Endogenous and exogenous factors on sleep-wake cycle regulation

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 297-314

  García García, Fabio ^a   Drucker Colín, René ^b  

^a Facultad de Medicina DF ^*  (Mexico)

^b INSTITUTO DE FISIOLOGÍA CELULAR   (Mexico)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACETYLCHOLINE; ADRENALIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; DIHYDROERGOTOXINE; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR; HISTAMINE; INSULIN; NITRIC OXIDE; PROLACTIN; SEROTONIN; SOMATOSTATIN; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE;

EXERCISE; FOOD INTAKE; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; LEARNING; NEUROTRANSMISSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; STRESS; TEMPERATURE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; HUMANS; NEUROPEPTIDES; SLEEP; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; WAKEFULNESS;

EID: 0344689926     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00086-0     Document Type: Review

References (295)

1. Adrien J., Dugovic C. Presence of paradoxical sleep (PS) factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of PS-deprived rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 100:1984;223-226.
2. Adrien J., Dugovic C., Martin P. Sleep-wakefulness patterns in the helpless rat. Physiol. Behav. 49:1991;257-262.
3. Alföldi P., Rubicsek G., Cserni G., Obál F. Jr. Brain and core temperatures and peripheral vasomotion during sleep and wakefulness at various ambient temperatures in the rat. Pfluegers Arch. 417:1990;336-341.
4. Alföldi P., Kapás L., Krueger J.M. Antibodies to growth hormone-releasing hormone suppress sleep and prevent enhancement of sleep after sleep deprivation in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 263:1992;R1078-R1085.
5. Altman J.L., Whitehead W., Rechtschaffen A. Effect of five hours of restraint stress on subsequent sleep in the rat. Psychon.Sci. 266:1972;152-154.
6. Amatruda T.T., Black D.A., McKenna T.M., McCarley R.W., Hobson J.A. Sleep cycle control and cholinergic mechanisms: differential effects of carbachol at pontine brainstem sites. Brain Res. 98:1975;501-515.
7. Ambrosini M.V., Sadile A.G., Carnevale G., Mattiaccio M., Giuditta A. The sequential hypothesis on sleep function. I. Evidence that the structure of sleep depends on the nature of the previous waking experience. Physiol. Behav. 43:1988;325-337.
8. Antin J., Gibbs J., Holt R., Young C., Smith G.P. Cholecistokinin elicits the complete behavioral sequence of satiety in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 89:1975;784-790.
9. Arankowsky-Sandoval G., Aguilar-Robledo R., Prospéro-García O., Drucker-Colín R. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spike density are increased by somatic stimulation. Brain Res. 400:1987;155-158.
10. Arankowsky-Sandoval G., García-Hernández F., Aguilar-Roblero R., Drucker-Colín R. REM sleep enhancement induced by sensory stimulation is prevented by kainic acid lesion of the pontine reticular formation. Brain Res. 494:1989;396-400.
11. Arankowsky-Sandoval G., Stone S.W., Gold P.E. Enhancement of REM sleep with auditory stimulation in young and old rats. Brain Res. 589:1992;353-357.
12. Aström C., Linhölm J. Growth hormone-deficient young adults have decreased sleep. Neuroendocrinology. 51:1990;82-84.
13. Axelrod J., Reisine T. Stress hormones: their interaction and regulation. Science. 224:1984;452-458.
14. Baghdoyan H.A., Rodrigo-Angulo M.L., McCarley R.W., Hobson J.A. Site specific enhacement and suppression of desynchronized sleep signs following cholinergic stimulation of three brainstem sites. Brain Res. 306:1984;39-52.
15. Baghdoyan H.A., Lydic R., Callaway C.W., Hobson J.A. The carbachol-induced enhancement of desynchronized sleep signs is dose dependent and antagonized by centrally administered atropine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2:1989;67-79.
16. Baghdoyan H.A., Monaco A.P., Rodrigo-Angulo M.L., Assens F., McCarley R.W., Hobson J.A. Microinjection of neostigmine into the pontne reticular formation of cats enhances desynchronized sleep signs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 312:1989;173-180.
17. Benington J.H., Heller H.C. Monoaminergic and cholinergic modulation of REM-sleep timing in rats. Brain Res. 681:1995;141-146.
18. Benington J.H., Woudenberg C.M., Heller H.C. REM-sleep propensity accumulates during 2-REM-sleep deprivation in the rest period in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 180:1994;76-80.
19. Bergmann B.M., Seiden L.S., Landis C.A., Gilliland M.A., Rechtschaffen A. No effect of chronic sleep deprivation on rat brain monoamine levels. Sleep Res. 20:1991;404.
20. Bevier W.C., Bliwise D.L., Bliwise N.G., Bunell D.E., Horvanth S.M. Sleep patterns of older adults and the effects of exercise. J. Clin Exp. Gerontol. 14:1992;1-15.
21. Bo Gao, Franken P., Bobély A. Effects of elevated ambient temperature on sleep, EEG spectra and Brain temperature in the rat. Am. J. Phys. 37:1995;R1365-1373.
22. Borbély A.A. Sleep in the rat during food deprivation and subsequent restitution of food. Am. J. Physiol. 124:1977;457-471.
23. Borbély A.A. A two process model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiol. 1:1982;195-204.
24. Borbély A.A., Neuhaus H.U. Sleep-deprivation: effects on sleep and EEG in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. 133:1979;71-87.
25. Borbély A.A., Tobler I. The search for an endogenous sleep substance. TIPS. 1:1980;356-358.
26. Borbély A.A., Baumann F., Brandeis D., Strauch I., Lehmann D. Sleep deprivation: effect on sleep stages and EEG power density in man. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 51:1981;483-493.
27. Borbély A.A., Tobler I., Hanagasioglun M. Effect of sleep deprivation on sleep and EEG power spectra in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 14:1984;171-182.
28. Born J., Muth S., Fehm H.L. The significance of sleep onset and slow wave sleep for nocturnal release of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 13:1988;223-243.
29. Bourgin P., Escourrou P., Gaultier C., Adrien J. Induction of rapied eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation in the rat. Neuroreport. 6:1995;532-536.
30. Bouyer J.J., Deminiere J.M., Mayo W., Le Moal M. Inter-individual differences in the effects of acute stress on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 225:1997;193-196.
31. Bredow S., Kacsoh B., Obál F. Jr., Fang J., Krueger J.M. Increase of prolactin mRNA in the rat hypothalamus after intracerebroventricularr injection of VIP or PACAP. Brain Res. 660:1994;301-308.
32. Bronzino J.D., Kelly M.L., Cordova C. Amplitud and spectral quantification of the effects of morphine on the cortical EEG of the rat. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 53:1982;14-17.
33. Browman C.P. Sleep following sustained exercise. Psychophysiology. 14:1980;577-580.
34. Brown R., Price R., King M.G., Husband A. Are antibiotic effects on sleep behavior in the rat due to modulation of gut bacteria? Physiol. Behav. 48:1990;561.
35. Brunner D.P., Dijik D., Borbély A.A. Repeated partial sleep deprivation progressively changes the EEG during sleep and wakefulness. Sleep. 16:1993;100-113.
36. Bunnel D.E., Bevier W.C., Horvath S.M. Effects of exhaustive exercise on the sleep of men and women. Psychophysiology. 20:1983;50-58.
37. Cady A.B., Kotani S., Shiba T., Kusumoto S., Krueger J.M. Somnogenic activities of synthetic lipid A. Infect. Immunol. 57:1989;396-398.
38. Calvo J.M., Datta S., Quattrochi J., Hobson J.A. Cholinergic microstimulation of the peribrachial nucleus in the cat. II. Delayed and prolonged increases in REM sleep. Arch. Ital. Biol. 130:1992;285-301.
39. Celesia G.G., Jasper H.H. Acetylcholine released from cerebral cortex in relation to state of activation. Neurology. 16:1966;1053-1064.
40. Cespuglio, R., Chastrette, N., Prevautel, H. and Jouvet, M. (1990) Serotonin and hypnogenic factors: functional relationship for sleep induction. In: Endogenous Sleep Factors. Eds S. Inoué and J. M. SPB Academic, The Hague, The Netherlands.
41. Corsi-Cabrera M., Ponce de Leon M., Juarez J., Ramos J. Effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation and stress on the waking EEG of the rat. Physiol. Behav. 55:1994;1021-1027.
42. Chastrette N., Cespuglio R. Influence of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides on the sleep-waking cycle in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 62:1985;365-370.
43. Chastrette N., Cespuglio R., Jouvet M. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides and sleep in the rat. Part I: hypnogenic properties of ACTH derivatives. Neuropeptides. 15:1990;61-74.
44. Chedid L. Immunopharmacology of muramyl peptides: new horizon. Prog. Immunol. 5:1983;1343-1347.
45. Chihora, K., (1979) Stimulation by rat growth hormone of somatostatin release into hypophyseal portal blood. In: 61st Annual Meeting of the endocrine society. Anaheim, CA.
46. Cravatt B.F., Prospéro-García O., Siuzdak G., Gilula N.B., Henriksen S.J., Boger D., Lerner R.A. Chemical characterization of a family of brain lipids that induce sleep. Science. 268:1995;1506-1509.
47. Dahlstrom A., Fuxe K. Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous sytem. I. Demostration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons. Acta Physiol. Scand. 62(Suppl. 232):1964;1.
48. Danguir J. Intracerebroventricular infusion of somatostatin selectively increases paradoxical. Brain Res. 367:1986;26-30.
49. Danguir J., Nicolaidis N. Dependence of sleep on nutrients availability. Physiol. Behav. 22:1978;735-740.
50. Danguir J., Nicolaidis S. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin causes selective increase of slow wave sleep in rats. Brain Res. 306:1984;97-103.
51. Danguir, J. and Nicolaidis, S. (1985) Feeding, metabolism and sleep: peripheral and central mechanisms of their interaction. In: Brain Mechanisms of Sleep. Eds D. J. McGinty, R. Drucker-Colín, A. Morrison and P. L. Parmeggiani. Raven Press, New York.
52. Danguir J., de Saint-Hilaire-Kafi S. Somatostatin antiserum blocks carbachol-induced increase of paradoxical sleep in rat. Brain Res. Bull. 20:1988;9-12.
53. Danguir J., Nicolaidis S., Gerard H. Relations between feeding and sleep patterns in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 93:1979;820-830.
54. Datta S., Calvo J.M., Quattrochi J.J., Hobson J.A. Long-term enhancement of REM sleep following cholinergic stimulation. NeuroReport. 2:1991;619-622.
55. Datta S., Quattrochi J.J., Hobson J.A. Effect of specific muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist on carbachol induced long-term REM sleep. Sleep. 16(1):1993;8-14.
56. Deboer T., Tobler I. Sleep EEG after daily torpor in the Djungarian hamster: similarity to the effects of sleep deprivation. Neurosci. Lett. 166:1994;35-38.
57. DeMesquita S., Haney W.H. Effect of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of cholecystokinin on respiration and sleep. Brain Res. 378:1986;127-132.
58. DeSaint Hilaire Z., Depoortere H., Nicolaides S. Does cholecystokinin induce physiological satiety and sleep? Brain Res. 488:1989;304-310.
59. DeSaint Hilaire Z., Charnay Y., Mikolajewski R., Gaillard J. Active immunization against insulin affects sleep and feeding in rats. Physiol. Behav. 57:1995;803-806.
60. De Sarro G.B., Masuda Y., Ascioti C., Audino M.G., Nistico G. Behavioral and ECoG spectrum changes induced by intracerebral infusion of interferons and interleukin 2 in rats are antagonized by naloxone. Neuropharmacology. 29:1990;167-179.
61. Deurveilher S., Hars B., Hennevin E. Pontine microinjection of carbachol does not reliably enhance paradoxical sleep in rats. Sleep. 20:1997;593-607.
62. Dewasmes G., Duchamp C., Minaire Y. Sleep changes in fasting rats. Physiol. Behav. 46:1989;179-184.
63. Dewasmes G., Duchamp C., Bothorel B., Candas V. Sleep changes in fasting rats after chronic glycerol feeding. Physiol. Behav. 50:1991;537-541.
64. Dijik D., Hayes B., Czeisler C.A. Dynamics of electroencephalogarphic sleep spindles and slow wave activity in men: effect of sleep deprivation. Brain Res. 626:1993;190-199.
65. Dinarello C.A. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood. 77:1991;1627-1652.
66. Domino E.F., Yamamoto K. Nicotine: effect on the sleep cycle of the cat. Science. 150:1965;637-638.
67. Drucker-Colín R. The function of sleep is to regulate brain excitability in order to satisfy the requirements imposed by waking. Behav. Brain Res. 69:1995;117-124.
68. Drucker-Colín R., Spanis C.W., Hunyadi J., Sassin J.F., McGaugh J.L. Growth hormone effects on sleep and wakefulness in the rats. Neuroendocrinology. 18:1975;1-8.
69. Drucker-Colín R., Bernal-Pedraza J., Fernández-Cancino F., Morrison A. Increasing PGO spike by auditory stimulation increases the duration and decreases the latency of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Brain Res. 278:1983;308-312.
70. Drucker-Colín R., Bernal-Pedraza J., Fernández-Cancino F., Oksenberg A. Is vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) a sleep factor? Peptides. 5:1984;837-840.
71. Drucker-Colín R., Prospéro-García O., Pérez-Montfort R., Pacheco M.T. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a posible REM sleep factor. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 527:1988;627-630.
72. Drucker-Colín, R., Arankowsky-Sandoval, G., Prospéro-García, O., Jímenez-Anguiano, A. and Merchant, H. (1990) The regulation of REM sleep: some considerations on the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide, acetylcholine, and sensory modalities. In: The Diencephalon and Sleep, Eds M. Mancia and G. Marini. Raven Press, New York.
73. Dugovic C., Wauquier A. 5-HT2 receptors could be primarily involved in the regulation of slow-wave sleep in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 137:1987;145-146.
74. Dzoljic M.R., de Vries R. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces wakefulness. Neuropharmacology. 33:1994;1505-1509.
75. Dzoljic M.R., de Vries R., van Leeuwen R. Sleep and nitric oxide: effects of 7-nitro indazole, inhibitor of brain nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res. 718:1996;145-150.
76. Ehlers C.L., Reed T.K., Henriksen S.J. Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor and growth hormone-releasing factor on sleep and activity in rats. Neuroendocrinology. 42:1986;467-474.
77. El Kafi B., Cespuglio R., Leger L., Marinescco M., Jouvet M. Is the nucleus raphe dorsalis a target for the peptides possessing hypnogenic properties? Brain Res. 637:1994;211-221.
78. Everson C.A. Functional consequences of sustained sleep deprivation in the rat. Behav. Brain. Res. 69:1995;43-54.
79. Everson C.A., Smith B., Sokoloff L. Effects of prolonged sleep deprivation on local rates of cerebral energy metabolism in freely moving rats. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;6769-6778.
80. Fara J.W., Rubinstein E.H., Sonnenschein R.R. Visceral and behavioral responses to intraduodenal fat. Science. 166:1979;110-111.
81. Fishbein W., Kastaniotis C., Chattman D. Paradoxical sleep: prolonged augmentation following learning. Brain Res. 79:1974;61-75.
82. Franken P., Dijik D-J., Tobler I., Borbély A. Sleep deprivation in rats: effects on EEG power spectra, vigilance states, and cortical temperature. Am. J. Physiol. 261:1991;R198-R208.
83. Franken P., Tobler I., Borbély A. Cortical temperature and EEG slow-wave activity in the rat: analysis of vigilance state related changes. Pfluegers Arch. 420:1992;500-507.
84. Gadea-Ciria M., Stadler H., Lloyd K.G., Bartholini G. Acetylcholine released within the cat striatum during the sleep-wakefulness cycle. Nature. 243:1973;518-519.
85. García-García, F., Beltrán-Parrazal, L., Jiménez-Anguiano, A., Vega-González, A. and Drucker-Colín, R. (1998) Manipulations during forced wakefulness have differential impact on sleep architecture, EEG power spectrum and Fos induction. Brain Res. Bull. 47, 381-388.
86. Gemma C., Imeri L., Grazia de Simoni M., Mancia M. Interleukin-1 induces changes in sleep, brain temperature, and serotonergic metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. 272:1997;R601-R606.
87. George R., Haslett W.L., Jenden D.J. A cholinergic mechanisms in the brain reticular formation: induction of paradoxical sleep. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 3:1964;541-552.
88. Gillin J.C., Lardon M., Ruiz C., Golshan S., Salín-Pascual R. Dose-dependent effects of transdermal nicotine on early morning awakening and rapid eye movement sleep time in nonsmoking normal volunteers. J. Psychopharmacol. 14:1994;264-267.
89. Gisquet-Verrier P. Avoidance performance in rat enhanced by postlearning paradoxical sleep deprivation. Behav. Neurol. Biol. 52:1989;152-169.
90. Gnad J., Pegram G.V. Cholinergic brainstem mechanims of REM sleep in the rat. Brain Res. 384:1986;29-41.
91. Goldstein S.J., Van Cauter E., Désir D., Noel P., Spire J-P., Refetoff S., Copinschi G. Effects of "jet lag" on hormonal patterns. IV. Time shifts increase growth hormone release. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 56:1983;433-440.
92. Goldstein S.J., Wu R.H., Thorpy M.J., Shprintzen R.J., Marion R.E., Saenger P. Reversibility of deficient sleep entrained growth hormone secretion in a boy with achondroplasia and obstructive apnea. Acta Endrocrinol. (Copenh.). 116:1987;95-101.
93. 2 receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 84:1985;743-753.
94. Graf M.V., Kastin J.A. Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 8:1984;83-93.
95. Grosvenor A., Lack L.C. The effect of sleep before or after learning on memory. Sleep. 7:1984;155-167.
96. Hars B., Hennevin E., Pasques P. Improvement of learning by cueing during postlearning paradoxical sleep. Behav. Brain Res. 18:1985;241-250.
97. Havlicek, V. and Friesen, H. G. (1979) Comparison of behavioral effects somatostatin and beta-endorphin in animals. In: Central Nervous System Effects of Hypothalamic Hormones and other Peptides. Eds R. Collu, J. R. Ducharme, A. Barbeau and J. C. Rochefort. Raven Press, New York.
98. Hennevin E., Hars B., Bloch V. Improvement of learning by mesencephalic reticular stimulation during postlearning paradoxical sleep. Behav. Neurol Biol. 51:1989;291-306.
99. Hernández-Peón R. Sleep induced by localized electrical or chemical stimulation of the forebrain. EEG. Clin. Neurophysiol. 14:1962;423-424.
100. Hernández-Peón R. Central neuro-humoral transmission in sleep and wakefulness. Prog. Brain Res. 18:1965;96-117.
101. Hernández-Peón R., Chavéz-Ibarra G., Morgane P.J., Timo-Iaria C. Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotonial behavior. Exp. Neurol. 8:1963;93-111.
102. Hobson J.A., Schmajuk A. Brain state and plasticity: an integration of the reciprocal interaction model of sleep cycle oscillation with attentional models of hippocampal function. Arch. Ital. Bio. 126:1988;209-224.
103. Hobson J.A., Goldberg M., Vivaldi E., Riew D. Enhancement of desynchronized sleep signs after pontine microinjections of the muscarinic agonist bethanechol. Brain Res. 275:1983;127-136.
104. Holtzman D.M., Kilbridge J., Bredt D.S., Black S.M., Li Y., Clary D.O., Reichardt L.F., Mobley W.C. NOS induction by NGF in basal forebrain cholinergic neurones: evidence for regulation of brain NOS by a neurotrophin. Neurobiol. Dis. 1:1994;51-60.
105. Horne J.A., Porter J.M. Time of day effects with standardized exercise upon subsequent sleep. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 40:1976;178-184.
106. Horne J.A. The effects of exercise upon sleep: a critical review. Biol Psychol. 12:1981;241-290.
107. Horne J.A., Staff L.H. Exercise and sleep: body heating effects. Sleep. 6:1983;36-46.
108. Hu B., Bouhassira D., Steriade M., Deschenes M. The blockage of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus by nicotinic antagonists. Brain Res. 473:1988;392-397.
109. Huidobro-Toro J.P., Harris A. Brain lipids that induce sleep are novel modulators of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;8070-8082.
110. Idzikowski C. Sleep and memory. Br. J. Psychol. 75:1984;439-449.
111. Idzikowski C., Mills F.J., Glennard R. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-2 antagonists increase human slow-wave sleep. Brain Res. 378:1986;164-168.
112. Inoué S.K., Uchizono K., Nagasaki H. Endogenous sleep promoting factors. TINS. 5:1981;218-220.
113. Inoué S.K., Honda K., Komoda Y., Uchizono K., Ueno R., Hayaishi O. Differential sleep-promoting effects of five sleep substances nocturnally infused in unrestrained rats. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 81:1984;6240-6245.
114. Jacobs B.L., McGinty O.J. Effects of food deprivation on sleep and wakefulness in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 30:1971;212-222.
115. Jasper H.H., Tessier J. Acetylcholine liberation from cerebral cortex during paradoxical (REM) sleep. Science. 172:1971;601-602.
116. Jasper H.H., Kant R.T., Elliot K.D. C. Aminoacids released from cerebral cortex and relation to its state activation. Science. 147:1965;1448-1449.
117. Jewett R.E., Norton S. Effects of some stimulants and depressant drugs on the sleep cycle of cats. Exp. Neurol. 15:1966;463-474.
118. Jiménez-Anguiano A., Baéz-Saldaña A., Drucker-Colín R. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extracted immediately after REM sleep deprivation prevents REM rebound and contains vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Brain Res. 631:1993;345-348.
119. Jiménez-Anguiano A., García-García F., Mendoza-Ramírez J.L., Duran-Vazquez A., Drucker-Colín R. Brain distribution of vasoactive ontestinal peptide receptors following REM sleep deprivation. Brain Res. 728:1996;37-46.
120. Johannsen L., Wecke J., Obál F. Jr., Krueger J.M. Macrophages produce somnogenic and pyrogenic muramyl peptides during the digestion of staphylococci. Am. J. Physiol. 260:1991;R126-R132.
121. Johansson O., Hokfeld T., Elde R.P. Immunohistochemical distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the adult rat. Neuroscience. 13:1984;265-269.
122. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Ergeb. Physiol. 165:1972;64-68.
123. Jouvet M. Neuromediateurs et facteurs hypnogenes. Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 140:1984;389-400.
124. Jouvet M., Buda C., Cespuglio R., Chastrette N., Denoyer M., Sallanon M., Sastre J.P. Hypnogenic effects of some hypothalamo-pituitary peptides. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 9(S4):1986;465-467.
125. Juhász G., Emri Z., Kékesi K.A., Pungor K. Local perfusion of thalamus with GABA increases sleep and induces long lasting inhibition of somatosensory event-related potentials in cats. Neurosci. Lett. 103:1989;229-233.
126. Juhász G., Emri Z., Kékesi K.A., Soltesz I., Crunelli V. Sleep promoting action of excitatory amino acid antagonists: a different role for thalamic NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. Neurosci. Lett. 114:1990;333-338.
127. Juhász G., Kékesi K.A., Emri Z., Ujszaszi J., Krogsgaard-Larsen P., Schousboue A. Sleep promoting effect of a putative glial alpha-aminobutyric acid uptake blocker applied in the thalamus of cats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 209:1991;131-133.
128. B receptors decrease EEG synchronization. Neurosci. Lett. 172:1994;155-158.
129. Kalivas P.W. Histamine-induced arousal in the conscious and pentobarbital pretreated rat. J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther. 222:1982;37-42.
130. Kant G.J., Pastel H.R., Bauman R.A., Meininger G.R., Maughan R.K., Robinson T.N., Wright W.L., Covington P. Effects of chronic stress on sleep in rats. Physiol. Behav. 57:1995;359-365.
131. Kapás L., Obál F. Jr., Alföldi P., Rubicsek G., Penke B., Obál F. Effects of nocturnal intraperitoneal administration of cholecystokinin in rats: simultaneous increase in sleep, increase in EEG slow-wave activity, reduction of motor activity, suppression of eating, and decrease in brain temperature. Brain Res. 438:1988;155-164.
132. Kapás L., Shibata M., Kimura M., Krueger J.M. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis suppresses sleep in rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 266:1994;R151-R157.
133. Kapás L., Fang L., Krueger J.M. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis inhibits rat sleep. Brain Res. 664:1994;189-196.
134. Kapás L., Ballou L.R., Cady A.B., Opp M.R., Postlethwaite A.E., Seyer J.M., Krueger J.M. Somnogenic pyrogenic and anoretic effects of tumor necrosis factor fragments. Am. J. Physiol. 203:1992;R708-R715.
135. Kawamura H., Sawyer H.C. Elevation in brain temperature during paradoxical sleep. Science. 150:1965;912-913.
136. Kimura F., Tsia C.W. Ultradian rhythm of growth hormone secretion and sleep in the adult male rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 353:1984;305-315.
137. King C., Masserano J.M., Cood E., Santos N.N., Byrne W.L. Endorphin causes naloxone-reversible hyposomnia in cats. Sleep Res. 5:1976;183.
138. King C., Masserano J.M., Cood E., Byrne W.L. Effects of beta-endorphin and morphine on the sleep-wakefulness behavior of cats. Sleep. 4:1981;259-262.
139. Kodama T., Takahashi Y., Honda Y. Enhancement of acetylcholine release during paradoxical sleep in the dorsal tegmental field of the cat brain stem. Neurosci. Lett. 114:1990;277-282.
140. Kodama T., Lai Y.Y., Siegel J.M. Enhancement of acetylcholine release during REM sleep in the caudomedial medulla as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Brain Res. 580:1992;348-350.
141. Krueger, J. M. (1985) Somnogenic activity of muramyl peptides. TIPS 218-221.
142. Krueger J.M., Majde J.A. Microbial products and cytokines in sleep and fever regulation. Critical Rev. Immunol. 14:1994;355-379.
143. Krueger, J. M. and Obál, F. Jr (1994) Sleep factors. In: Sleep and Breathing. Eds N. A. Saunders and C. E. Sullivan. Marcel Dekker, New York.
144. Krueger J.M., Pappenheimer J.R., Karnovsky M.L. Sleep-promoting effects of muramyl peptides. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 79:1982;6102-6106.
145. Krueger J.M., Walter J., Dinarello C.A., Wolff S.M., Chedid L. Sleep-promoting effects on endogenous pyregen (interleukin-1). Am. J. Physiol. 246:1984;R994-R999.
146. Krueger L.M., Shoham S., Davenne D. Immune modulators as promoters of slow wave sleep. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 9:1986;462-464.
147. Krueger J.M., Kubillus S., Shoham S., Davenne D. Enhancement of slow-wave sleep by endotoxin and lipid A. Am. J. Physiol. 251:1986;R591-R597.
148. Krueger J.M., Dinarello C.A., Shoham S., Davenne D., Walter J., Kubillus C. Interferon alpha-2 enhances slow-wave sleep in rabbits. Int. Immunopharmacol. 9:1987;23-30.
149. Lancel M., Riezen H., nad Glatt A. Effects of circadian phase and duration of sleep deprivation on sleep and EEG power spectra in the cat. Brain Res. 548:1991;206-214.
150. Landis C.A., Collins B.J., Cribbs L.L., Sukhatme V.P., Bergman B.M., Rechtschaffen A., Smalheiser N.R. Expression of Erg-1 in the brain of sleep deprived rats. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 17:1993;300-306.
151. Langstein J., Hofstädter F., Schwarz H. Cis-9,10-octadecenoamide, an endogenous sleep-inducing CNS compound, inhibits lymphocyte proliferation. Res. Immunol. 147:1996;389-396.
152. Lapchak P.A., Beaudet A. Cholinergic regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide content and released in rat frontal cortex and hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 55:1990;1340-1345.
153. Ledoux L., Sastre J.P., Buda C., Luppi P.H., Jouvet M. Alterations in c-fos expression after different experimental procedures of sleep deprivation in the cat. Brain Res. 735:1996;108-118.
154. Leonard O.T., Lydic R. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition decreases pontine acetylcholine release. NeuroReport. 6:1995;1525-1529.
155. Lerner R.A., Siuzdak G., Prospéro-García O., Henriksen S.J., Boger D.L., Cravatt B.F. Cerebrodine: a brain lipid isolated from sleep-deprived cats. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;9505-9508.
156. Lin J.S., Sakai K., Jouvet M. Evidence for histaminergic arousal mechanisms in the hypothalamus of cat. Neuropharmacology. 27:1988;111-122.
157. Lorenz D.N., Kreielsheimer G., Smith G.P. Effect of cholecystokinin, gastrin, secretin and GIP on sham feeding in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 23:1979;1065-1072.
158. Lucero M. Lengthening of REM sleep duration consecutive to learning in the rat. Brain Res. 20:1970;319-322.
159. Maggistretti P.J. VIP neurons in the cerebral cortex. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11:1990;250-254.
160. Mansbach R.S., Lorenz D.N. Cholecystokinin (CCK-8) elicits prandial sleep in rats. Physiol. Behav. 30:1983;179-183.
161. Marrosu F., Gessa G.L., Giagheddu M., Fratta W. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) increases paradoxical sleep (PS) rebound in PS-deprived rats. Brain Res. 515:1990;315-318.
162. Martin-Niclovius M., Portell-Cotes I., Morgado-Bernal I. Improvement of shuttle-box avoindance following post-training treatment in paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats. Physiol. Behav. 43:1988;93-98.
163. McGinty D., Harper R.M. Dorsal raphe neurons: depression of firing during sleep in cats. Brain Res. 101:1976;569-573.
164. Mechoulam R., Fride E., Hanus L., Sheskin T., Bisogno T., Di Marzo V., Bayewitch M., Vogel Z. Anandamide my mediate sleep induction. Nature. 389:1997;25-26.
165. Meerlo P., Bertrand J.P., Serge D. Social stress induces high intensity sleep in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 225:1997;41-44.
166. Meintjes A., Diver H., Shapiro C. Improved physical fitness failed to alter the EEG sleep patterns of sleep in young woman. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 59:1989;123-127.
167. Meltzer L.T., Serpa K.A., Moos W.H. Evaluation in rats of the somnogenic, pyrogenic and central nervous system depressant effects of muramyl dipepetide. Psychopharmacology. 99:1988;103-111.
168. Mendelson W.B., Slater S., Gold P., Gillin J.C. The effect of growth hormone administration on human sleep: a dose-response study. Biol Psychiatry. 15:1980;413-618.
169. Mendelson, W. B. (1985) GABA-benzodiazepine receptor-chloride ionophore complex: implications for the pharmacology of sleep. In: Sleep Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators, Eds A. Wauquier, J. M. Monti, J. M. Gaillard and M. Radulovacki. Raven Press, New York.
170. Merchant-Nancy H., Vázquez J., Aguilar-Roblero R., Drucker-Colín R. c-fos proto-oncogen changes in relation to REM sleep duration. Brain Res. 579:1992;342-346.
171. Merchant-Nancy H., Vázquez J., García F.R., Drucker-Colín R. Brain distribution of c-fos expression as a result of prolonged rapid eye movement (REM) sleep period duration. Brain Res. 681:1995;15-22.
172. Mirmiran M., Kruisbrink J., Bos N.P. A., Van der Werf D., Boer G.J. Decrease of rapid-eye-movement sleep in the light by intraventricular application of a VIP-antagonist in the rat. Brain Res. 490:1988;292-300.
173. Moldofsky H., Davidson J.R., Lue F.A. Sleep-related patterns of plasma growth hormone and cortisol following 40 hours of wakefulness. Sleep Res. 17:1988;69.
174. Monnier M., Dudler I., Gachter R., Schoenenberger G.A. Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): EEG and motor activity in rabbits following intravenous administration. Neurosci. Lett. 6:1977;9-14.
175. Monti, J.M., Pellejero, T., Jantos, H. and Pazos, S. (1985) Role of histamine in the control of sleep and waking. In: Sleep: Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators, Eds A. Wauquier, J. M. Gaillard, J. M. Monti and M. Radulovacki. Raven Press, New York.
176. Morairty S.R., Szymusiak D., Thomson D., McGinty D. Selective increases in non-rapid eye movement sleep following whole body heating in rats. Brain Res. 617:1993;10-16.
177. Morin A., Denoroy L., Jouvet M. Daily variations in concentration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in discrete brain areas of the rat. Brain Res. 538:1991;136-140.
178. Morin A., Denoroy L., Jouvet M. Effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation of vasoactive intestinal peptide-like inmunoreactivity in discrete brain areas and anterior pituitary of the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 28:1992;655-661.
179. Mouze-Amady M., Sockeel P., Leconte P. Modification of REM sleep behavior by REMs contingent auditory stimulation in man. Physiol. Behav. 137:1986;543-548.
180. Murck H., Guldner J., Colla-Müller M., Frieboes M. VIP decelerates non-REM-REM cycles and modulates hormone secretion during sleep in men. Am. J. Physiol. 271:1996;R905-R911.
181. Nagasaki H., Kitahama K., Valax J.L., Jouvet M. Sleep-promoting effect of the sleep-promoting substance (SPS) and delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) in the mouse. Brain Res. 192:1980;276-279.
182. Nauta W.J. Hypothalamus regulation of sleep in rats, an experimetal study. J. Neurophysiol. 9:1946;285-316.
183. Nicholson, A. N. (1985) Histaminergic system: daytime alertness and nocturnal sleep. In: Sleep: Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators, Eds A. Wauquier, J. M. Gaillard, J. M. Monti and M. Radulovackis. Raven Press, New York.
184. Nistico G., De Sarro G.B., Bagetta G., Müller E.E. Behavioral and electrocortical spectrum power effects of growth hormone releasing factor in rats. Neuropharmacology. 26:1987;75-78.
185. Obál F. Effects of peptides (DSIP, DSIP analogues, VIP, GRF and CCK) on sleep on the rat. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 9(S4):1986;459-461.
186. Obál F. Jr., Tobler I., Borbély A.A. Effect of ambient temperature on the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle in normal and capsaicin-treated rats. Physiol. Behav. 30:1983;425-430.
187. Obál F. Jr., Török A., Alföldi P., Sáry G., Hajos M., Penke P. Effects of intracerebroventricular innjection of delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) annd an analogue on sleep and brain temperature in rats at night. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 23:1985;953-957.
188. Obál F. Jr., Alfödi P., Cady A.B., Johannsen L., Sáry G., Krueger J.M. Growth hormone-releasing factor enhaces sleep in rats and rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 255:1988;R310-316.
189. Obál F. Jr., Opp M.R., Cady A.B., Johannsen L., Krueger J.M. Prolactin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidina methionine elicit selective increases in REM sleep in rabbits. Brain Res. 490:1989;282-300.
190. Obál F. Jr., Opp M., Cady A., Johannsen L., Postlethwaite A.E., Poppleton H.M., Seyer J.M., Krueger J.M. Interleukin 1α and an interleukin 1β fragment are somnogenic. Am. J. Physiol. 259:1990;R439-R446.
191. Obál F. Jr., Payne L., Kapás L., Opp M., Krueger J.M. Inhibition of growth hormone-releasing factor suppresses both sleep and growth hormone secretion in the rat. Brain Res. 557:1991;149-153.
192. Obál F. Jr., Kacsóh B., Alföldi P., Payne L., Markovic O., Grosvenor C., Krueger J.M. Antiserum to prolactin decreases rapid eye
193. Obál F. Jr., Payne L., Kacsoh B., Opp M., Kapás L., Grosvenor C.E., Krueger J.M. Involvement of prolactin in the REM sleep-promoting activity of systemic vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Brain Res. 645:1994;143-149.
194. Obál F. Jr., Payne L., Opp M.R., Alföldi P., Kapás L., Krueger J.M. Growth-hormone releasing hormone antibodies suppress sleep and prevent enhacement of sleep after sleep deprivation. Am. J. Physiol. 263:1995;R1078-R1085.
195. Obál F. Jr., Kacsóh B., Bredow S., Guha-Thakurta N., Krueger J.M. Sleep in rats rendered chronically hyperprolactinemic with anterior pituitary grafts. Brain Res. 755:1997;130-136.
196. Obermeyer W., Bergmann B.M., Rechtschaffen A. Sleep deprivation in the rat. XIV. Comparasion of waking hyphothalamic and peritoneal temperatures. Sleep. 14:1991;285-293.
197. ÓKeefe J., Dostrovsky J. The hippocampus as spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely moving rat. Brain Res. 34:1971;171-175.
198. Opp M.R., Krueger J.M. Effects of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on recovery sleep of rabbits after total sleep deprivation. Sleep Res. 20:1991;416.
199. Opp M.R., Krueger J.M. Interleukin-1 is involeved in responses to sleep deprivation in the rabbit. Brain Res. 639:1994;57-65.
200. Opp M.R., Obál F. Jr., Krueger J.M. Effects of a-MSH on sleep, behavior and brain temeprature: interactions with IL-1. Am. J. Physiol. 255:1988;R914-R922.
201. Opp M., Obál F. Jr., Krueger J.M. Corticotropin-releasing factor attenuates interleukin-1 induce sleep and fever in rabbites. Am. J. Physiol. 257:1989;R528-R535.
202. Opp M.R., Obál F. Jr., Krueger J.M. Interleukin 1 alters rat sleep: temporal and dose-related effects. Am. J. Physiol. 260:1991;R52-R58.
203. Oswald, I. (1988) The function of sleep in restoring tissues. In sleep 88. Ed. By W. P. Koella, F. Obai, H. Schulz, P. Visser. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart-New York, pp. 23-28.
204. Ottersen, O. P. and Stolm-Mathisen, J. (1984) Neurons containing an accumulating transmitter aminoacids. In: Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. 3: Classical Transmitters and Transmitter Receptors in the CNS, Part II. Eds A. Björklund, T. Hokfelt and M. J. Kuhar. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 141.
205. Pacheco-Cano M.T., Garcia-Hernandez F., Prospero-Garcia O., Drucker-Colin R. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces REM recovery in insomniac forebrain lesioned cats. Sleep. 13:1990;297-303.
206. Panula, P., (1986) Histamine in the nervous system. In: Neurohistochemistry: Modern Methods and Applications. Eds P. Panula, H. Päivarinta and S. Soinila. Liss, New York.
207. Pappenheimer J.R., Koski G., Fencl V., Karnovsky M.L., Krueger J.M. Extraction of sleep-promoting factor S from cerebrospinal fluid and from brains of sleep-deprived animals. J. Neurophysiol. 38:1975;1299-1311.
208. Parmeggiani P.L. Interaction between sleep and thermoregulation. An aspect of the control of behavioral states. Sleep. 10:1987;426-435.
209. Parmeggiani P.L., Agnati L.F., Zamboni G., Cianci T. Hypothalamic temperature during the sleep cycle at different ambient temperatures. EEG. Clin. Neurophysiol. 38:1975;426-435.
210. Pavlides C., Winson J. Influences of hippocampal place cell firing in the awake state on the activity of these cells during subsequent sleep episodes. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;2907-2918.
211. Pollmächer T., Schreiber W., Gudewill S., Vedder H., Fassbender K., Wiedemann K., Trachsel L., Galanos C., Holsboer F. Influence of endotoxin on nocturnal sleep in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 264:1993;R1077-1080.
212. Pompeiano M., Cirelli C., Tononi G. Effects of sleep deprivation on Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Arch. Ital. Biol. 130:1992;325-335.
213. Pompeiano M., Cirelli C., Tononi G. Immediate-early genes in spontaneus wakefulness and sleep: expression of c-fos and NGFI-A mRNA and protein. J. Sleep Res. 3:1994;80-96.
214. Porkka-Heiskanen T., Strecker R.E., Thakkar M., Bjorkum A.A., Greene R.W., McCarley R.W. Adenosine: a mediator of the sleep-inducing effects of prolonged wakefulness. Science. 276:1997;1265-1268.
215. Portell-Cortés I., Mertí-Nicolovius M., Segura-Torres P., Morgado-Bernal I. Correlations between paradoxical sleep and shuttle-box conditioning in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 5:1989;984-990.
216. Prospéro-García O., Morales M., Arankowsky-Sandoval G., Drucker-Colín R. Vasoactive intestinal polyeptide (VIP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of sleep deprived cats restores sleep in insomniac recipients. Brain Res. 385:1986;169-173.
217. Prospéro-García O., Tilmann O., Drucker-Colín R. Cerebroventricular infusion of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) restores REM sleep in parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-pretreated cats. Neurosci. Lett. 78:1987;205-210.
218. Prospéro-García O., Jímenez-Anguiano A., Drucker-Colín R. The combination of VIP and Atropine induces REM sleep in cats rendered insomniac by PCPA. Neuropsychopharmacology. 8(4):1993;387-390.
219. Przewlocka B., Mogilnicka E., Lason W., van Luijtelaar E., Coenen A.M. Deprivation of REM sleep in the rat and the opioid peptides beta-endorphin and dynorphin. Neurosci. Lett. 70:1986;138-142.
220. Puizillout J.J., Gaudin-Chazel G., Daszuta A. Release of endogenous serotonin from ëncephale isolëcats. II. Correlations with raphe nneuronal activity and sleep and wakefulness. J. Physiol. 75:1979;531-535.
221. Rampin C., Cespuglio R., Chastrette N., Jouvet M. Immobilisation stress induces a paradoxical sleep rebound in rat. Neurosci. Lett. 126:1991;113-118.
222. Radulovacki, M. and Virus, R. M. (1985) Purine 1-methylisoguanosine and pyrimidine compounds and sleep in rats. In Sleep: Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators. Ed by A. Wauguier, J. M. Gaillard, J. M. Monti and M. Radulovacki. Raven Press, New York, pp. 251-263.
223. Rechtschaffen A., Gilliland M.A., Bergmann B.M., Winter J.B. Physiological correlates of prolonged sleep deprivation in rats. Science. 221:1983;182-184.
224. Rechtschaffen A., Bergmann B.M., Everson C.A., Kushida C.A., Gilliland M.A. Sleep deprivation in the rats. X. Integration and discussion of the findings. Sleep. 12:1989;68-87.
225. Reite M., Landenslager M., Jones J., Crnic C., Kaening K. Interferon decreases REMS latency. Biol. Psychiat. 22:1987;104.
226. Riou F., Cespuglio R., Jouvet M. Endogenous peptides and sleep in the rat I: the hypnogenic properties of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Neuropeptides. 2:1982;265-277.
227. Riou F., Cespuglio R., Jouvet M. Endogenous peptides and sleep in the rat. II. Peptides without significant effect on the sleep-waking cycle. Neuropeptides. 2:1982;255-258.
228. Roitback A. Electrical phenomena in the cerebral cortex during the extinction of orientation and conditional reflexes. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 13:1960;91-100.
229. Rojas-Ramírez J.A., Drucker-Colín R.R. Sleep induced by spinal cord cholinergic stimulation. Int. J. Neurosci. 5:1973;215-221.
230. Rojas-Ramírez J.A., Crawley J.N., Mendelson W.B. Electroencephalografic analysis of the sleep-inducing actions of cholecystokinin. Neuropeptides. 3:1982;129-138.
231. Roky R., Valatx J.L., Jouvet M. Effect of prolactin on the sleep-wake cycle in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 156:1993;117-120.
232. Roky R., Valatx L.L., Paut-Pagano L., Jouvet M. Hypothalamic injection of prolactin or its antibody alters the rat sleep-wake cycle. Physiol. Behav. 55:1994;1015-1019.
233. Roky R., Obál F. Jr., Valatx J.L. Prolactin and rapid eye movement sleep regulation. Sleep. 18:1995;536-542.
234. Rosenthal M.S., Vogel G.W. The effect of a 3-day increase of ambient temperature toward the thermoneutral zone on rapid eye movement sleep in the rat. Sleep. 16:1993;702-705.
235. Rubenstein E.H., Sonnenschein R.R. Sleep cycles and feeding behavior in the cat: role of gastrointestinal hormones. Acta Cient Venez. 22:1971;125-128.
236. Ruch-Monachon M.A., Jalfre M., Haefly W. Drugs and PGO waves in the lateral geniculate body of the curarized cat. IV: The effects of acetylcholine, GABA and benzodiazepines on PGO wave activity. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 219:1976;308-325.
237. Salín-Pascual R.J., Drucker-Colín R. A novel effect of nicotine on mood and sleep in major depression. NeuroReport. 9:1998;57-60.
238. Salín-Pascual R.J., Granados-fuentes D., de la Fuente J., Drucker-Colín R. Effects of auditory stimulation during rapid eye movement sleep in healthy volunteers and depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 38:1991;237-246.
239. Salín-Pascual R., de la Fuente J.R., Galicia-Polo L., Drucker-Colín R. Effects of transdermal nicotine on mood and sleep in nonsmoking major depressed patients. Psychopharmacology. 121:1995;476-479.
240. Sangiah S., Caldwell D.F., Villeneuve M.J., Clancy J.J. Sleep: sequential reduction of paradoxical sleep (REM) and elevation of slow wave sleep (NREM) by a nonconvulsive dose of insulin in rats. Life Sci. 31:1982;763-769.
241. Santucci V., Storme J.J., Soubrie P., Le Fur G. Arousal-enhancing properties of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A in rats as assessed by electroencephalographic spectral and sleep-waking cycle analysis. Life Sci. 58:1996;103-110.
242. Scherschlicht, R. (1985) Role for GABA in the control of the sleep-wakefulness cycle. In: Sleep Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators. Eds A. Wauquier, J. M. Monti, J. M. Gaillard and M. Radulovacki. Raven Press, New York.
243. Scherschlicht R., Marias J. Effects of sleep-promoting "factor S", muramyl dipepetide (MDP) and L-cycloserine on the sleep of rabbits. Experientia. 39:1989;683-687.
244. Schmidek W., Hoshino K., Schmidek M., Timo-Iaria C. Influence of environmental temperature on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 8:1972;363-371.
245. Senba E., Daddona P.E., Watanabe T., Wu J.Y., Nancy J. Coexistence of adenosine deaminase, histamine decarboxylase and glutamate decarboxylase in hypothalamus neurons of the rat. J. Neurosci. 5:1985;3393-3402.
246. Shapiro C., Bortz R., Mitchell D., Bartel P., Jooste P. Slow-wave sleep: a recovery period after exercise. Science. 214:1981;1253-1254.
247. Shibasaki T., Yamauchi N., Hotta M., Imaki T., Oda T., Ling N., Demura H. Brain corticotropin-releasing hormone increases arousal in stress. Brain Res. 554:1991;352-354.
248. Shibasaki T., Imaki T., Hotta M., Ling N., Demura H. Psychological stress increases arousal through brain corticotropin-releasing hormone without significant increase in adrenocorticotropin and catecholamine secretion. Brain Res. 618:1993;71-75.
249. Shiromani P.J., Fishbein W. Continuos pontine cholinergic microinfusion via mini-pump induces sustained alterations in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 25:1986;1253-1261.
250. Shiromani P.J., McGinty D.J. Pontine neuronal response to local cholinergic infusion: relation to REM sleep. Brain Res. 386:1986;20-31.
251. Shiromani P.J., Gillin J.C., Henriksen S.T. Acetylcholine and the regulation of REM sleep: basic mechanisms and clinical implications for afective illness and narcolepsy. A. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 27:1987;137-156.
252. Shoham S., Davenne D., Cady A.B., Dinarello C.A., Krueger J.M. Recombinat tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 enhance slow-wave sleep. Am. J. Physiol. 253:1987;R142-R149.
253. Silberman E.K., Vivaldi E., Garfield J., McCarley R.W., Hobson J.A. Carbachol triggering of desynchronized sleep phenomena: enhancement via small volume infusions. Brain Res. 191:1980;215-224.
254. Skaggs W., McNaughton B. Replay of neuronal firing sequences in rat hippocampus during sleep following spatial experience. Science. 271:1996;1870-1873.
255. Smedlley H., Katrak M., Sikora K., Wheeler T. Neurological effects of recombinant human interferon. Br. J. Med. 286:1983;262.
256. Smith C. Paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recording following training in a brightness discrimination avoidance task in Sprague-Dawley rats: paradoxical effects. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 66:1996;283-294.
257. Smith C., Butler S. Paradoxical sleep at selective times following training is necessary for learning. Physiol. Behav. 29:1982;469-473.
258. Smith C., Kelly G. Paradoxical sleep deprivation applied two days after the end of training retards learning. Physiol. Behav. 43:1988;213-216.
259. Smith C., Rose G.M. Posttraining paradoxical sleep in rats is increased after spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Behav. Neurosci. 111:1997;1197-1204.
260. Smith C., Young J., Young W. Prolonged increases in paradoxical sleep during and after avoidance-task acquisition. Sleep. 3:1980;67-81.
261. Smith C.T., Conway J.M., Rose G.M. Brief Paradoxical sleep deprivation impairs reference, but not working, memory in the radial arm maze task. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 69:1998;211-217.
262. Steinbusch, H. W. M. and Mulder, A. H. (1984) Immunohistochemical localization of histamine in neurons and mast cells in the rat brain. In: Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, vol. 3, pp. 126-140. Eds A. Bjorklund, T. Hokfelt and M. J. Kuhar. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
263. Stern W.C., Jalowiec J.C., Shabshalowitz H., Morgane P.J. Effects of growth hormone in the sleep waking patterns in cats. Horm. Behav. 6:1975;189-196.
264. Susic V., Totic S. "Recovery" fuction of sleep: effects of purified human interleukin on the sleep and febrile response of cats. Met. Brain Dis. 4:1989;73-76.
265. Szymusiak R., Satinoff E. Maximal REM sleep time defines a narrower thermoneutral zone than does minimal metbolic rate. Physiol. Behav. 26:1981;687-690.
266. Takahashi, Y., (1979) Growth hormone secretion related to sleep and waking rhythm. In: The Functions of Sleep. Eds R. Drucker-Colín, M. Shkurobich and M. B. Sterm. Academic Press, New York.
267. Tobler I., Borbély A.A. The effect of 3-h and 6-h sleep deprivation on sleep and EEG spectra of the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 36:1990;73-78.
268. Tobler I., Scherschlicht R. Sleep and EEG slow-wave activity in the domestic cat: effect of sleep deprivation. Behav. Brain Res. 37:1990;109-118.
269. Tobler I., Borbély A.A., Schwyzer M., Fontana A. Interleukin-1 derived from astrocytes enhances slow-wave activity in sleep EEG of the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 4:1984;191-192.
270. Tobler I., Franken B., Gao K., Jaggi K., Borbély A. Sleep deprivation in the rat at different ambient temparatures: effect on sleep, EEG spectra and brain temparature. Arch. Ital. Biol. 132:1994;39-52.
271. Toppila J., Asikainen M., Alanko L., Turek F.W., Stenberg D., Porkka-Heiskanen T. The effect of REM sleep deprivation on somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone gene expression in the rat hypothalamus. J. Sleep Res. 5:1996;115-122.
272. Torsvall L., Akerstedt T., Lindbeck G. Effects on sleep stages and EEG power density of different degrees of exercise in fit subjects. EEG Clin. Neurol. 57:1984;347-353.
273. 2 antagonist on rapid eye movement sleep in rats. Brain Res. 485:1989;294-300.
274. Trachsel L., Tobler I., Borbély A. Effect of sleep deprivation on EEG slow wave activity within non-REMM sleep episodes in the rat. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 73:1989;167-171.
275. Trinder J., Montgomery I., Paxton S. The effects of exercise on sleep: the negative view. Acta Physiol. Scand. 133(S574):1988;14-20.
276. Tsai L-L., Bergmann B.M., Perry B.D., Rechtschaffen A. Effects of chronic total sleep deprivation on central noradrenergic receptors in rat brain. Brain Res. 602:1993;221-227.
277. Ugalde E., Corsi-Cabrera M., Juárez J., Ramos J., Arce C. Waking electroencephalogram activity as a consequence of sleep and total sleep deprivation in the rat. Sleep. 17:1994;226-230.
278. Ursin R., Larsen M. Increased sleep following intracerebroventricular injection of the delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 40:1983;1057-1062.
279. Vázquez J., Guzmán-Marín R., Salín-Pascual R.J., Drucker-Colín R. Transdermal nicotine on sleep and PGO spikes. Brain Res. 737:1996;317-320.
280. Vázquez J., Merchant-Nancy H., García F., Drucker-Colín R. The effects of sensory stimulation on REM sleep duration. Sleep. 21:1998;26-30.
281. Velázquez-Moctezuma J., Shalauta M.D., Gillin J.C., Shiromani P.J. Microinjections of nicotine in the medial pontine reticular formation elicits REM sleep. Neurosci. Lett. 115:1990;265-268.
282. Velázquez-Moctezuma J., Shalauta M.D., Gillin C.J., Shiromani P.J. Cholinergic antagonist and REM sleep generation. Brain Res. 543:1991;175-179.
283. Vermeulen M.W., Grey G.R. Processing of Bacillus subtilis peptidoglycan by a mouse macrophage cell line. Infect. Immunol. 46:1984;476-480.
284. Watanabe T., Taguchi Y., Shiosaka S., Tanaka J., Kubota H., Terano Y., Tohyama M., Wada H. Distribution of the histaminergic system in the central nervous system of rats: a fluorescent immunohistochemical analysis with histidine dcarbosylase as a marker. Brain Res. 295:1984;13-25.
285. Wauquier A., Van Den Broeck W.A., Awouters F. A comparison between astemizole and other antihistamines on sleep-wakefulness cycle in dogs. Neuropharmacology. 20:1981;853-859.
286. Wexler D.B., Morre-Ede M.C. Effects of a muramyil dipeptide on the temperature and sleep-awake cycles of the monkey. Am. J. Physiol. 247:1984;R672-R675.
287. Whittaker V.P. Vaspactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) as cholinergic co-transmitter: some recent results. Cell Biol. Intl. Rep. 13:1989;1039-1051.
288. Williams J.A., Comisarow J., Day J., Fibiger H.C., Reiner P.B. State-dependent release of acetylcholine in rat thalamus measured by in vivo microdyalisis. J. Neurosci. 14(9):1994;5236-5242.
289. Wilson M.A., McNaughton C. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Science. 265:1994;676-679.
290. Yamasu, K., Shimida, Y., Sakaizumi, M., Soma, G. I. and Mizono, D. I. (1990) Activation of the systemic production of tumor necrosis factor after exposure to acute physical stress. In: Third Int. Cont. on TNF and Related Cytokines Abstr. p. 174.
291. Yamuy J., Sampogna S., Lopez-Rodriguez F., Luppi P.H., Morales F.R., Chase M.H. Fos and serotonin immunoreactivity in the raphe nuclei of the cat during carbachol-induced active sleep: a double-labeling study. Neuroscience. 67:1995;211-223.
292. Yamuy J., Morales F.R., Chase M.H. Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by the microinjection of nerve growth factor into the pontine reticular formation of the cat. Neuroscience. 66:1995;9-13.
293. Yamuy J., Sampogna S., Morales F.R., Chase M.H. c-fos Expression in the mesopontine noradrenergicand cholinergic neurons of the cat during carbachol-induced active sleep: a double-labeling study. Sleep Res. Online. 1:1998;28-40.
294. Youngstedt S.D., ÓConnor J.P., Dishman R.K. The effects of acute exercise on sleep: a quantitative synthesis. Sleep. 20:1997;203-214.
295. Zir L.M., Smith R.A., Parker D.C. Human growth hormone release in sleep: effect of daytime exercise. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 32:1971;662-665.