEPTORS, VERTEBRATE; PHOTOTRANSDUCTION; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF EYE; RETINA; RETINAL GANGLION CELLS; RHODOPSIN;

EID: 0344936019     PISSN: 13509462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1350-9462(98)00003-2     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Allen, D. M. (1995) Thermal control of rod outer segment length and shedding in a fish Fundulus zebrinus. Exp. Eye Res. 61, 165-171.
2. Anders, J. J. and Hibbard, E. (1974) The optic system of the teleost Cichlasoma biocellatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 158, 145-154.
3. Bassi, C. and Powers, M. (1990) Rod outer segment length and visual sensitivity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31, 2320-2325.
4. Bowmaker, J. K., Govardovskii, V. I., Shulkolyukov, S. A., Zueva, L. V., Hunt, D. M., Sideleva, V. G. and Smirnova, O. G. (1994) Visual pigments and the photic environment: the cottoid fish of Lake Baikal. Vision Res. 34, 591-605.
5. Brauer, A. (1902) Über den Bau der Augen einiger Tiefseefische. Verh. Deutsch. zool. Ges. (Leipzig) 12, 42-57.
6. Brauer, A. (1908) Die Tiefseefische. II. Anatomischer Teil.. Wiss Ergebn. Valdivia Exped. 15, 000.
7. Bunt, S. M. and Horder, T. J. (1983) Evidence for an orderly arrangement of optic axons within the optic nerves of the major non-mammalian vertebrate classes. J. Comp. Neurol. 213, 94-114.
8. Cajal, S. R. Y. (1892) La rétine des vertébrés. La cellule 9, 17-257.
9. Coggeshall, R. E. and Lekan, H. A. (1996) Methods for determining numbers of cells and synapses: a case for more uniform standards of review. J. Comp. Neurol. 364, 6-15.
10. Collin, S. P. (1998) Behavioural ecology and retinal cell topography. In Adaptive Mechanisms in the Ecology of Vision, ed. Archer S. N. eds, M. B. A. Djamgoz, E. Loew, J. C. Partridge and S. Vallerga. Chapman and Hall, London (in press).
11. Collin, S. P. and Pettigrew, J. D. (1988a) Retinal topography in reef teleosts. I. Some species with well developed areae but poorly developed streaks. Brain Behav. Evol. 31, 269-282.
12. Collin, S. P. and Pettigrew, J. D. (1988b) Retinal topography in reef teleosts. II. Some species with prominent horizontal streaks and high density. Brain Behav. Evol. 31, 283-295.
13. Collin, S. P. and Pettigrew, J. D. (1988c) Retinal ganglion cell topography in teleosts: a comparison between Nisslstained material and retrograde labelling from the optic nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 276, 412-422.
14. Collin, S. P. and Pettigrew, J. D. (1989) Quantitative comparison of the limits on visual spatial resolution set by the ganglion cell layer in twelve species of reef teleosts. Brain Behav. Evol. 34, 184-192.
15. Collin, S. P. and Ali, M. A. (1994) Multiple areas of acute vision in two freshwater teleost, the creek club, Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchell) and the cutlips minnow, Exoglossum maxillingua (Lesueur). Can. J. Zool. 72, 721-730.
16. Collin, S. P. and Partridge, J. C. (1996) Retinal specializations in the eyes of deep-sea teleosts. J. Fish. Biol. 49 (Supplement A), 157-174.
17. Collin, S. P., Hoskins, R. V. and Partridge, J. C. (1998) Seven retinal specializations in the tubular eyes of the deep-sea pearleye, Scopelarchus michaelsarsi: a case study in visual optimisation. Brain Behav. Evol. 51, 291-314.
18. Collin, S. P., Lloyd, D. J. and Partridge, J. C. (1994) Retinal ganglion cell topography in deep-sea fishes: intrafamilial variation within the family alepocephalidae. Proc. Aust. Neurose. Soc. 4, 205.
19. Collin, S. P., Hoskins, R. V. and Partridge, J. C. (1997) Tubular eyes of deep-sea fishes: a comparative study of retinal ganglion cell topography. Brain Behav. Evol. 50, 335-357.
20. Contino, F. (1939) Das Auge des Argyropelecus hemigymnus. Morphologie, Bau, Entwicklung, und Refraktion. A. v. Graefes Arch. Ophthalmol 140, 390-441.
21. Cook, J. E. and Backer, D. L. (1991) Regular mosaics of large displaced and non-displaced ganglion cells in the retina of a cichlid fish. J. Comp. Neurol. 306, 668-684.
22. Davis, R. E., Kyle, A. and Klinger, P. D. (1988) Nervus terminalis innervation of the goldfish retina and behavioural visual sensitivity. Neurosci. Lett. 91, 126-130.
23. Denton, E. J. (1990) Light and vision at depths greater than 200 m. In Light and life in the sea, ed. P. J. Herring, A. K. Campbell, M. Whitfield and L. Maddock, pp. 127-148. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
24. Denton, E. J. and Shaw, T. I. (1963) The visual pigments of some deep-sea elasmobranchs. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 43, 65-70.
25. Denton, E. J. and Locket, N. A. (1989) Possible wavelength discrimination by multibank retinae in deep-sea fishes. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 69, 409-435.
26. Djamgoz, M. B. A. and Wagner, H.-J. (1992) Localization and function of dopamine in the adult vertebrate retina. Neurochem. Int. 20, 139-191.
27. Djamgoz, M. B. A., Wagner, H.-J. and Witkovsky, P. (1995) Photoreceptor-horizontal cell connectivity, synaptic transmission and neuromodulation. In Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina, eds M. B. A. Djamgoz, S. N. Archer and S. Vallerga, pp. 155-94. Chapman and Hall, London.
28. Douglas, R. H. and Partridge, J. C. (1997) On the visual pigments of deep-sea fish. J. Fish. Biol. 50, 68-85.
29. Douglas, R. H., Partridge, J. C. and Hope, A. J. (1995) Visual and lenticular pigments in the eyes of demersal deep-sea fishes. J. Comp. Physiol. A 177, 111-122.
30. Douglas, R. H., Partridge, J. C. and Marshall, N. J. (1998) The eyes of deep-sea fish I: Lens pigmentation, tapeta and visual pigments. Prog. Ret. Eye Res. 17, 597-636.
31. Dowling, J. E. and Ehinger, B. (1975) Synaptic organization of the amine-containing interplexiform cells of the gold-fish and Cebus monkey retinas. Science 188, 270-273.
32. Downing, J. E. G. and Djamgoz, M. B. A. (1989) Quantitative analysis of cone photoreceptor-horizontal cell connectivity patterns in the retina of a cyprinid fish: electron microscopy of functionally identified and HRP-labelled horizontal cells. J. comp. Neurol. 289, 537-553.
33. Eckmiller, M. (1989) Outer segment growth and periciliary vesicle turnover in developing photoreceptors of Xenopus laevis. Cell Tissue Res. 255, 283-292.
34. Ehinger, B., Ottersen, O. P., Storm-Mathisen, J. and Dowling, J. E. (1988) Bipolar cells in the turtle retina are strongly immunoreactive for glutamate. PNAS 85, 8321-8325.
35. Evans, B. I. and Fernald, R. D. (1991) Metamorphosis and fish vision. J. Neurobiol. 21, 1037-1052.
36. Famiglietti, E. V., Jr, Kaneko, A. and Tachibana, M. (1977) Neuronal architecture of on and off pathways to ganglion cells of the carp retina. Science 198, 1267-1269.
37. Fernald, R. D. (1988) Aquatic adaptations in fish eyes. In Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals, ed. J. Atema, R. R. Fay, A. N. Popper and W. N. Tavolga, pp. 435. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
38. Fernald, R. D. (1990) Haplochromis burtoni: a case study. In The Visual Sytem of Fish, ed. R. H. Douglas and M. B. A. Djamgoz, pp. 443. Chapman and Hall, London.
39. Flannery, J. and Fisher, S. (1984) Circadian disc shedding in Xenopus retina in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 25, 229-232.
40. Fox, D. A. and Rubinstein, S. D. (1989) Age-related changes in retinal sensitivity, rhodopsin content and rod outer segment length in hooded rats following low-level lead exposure. Exp. Eye Res. 48, 237-249.
41. Franz, V. (1905) Zur Anatomie, Histologie und funktionellen Gestaltung des Selachierauges. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (Jena) 33, 697.
42. Franz, V. (1907) Bau des Eulenauges und Theorie des Teleskopauges. Biol. Zentralblatt (Leipzig) 27, 271-350.
43. Frederiksen, R. D. (1973) On the retinal diverticula in the tubular-eyed opisthoproctid deep-sea fishes Macropinna microstoma and Dolichopteryx longipes. Vidensk. Meddr. dansk naturh. Foren. 136, 233-244.
44. Fröhlich, E. and Wagner, H.-J. (1996) Rod outer segment renewal in the retinae of deep-sea fishes. Vision Res. 36, 3183-3194.
45. Fröhlich, E. and Wagner, H.-J. (1998) Development of multi-bank rod retinae of deep-sea fishes. Vis. Neurosci. 15, 477-483.
46. Fröhlich, E., Negishi, K. and Wagner, H.-J. (1995a) Patterns of rod proliferation in deep-sea fish retinae. Vision Res. 35, 1799-1811.
47. Fröhlich, E., Negishi, K. and Wagner, H.-J. (1995b) The occurence of dopaminergic interplexiform cells correlates with the presence of cones in the retinae of fish. Vis. Neurosci. 12, 359-369.
48. Gallego, A. (1971) Horizontal and amacrine cells in the mammal's retina. Vision Res. 3, 33-50.
49. Goldman, A., Teirstein, P. and O'Brien, P. (1980) The role of ambient lighting in circadian disc shedding in the rod outer segment of the rat retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19, 1257-1267.
50. Guerin, C. J., Lewis, G. P., Fisher, S. K. and Anderson, D. H. (1993) Recovery of photoreceptor outer segment length and analysis of membrane assembly rates in regenerating primate photoreceptor outer segments. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34, 175-183.
51. Hayes, B., Martin, G. R. and de Brooke, L. M. (1991) Novel area subserving binocular vision in the retinae of procellariform seabirds. Brain Behav. Evol. 37, 79-84.
52. Herring, P. J. (1977) Oral light organs in Sternoptyx and the bioluminscence of hatchetfishes. In A Voyage of Discovery, ed. M. Angel, pp. 553-567. A Supplement to Deep-Sea Research, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
53. Hughes, A. (1985) New perspectives in retinal organization. Progr. Ret. Res. 4, 243-313.
54. Ito, H. and Murakami, T. (1984) Retinal ganglion cells in two teleost species, Sebastiscus marmoratus and Navodon modestus. J. Comp. Neurol. 229, 80-96.
55. Johns, P. R. (1977) Growth of the adult goldfish eye. III. Source of new retinal cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 176, 343-358.
56. Johns, P. R. and Easter, S. S. (1977) Growth of the adult goldfish eye. II. Increase in retinal cell number. J. Comp. Neurol. 176, 331-342.
57. Johns, P. R. and Fernald, R. (1981) Genesis of rods in teleost fish retina. Nature 293, 141-142.
58. Lam, D. M. K., Li, H. B., Su, Y. T. T. and Watt, C. B. (1985) The signature hypothesis: co-localizations of neuroactive substances as anatomical probes for circuitry analysis. Vision Res. 25, 1353-1364.
59. Land, M. F. (1981) Optics and vision in invertebrates. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. VII/6B, ed. H. J. Autrum, pp. 471-592. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
60. Land, M. F. (1990) Optics of the eyes of marine animals. In Light and life in the sea, ed. P. J. Herring, A. K. Campbell, M. Whitfield and L. Maddock, pp. 149. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
61. Larsson, L-I. (1988) Immunocytochemistry: Theory and Practice. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
62. Lloyd, D. J. (1994) Ganglion cell topography and visual spatial resolution in deep-sea fishes of the family Alepocephalidae. Honours Thesis. University of Western Australia, Australia.
63. Locket, N. A. (1970) Deep-sea fish retinas. British Med Bull. 26, 107-111.
64. Locket, N. A. (1971a) Retinal anatomy in some scopelarchid deep-sea fishes. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 178, 161-184.
65. Locket, N. A. (1971b) Retinal structure in Platytroctes apus, a deep-sea fish with a pure rod fovea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 51, 79-91.
66. Locket, N. A. (1977) Adaptations to the deep-sea environment. In The visual system in vertebrates, Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. VIII/5, ed. F. Crescitelli, pp. 67-193. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
67. Locket, N. A. (1980) Variation of the architecture with size in the multiple-bank retina of a deep-sea teleost, Chauliodus sloani. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 208, 223-242.
68. Locket, N. A. (1985) The multiple bank fovea of Bajacalifornia drakei, an alepocephalid deep-sea teleost. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 224, 7-22.
69. Locket, N. A. (1992) Problems of deep foveas. Aust. N.Z. J. Ophthal 20, 281-295.
70. Mack, A. F. and Fernald, R. D. (1995) New rods move before differentiating in adult teleost retina. Dev. Biol. 170, 136-41.
71. 2). Endocrinology 133, 1578-1584.
72. Marc, R. (1982) Spatial organization of neurochemically classified interneurons of the goldfish of the goldfish retina. I. Local patterns. Vision Res. 22, 589-608.
73. Marc, R. E. (1992) The structure of GABAergic circuits in ectotherm retinas. In GABA in the Retina and the Central Visual System, ed. R. Mize, R. E. Marc and A. Silito, pp. 61-92. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
74. Marc, R. E. (1995) Interplexiform cell connectivity in the outer retina. In Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina, ed. M. B. A. Djamgoz, S. N. Archer and S. Vallerga, pp. 369-93. Chapman and Hall, London.
75. Marc, R. E., Stell, W. K., Bok, D. and Lam, D. M. K. (1978) GABAergic pathways in the goldfish retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 182, 221-46.
76. Marc, R. E., Liu, W. L. S., Scholz, K. and Muller, J. F. (1988) Serotonergic and serotonin-accumulating neurons in the goldfish retina. J. Neurosci. 8, 3427-3450.
77. Marc, R. E., Liu, W. L., Kallionatis, M., Raiguel, S. F. and Haesendonck van, E. (1990) Patterns of glutamate immunoreactivity in the goldfish retina. J. Neurosci. 10, 4006-4034.
78. Marshak, D. W. (1992) Peptidergic neurons of teleost retina. Vis Neurosci. 8, 137-144.
79. Marshall, N. B. (1954) Aspects of deep-sea biology. London, Hutchinson.
80. Marshall, N. B. (1979) Developments in Deep-Sea Biology. Blandford Press, Poole.
81. Marshall, N. B. and Staiger, J. C. (1975) Aspects of the structure, relationshps and biology of the deep-sea fish Ipnops murrayi (Family Bathypteroidae). Bull. Mar. Science 25, 101-111.
82. Masland, R. H. (1996) Unscrambling color vision. Science 271, 616-617.
83. Matthiessen, L. (1880) Untersuchungen über den Aplanatismus und die Periscopie der Kristallinsen in den Augen der Fische. Pflügers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 21, 287-307.
84. Mednick, A. S. and Springer, A. D. (1988) Asymmetric distribution of retinal ganglion cells in goldfish. J. Comp. Neurol. 268, 49-59.
85. Munk, O. (1959) The eyes of Ipnops murrayi Günther, 1878. Galathea Report 3, 79-87.
86. Munk, O. (1965) Osmosudis lowei Guenther, 1887 a bathypelagic deep-sea fish with an almost pure-cone retina. Vidensk. Meddr. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 128, 341-355.
87. Munk, O. (1966a) On the retina of Diretmus argenteus Johnson 1863 (Diretmidae, Pisces). Vidensk. Meddr. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 129, 73-80.
88. Munk, O. (1966b) Ocular anatomy of some deep-sea teleosts. Dana Rep. 70, 1-62.
89. Munk, O. (1968) On the eye and so-called preorbital light organ of the isospondylous deep-sea fish Bathylaco nigicans Goode and Bean, 1896. Galathea Report 9, 211-218.
90. Munk, O. (1975) On the eyes of two foveate notosudid teleosts, Scopelosaurus hoedti and Ahliesaurus berryi. Vidensk. Meddr. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 138, 87-125.
91. Munk, O. (1977) The visual cells and retinal tapetum of the foveate deep-sea fish Scopelosaurus lepidus (Teleostei). Zoomorphol. 87, 21-49.
92. Munk, O. (1980) Macrophages in the visual cell layer of a deep-sea teleostean fish, Diretmus argenteus. Vidensk. Meddr. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 142, 187-192.
93. Munk, O. and Frederiksen, R. D. (1974) On the function of aphakic apertures in teleosts. Vidensk. Meddr. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 137, 65-94.
94. Murakami, M., Ohtsu, K. and Ohtsuka, T. (1972a) Effects of chemicals on receptors and horizontal cells in the retina. J. Physiol. 227, 899-913.
95. Murakami, M., Shimoda, Y., Nakatani, K., Miyachi, E. and Watanabe, S. (1972b) GABA-mediated negative feed-back from horizontal cells to cones in carp retina. Jap. J. Physiol. 32, 911-35.
96. Murphy, A. and Locket, N. A. (1995) Multiple banks of rods in the grouped retina of a deep-sea teleost. Proc. Aust. Neuroscience Soc 6, 203.
97. Naka, K-I. and Rushton, W. A. H. (1967) The generation and spread of S-potentials in fish (Cyprinidae). J. Physiol. (London) 192, 437-461.
98. Negishi, K., Kato, S. and Teranishi, T. (1988) Dopamine cells and rod bipolar cells contain protein kinase C-like immunoreactivity in some vertebrate retinas. Neurosci. Lett. 94, 247-252.
99. Negishi, K., Teranishi, T. and Kato, S. (1991) The dopamine system of the teleost fish retina. Prog. Retinal Res. 7, 113-147.
100. Negishi, K. and Wagner, H.-J. (1997) Density ratio of dopaminergic versus serotonergic cells correlates with cone- to-rod ratio in teleost retinas. Neurosci. Lett. 225, 37-40.
101. O'Day, W. and Young, R. (1978) Rhythmic daily shedding of outer segment membranes by visual cells in the gold-fish. J. Cell Biol. 76, 593-604.
102. Ottersen, O. P., Zhang, N. and Walberg, F. (1992) Metabolic compartmentation of glutamate and glutamine: morphological evidence obtained by quantitative immunocytochemistry in rat cerebellum. Neuroscience 46, 519-34.
103. Partridge, J. C. and Douglas, R. H. (1995) Far-red sensitivity in the deep-sea dragon fish Aristostomias titmanni. Nature 375, 21-22.
104. Partridge, J., Archer, S. and Lythgoe, J. (1988) Visual pigments in the individual rods of deep-sea fishes. J. Comp. Physiol. A 162, 543-550.
105. Partridge, J. C., Shand, J., Archer, S. N., Lythgoe, J. N. and van Groningen-Luyben (1989) Interspecific variation in the visual pigments of deep-sea fishes. J. Comp. Physiol. A 164, 513-529.
106. Partridge, J., Archer, S. N. and van Oostrum, J. (1992) Single and multiple visual pigments in deep-sea fishes. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 72, 113-130.
107. Pettigrew, J. D., Dreher, B., Hopkins, C. S., McCall, M. J. and Brown, M. (1988) Peak density and distribution of ganglion cells in the retinae of microchiropteran bats: implications for visual acuity. Brain Behav. Evol. 32, 39-56.
108. Pietsch, T. W. (1978) The feeding mechanism of Stylephorus chordatus (Teleostei: Lampridiformes): functional and ecological implications. Copeia 1978, 255-262.
109. Pumphrey, R. J. (1948) The theory of the fovea. J. Exp. Biol. 25, 299-312.
110. Raymond, P. A. (1995) Development and morphological organization of photoreceptors. In Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina, ed. M. B. A. Djamgoz, S. N. Archer and S. Vallerga, pp. 1-23. Chapman and Hall, London.
111. Reymond, L. (1985) Spatial visual acuity of the eagle, Aquila audax: a behavioural, optical and anatomical investigation. Vision Res. 25, 1477-1491.
112. Roth, J., Lentze, M. J. and Berger, E. G. (1985) Immunocytochemical demonstration of ecto-galactosyltransferase in absorptive intestinal cells. J. Cell Biol. 100, 118-125.
113. Scholes, J. H. (1975) Colour receptors and their synaptic connexions in the retina of a cyprinid fish. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 270, 61-118.
114. Scholes, J. H. (1979) Nerve fibre topography in the retinal projection to the tectum. Nature (Lond) 278, 620-624.
115. Shapely, R. and Gordon, J. (1980) The visual sensitivity of the conger eel. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 209, 317-330.
116. Sherry, D. M. and Yazulla, S. (1993) Goldfish bipolar cells and axon terminal patterns: a Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol. 329, 188-200.
117. Snyder, A. W. and Miller, W. M. (1978) Telephoto lens system of falconiform eyes. Nature (Lond) 275, 127-129.
118. Steenstrup, S. and Munk, O. (1980) Optical function of the convexiclivate fovea with particular regard to notosudid deep-sea teleosts. Optica Acta 27, 949-964.
119. Stell, W. K. (1967) The structure and relationships of horizontal cells and photoreceptor-bipolar synaptic complexes in goldfish retina. Am. J. Anat. 120, 401-23.
120. Stell, W. K., Ishida, A. T. and Lightfoot, D. O. (1977) Goldfish retina: structural basis for ON- and OFF- centre responses in retinal bipolar cells. Science 198, 1269-71.
121. Stell, W. K. (1985) Putative peptide transmitters, amacrine cell diversity and function in the inner plexiform layer. In Neurocircuitry of the Retina: A Cajal Memorial, ed. A. Gallego and P. Gouras, pp. 171. New York, Elsevier.
122. Stell, W. K. and Walker, S. E. (1987) Functional-anatomical studies on the terminal nerve projection to the retina of bony fishes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 519, 80-96.
123. Stell, W. K., Barton, L., Ohtsuka, T. and Hirano, J. (1994) Chromatic and neurochemical correlates of synapses between cones and horizontal cells. In Great Basin Visual Science Symposium, ed. R. J. Olson and E. M. Lasater, pp. 41-8. Salt Lake City, University of Utah.
124. Sterling, P. (1990) Retina. In The Synaptic Organization of the Brain, ed. G. M. Shepherd, pp. 170. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
125. Svaetichin, G. (1953) The cone action potential. Acta Physiol. Scand. 299 (Suppl. 106), 565.
126. Tachibana, M. (1995) Neurotransmitter release from bipolar cells. In Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina, ed. M. B. A. Djamgoz, S. N. Archer and S. Vallerga, pp. 349-68. Chapman and Hall, London.
127. Takasaki, Y., Deng, J-S. and Tan, E. (1981) A nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation and blast transformation; its distribution in synchronized cells. J. Exp. Med. 154, 1899-1909.
128. Vilter, V. (1951) Bases cyto-architectoniques de l'acuité visuelle chez un poisson abyssal, le Lampayctus crocodilus. C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris 145, 52-54.
129. Vilter, V. (1954a) Différenciation fovéale dans l'appareil visuel d'un poisson abyssal, le Bathylagus benedicti. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 148, 59-63.
130. Vilter, V. (1954b) Relations neuronales dans la fovea à bâtonnets du Bathylagus benedicti. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 148, 466-469.
131. Wagner, H.-J., Menezes, N. A. and Ali, M. A. (1976) Retinal adaptions in some Brazilian tide pool fishes (Teleostei). Zoomorphol. 83, 209-226.
132. Wagner, H.-J. and Zeutzius, I. (1987) Amacrine cells with neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in three species of teleosts with different color vision. Cell Tissue Res. 248, 663-673.
133. Wagner, H.-J. and Wagner, E. (1988) Amacrine cells in the retina of a teleost fish, the roach (Rutilus rutilus): a Golgi study on differentiation and layering. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B 312, 263-324.
134. Walls, G. L. (1942) The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation. Cranbrook Institute of Science Bulletin, London.
135. Wandell, B. A. (1995) Foundations of Vision. Sinauer, Ass., Sunderland, Mass.
136. Wässle, H., Peichl, L. and Boycott, B. B. (1981) Morphology and topography of ON- and OFF-alpha cells in the cat retina. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 212, 157-175.
137. Whitehead, P. J. P., Bauchot, M-L., Hureau, J-C., Nielsen, J. and Tortonese, E. (1986) Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Unesco, United Kingdom.
138. Witkovsky, P. and Dearry, A. (1992) Functional roles of dopamine in the vertebrate retina. Prog. Retinal Res. 11, 247-290.
139. Wong, R. O. L. and Hughes, A. (1987) The morphology, number, and distribution of a large population of confirmed displaced amacrine cells in the adult cat retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 255, 159-177.
140. Yang, G. and Masland, R. H. (1995) Receptive fields and dendritic structure of directionally selective retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. 14, 5267-5280.
141. Young, R. (1971) The renewal of rod and cone outer segments in the rhesus monkey. J. Cell Biol. 49, 303-318.
142. Young, R. W. and Bok, D. (1969) Participation of the retinal pigment epithelium in the rod outer segment renewal process. J. Cell Biol. 42, 392-403.
143. Zucker, C. L. and Dowling, J. E. (1987) Centrifugal fibres synapse on dopaminergic cells in the teleost retina. Nature 330, 166-168.