메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 84, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 2335-2346

The importance of the variance around the mean effect size of ecological processes

Author keywords

Consumer resource interactions; Disturbance; Ecological models; Ecological processes, variance vs. frequency; Effect size; Experimental design; Interaction webs; Mean intensity cf. variance of ecological processes; Patterns, temporal and spatial

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGICAL MODELING; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0344585325     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/02-8011     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (153)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 0034869129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of grazing on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation
    • Adler, P. B., D. A. Raff, AND W. K. Lauenroth. 2001. The effect of grazing on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation. Oecologia 128:465-479.
    • (2001) Oecologia , vol.128 , pp. 465-479
    • Adler, P.B.1    Raff, D.A.2    Lauenroth, W.K.3
  • 3
    • 0032421772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scale of landscape fragmentation affects herbivore response to vegetation heterogeneity
    • Banks, J. E. 1998. The scale of landscape fragmentation affects herbivore response to vegetation heterogeneity. Oecologia 117:239-246.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.117 , pp. 239-246
    • Banks, J.E.1
  • 4
    • 0030620791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inference and generality in ecology: Current problems and an experimental solution
    • Beck, M. W. 1997. Inference and generality in ecology: current problems and an experimental solution. Oikos 78:265-273.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.78 , pp. 265-273
    • Beck, M.W.1
  • 5
    • 0034699521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variance in ecological consumer-resource interactions
    • Benedetti-Cecchi, L. 2000a. Variance in ecological consumer-resource interactions. Nature 407:370-374.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.407 , pp. 370-374
    • Benedetti-Cecchi, L.1
  • 6
    • 0033976268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting direct and indirect interactions during succession in a mid-littoral rocky shore assemblage
    • Benedetti-Cecchi, L. 2000b. Predicting direct and indirect interactions during succession in a mid-littoral rocky shore assemblage. Ecological Monographs 70:45-72.
    • (2000) Ecological Monographs , vol.70 , pp. 45-72
    • Benedetti-Cecchi, L.1
  • 7
    • 0035978260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in abundance of algae and invertebrates at different spatial scales on rocky sea shores
    • Benedetti-Cecchi, L. 2001. Variability in abundance of algae and invertebrates at different spatial scales on rocky sea shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 215:79-92.
    • (2001) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.215 , pp. 79-92
    • Benedetti-Cecchi, L.1
  • 8
    • 0034041255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interplay of physical and biological factors in maintaining mid-shore and low-shore assemblages on rocky coasts in the northwest Mediterranean
    • Benedetti-Cecchi, L., F. Bulleri, and F. Cinelli. 2000. The interplay of physical and biological factors in maintaining mid-shore and low-shore assemblages on rocky coasts in the northwest Mediterranean. Oecologia 123:406-417.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.123 , pp. 406-417
    • Benedetti-Cecchi, L.1    Bulleri, F.2    Cinelli, F.3
  • 9
    • 0030779860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Micropatterns in Festuca rubra-dominated vegetation induced by sheep grazing
    • Berg, G., P. Esselink, M. Groenewg, and K. Kiel. 1997. Micropatterns in Festuca rubra-dominated vegetation induced by sheep grazing. Plant Ecology 132:1-14.
    • (1997) Plant Ecology , vol.132 , pp. 1-14
    • Berg, G.1    Esselink, P.2    Groenewg, M.3    Kiel, K.4
  • 10
    • 0033602470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities
    • Berlow, E. L. 1999. Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities. Nature 398:330-334.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 330-334
    • Berlow, E.L.1
  • 11
    • 0032824116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying variation in the strengths of species interactions
    • Berlow, E. L., S. A. Navarrete, C. J. Briggs, M. E. Power, and B. A. Menge. 1999. Quantifying variation in the strengths of species interactions. Ecology 80:2206-2224.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 2206-2224
    • Berlow, E.L.1    Navarrete, S.A.2    Briggs, C.J.3    Power, M.E.4    Menge, B.A.5
  • 12
    • 0031284547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of positive interactions in communities: Lessons from intertidal habitats
    • Bertness, M. D., and G. H. Leonard. 1997. The role of positive interactions in communities: lessons from intertidal habitats. Ecology 78:1976-1989.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1976-1989
    • Bertness, M.D.1    Leonard, G.H.2
  • 13
    • 0024899103 scopus 로고
    • Community responses to variable predation: Field studies with sunfish and freshwater macroinvertebrates
    • Butler, M. J., IV. 1989. Community responses to variable predation: field studies with sunfish and freshwater macroinvertebrates. Ecological Monographs 59:311-328.
    • (1989) Ecological Monographs , vol.59 , pp. 311-328
    • Butler IV, M.J.1
  • 14
    • 0025686734 scopus 로고
    • Large-scale perturbations: Opportunities for innovation
    • Carpenter, S. R. 1990. Large-scale perturbations: opportunities for innovation. Ecology 71:2038-2043.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 2038-2043
    • Carpenter, S.R.1
  • 16
    • 0033168609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coastal marine communities: Trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments
    • Castilla, J. C. 1999. Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:280-283.
    • (1999) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.14 , pp. 280-283
    • Castilla, J.C.1
  • 17
    • 0002291678 scopus 로고
    • Environmental variation and the co-existence of species
    • T. J. Case, editor. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, New York, USA
    • Chesson, P. L. 1986. Environmental variation and the co-existence of species. Pages 240-256 in T. J. Case, editor. Community ecology. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1986) Community Ecology , pp. 240-256
    • Chesson, P.L.1
  • 18
    • 0002779839 scopus 로고
    • Overview: Nonequilibrium community theories: Chance, variability, history, and coexistence
    • T. J. Case, editor. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, New York, USA
    • Chesson, P. L., and T. J. Case. 1986. Overview: nonequilibrium community theories: chance, variability, history, and coexistence. Pages 229-239 in T. J. Case, editor. Community ecology. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1986) Community Ecology , pp. 229-239
    • Chesson, P.L.1    Case, T.J.2
  • 19
    • 0033999510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance frequency and community stability in native tallgrass prairie
    • Collins, S. L. 2000. Disturbance frequency and community stability in native tallgrass prairie. American Naturalist 155:311-325.
    • (2000) American Naturalist , vol.155 , pp. 311-325
    • Collins, S.L.1
  • 21
    • 0020922895 scopus 로고
    • On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: Evidence from field experiments
    • Connell, J. H. 1983. On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments. American Naturalist 122:661-696.
    • (1983) American Naturalist , vol.122 , pp. 661-696
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 22
    • 0002647120 scopus 로고
    • Climatic instability, time lags, and communitiy disequilibrium
    • T. J. Case, editor. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, New York, USA
    • Davis, M. B. 1986. Climatic instability, time lags, and communitiy disequilibrium. Pages 269-284 in T. J. Case, editor. Community ecology. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1986) Community Ecology , pp. 269-284
    • Davis, M.B.1
  • 23
    • 0001108535 scopus 로고
    • Competition, disturbance, and community organization: The provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community
    • Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 41:351-389.
    • (1971) Ecological Monographs , vol.41 , pp. 351-389
    • Dayton, P.K.1
  • 24
    • 0014380680 scopus 로고
    • Spreading of risk and stabilization of animal numbers
    • den Boer, P. J. 1968. Spreading of risk and stabilization of animal numbers. Acta Biotheoretica 18:165-194.
    • (1968) Acta Biotheoretica , vol.18 , pp. 165-194
    • Den Boer, P.J.1
  • 25
    • 0035101529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant responses to environmental warming in a montane meadow
    • De Valpine, P., and J. Harte. 2001. Plant responses to environmental warming in a montane meadow. Ecology 82: 637-648.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 637-648
    • De Valpine, P.1    Harte, J.2
  • 26
    • 0026276904 scopus 로고
    • Food and shelter as determinants of food choice by an herbivorous marine amphipod
    • Duffy, J. E., and M. E. Hay. 1991. Food and shelter as determinants of food choice by an herbivorous marine amphipod. Ecology 72:1286-1298.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1286-1298
    • Duffy, J.E.1    Hay, M.E.2
  • 27
    • 0033568708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the declaration of marine reserves on Tasmanian reef fishes, invertebrates and plants
    • Edgar, G. J., and N. S. Barrett. 1999. Effects of the declaration of marine reserves on Tasmanian reef fishes, invertebrates and plants. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 242:107-144.
    • (1999) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , vol.242 , pp. 107-144
    • Edgar, G.J.1    Barrett, N.S.2
  • 28
    • 0024225560 scopus 로고
    • Predation can increase variability in the abundance of prey on seashores
    • Fairweather, P. G. 1988a. Predation can increase variability in the abundance of prey on seashores. Oikos 53:87-92.
    • (1988) Oikos , vol.53 , pp. 87-92
    • Fairweather, P.G.1
  • 29
    • 0024189186 scopus 로고
    • Predation creates haloes of bare space among prey on rocky seashores in New South Wales
    • Fairweather, P. G. 1988b. Predation creates haloes of bare space among prey on rocky seashores in New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology 13:401-409.
    • (1988) Australian Journal of Ecology , vol.13 , pp. 401-409
    • Fairweather, P.G.1
  • 30
    • 0034886514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat complexity, spatial interference, and "minimum risk distribution": A framework for population stability
    • Floater, G. J. 2001. Habitat complexity, spatial interference, and "minimum risk distribution": a framework for population stability. Ecology 71:447-468.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 447-468
    • Floater, G.J.1
  • 31
    • 0027811255 scopus 로고
    • The largest, smallest, highest, lowest, longest, and shortest. Extremes in ecology
    • Gaines S. D., and M. W. Denny. 1993. The largest, smallest, highest, lowest, longest, and shortest. Extremes in ecology. Ecology 74:1677-1692.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1677-1692
    • Gaines, S.D.1    Denny, M.W.2
  • 32
    • 0027130378 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of variation in the size of populations in space and time: Some points of clarification
    • Gaston, K. J., and B. H. McArdle. 1993. Measurement of variation in the size of populations in space and time: some points of clarification. Oikos 68:357-360.
    • (1993) Oikos , vol.68 , pp. 357-360
    • Gaston, K.J.1    McArdle, B.H.2
  • 33
    • 0345657628 scopus 로고
    • Cross-correlation in population dynamics and the slope of spatial variance-mean regressions
    • Hanski, I. 1987. Cross-correlation in population dynamics and the slope of spatial variance-mean regressions. Oikos 19:21-37.
    • (1987) Oikos , vol.19 , pp. 21-37
    • Hanski, I.1
  • 34
    • 0028995414 scopus 로고
    • Spatial variance in ecology
    • Horne, J. K., and D. C. Schneider. 1995. Spatial variance in ecology. Oikos 74:18-26.
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.74 , pp. 18-26
    • Horne, J.K.1    Schneider, D.C.2
  • 35
    • 0025594562 scopus 로고
    • Spatial distribution of the montane unicorn
    • Hurlbert, S. J. 1990. Spatial distribution of the montane unicorn. Oikos 58:257-271.
    • (1990) Oikos , vol.58 , pp. 257-271
    • Hurlbert, S.J.1
  • 36
    • 0032832072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local processes and regional patterns: Appropriate scales for understanding variation in the diversity of plants and animals
    • Huston, M. A. 1999. Local processes and regional patterns: appropriate scales for understanding variation in the diversity of plants and animals. Oikos 86:393-401.
    • (1999) Oikos , vol.86 , pp. 393-401
    • Huston, M.A.1
  • 37
    • 0030778348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nuances of variability: Beyond mean square error and platitudes about fluctuating environments
    • Kareiva, P., and J. Bergelson. 1997. The nuances of variability: beyond mean square error and platitudes about fluctuating environments. Ecology 78:1299-1300.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1299-1300
    • Kareiva, P.1    Bergelson, J.2
  • 38
    • 0032700229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems
    • Landres, P. B., P. Morgan, and F. J. Swanson. 1999. Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecological Applications 9:1179-1188.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 1179-1188
    • Landres, P.B.1    Morgan, P.2    Swanson, F.J.3
  • 39
    • 0027101175 scopus 로고
    • The problem of pattern and scale in ecology
    • Levin, S. A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943-1967.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1943-1967
    • Levin, S.A.1
  • 41
    • 0000981423 scopus 로고
    • Comparing population variabilities
    • McArdle, B. H., and K. J. Gaston. 1992. Comparing population variabilities. Oikos 64:610-612.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.64 , pp. 610-612
    • McArdle, B.H.1    Gaston, K.J.2
  • 42
    • 0025250865 scopus 로고
    • Variation in the size of animal populations: Patterns, problems and artefacts
    • McArdle, B. H., K. J. Gaston, and J. H. Lawton. 1990. Variation in the size of animal populations: patterns, problems and artefacts. Journal of Animal Ecology 59:439-454.
    • (1990) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.59 , pp. 439-454
    • McArdle, B.H.1    Gaston, K.J.2    Lawton, J.H.3
  • 43
    • 0033891357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of disturbance frequency, intensity, and area on assemblages of stream invertebrates
    • McCabe, D. J., and N. J. Gotelli. 2000. Effects of disturbance frequency, intensity, and area on assemblages of stream invertebrates. Oecologia 124:270-279.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.124 , pp. 270-279
    • McCabe, D.J.1    Gotelli, N.J.2
  • 44
    • 0032558786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature
    • McCann, K., A. Hastings, and G. R. Huxel. 1998. Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature. Nature 395: 794-798.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.395 , pp. 794-798
    • McCann, K.1    Hastings, A.2    Huxel, G.R.3
  • 45
    • 0000754269 scopus 로고
    • Serengeti grassland ecology: The role of composite environmental factors and contingency in community organization
    • McNaughton, S. J. 1983. Serengeti grassland ecology: the role of composite environmental factors and contingency in community organization. Ecological Monographs 53: 291-320.
    • (1983) Ecological Monographs , vol.53 , pp. 291-320
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 46
    • 0028163542 scopus 로고
    • The keystone species concept: Variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat
    • Menge, B. A., E. L. Berlow, C. A. Blanchette, S. A. Navarrete, and S. B. Yamada. 1994. The keystone species concept: variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat. Ecological Monographs 64:249-286.
    • (1994) Ecological Monographs , vol.64 , pp. 249-286
    • Menge, B.A.1    Berlow, E.L.2    Blanchette, C.A.3    Navarrete, S.A.4    Yamada, S.B.5
  • 48
    • 0030433640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variable predation: Effects of whelks on a mid-intertidal successional community
    • Navarrete, S. A. 1996. Variable predation: effects of whelks on a mid-intertidal successional community. Ecological Monographs 66:301-321.
    • (1996) Ecological Monographs , vol.66 , pp. 301-321
    • Navarrete, S.A.1
  • 49
    • 0000580609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect size in ecological experiments: The application of biological models in meta-analysis
    • Osenberg, C. W., O. Sarnelle, and S. D. Cooper. 1997. Effect size in ecological experiments: the application of biological models in meta-analysis. American Naturalist 150:798-812.
    • (1997) American Naturalist , vol.150 , pp. 798-812
    • Osenberg, C.W.1    Sarnelle, O.2    Cooper, S.D.3
  • 50
    • 0026472030 scopus 로고
    • Food-web analysis through field measurement of per capita interaction strength
    • Paine, R. T. 1992. Food-web analysis through field measurement of per capita interaction strength. Nature 355:73-75.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.355 , pp. 73-75
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 51
    • 0001576610 scopus 로고
    • Fitting Taylor's power law
    • Perry, J. N., and I. P. Woiwod. 1992. Fitting Taylor's power law. Oikos 65:538-542.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.65 , pp. 538-542
    • Perry, J.N.1    Woiwod, I.P.2
  • 52
    • 0028160353 scopus 로고
    • An experimentalist's challenge: When artifacts of intervention interact with treatments
    • Peterson, C. H., and R. Black. 1994. An experimentalist's challenge: when artifacts of intervention interact with treatments. Marine Ecology Progress Series 111:289-297.
    • (1994) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.111 , pp. 289-297
    • Peterson, C.H.1    Black, R.2
  • 53
    • 0001877498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How can we compare the importance of ecological processes if we never ask, "compared to what"?
    • W. J. Resetarits and J. Bernardo, editors. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
    • Petraitis, P. S. 1998. How can we compare the importance of ecological processes if we never ask, "compared to what"? Pages 183-201 in W. J. Resetarits and J. Bernardo, editors. Experimental ecology. Issues and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (1998) Experimental Ecology. Issues and Perspectives , pp. 183-201
    • Petraitis, P.S.1
  • 54
    • 0029157029 scopus 로고
    • Landscape ecology: Spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems
    • Pickett, S. T. A., and M. L. Cadenasso. 1995. Landscape ecology: spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems. Science 269:331-334.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 331-334
    • Pickett, S.T.A.1    Cadenasso, M.L.2
  • 55
    • 0022213289 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: A synthesis
    • S. T. A. Pickett and P. S. White, editors. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA
    • Pickett, S. T. A., and P. S. White. 1985. Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: a synthesis. Pages 371-384 in S. T. A. Pickett and P. S. White, editors. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA.
    • (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics , pp. 371-384
    • Pickett, S.T.A.1    White, P.S.2
  • 57
    • 0004295054 scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance of nature? University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1991) The Balance of Nature?
    • Pimm, S.L.1
  • 58
    • 0030472660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food web complexity and community dynamics
    • Polis, G. A., and D. R. Strong. 1996. Food web complexity and community dynamics. American Naturalist 147:813-846.
    • (1996) American Naturalist , vol.147 , pp. 813-846
    • Polis, G.A.1    Strong, D.R.2
  • 59
    • 0028161542 scopus 로고
    • Plant competition in relation to neighbor biomass: An intercontinental study with Poa pratensis
    • Reader, R. J., et al. 1994. Plant competition in relation to neighbor biomass: an intercontinental study with Poa pratensis. Ecology 75:1753-1760.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1753-1760
    • Reader, R.J.1
  • 61
    • 0021028349 scopus 로고
    • Field experiments on interspecific competition
    • Schoener, T. W. 1983. Field experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist 122:240-285.
    • (1983) American Naturalist , vol.122 , pp. 240-285
    • Schoener, T.W.1
  • 64
    • 0034098569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights on how temporal variation in predation risk shapes prey behavior
    • Sih, A., and R. Ziemba. 2000. New insights on how temporal variation in predation risk shapes prey behavior. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:3-4.
    • (2000) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.15 , pp. 3-4
    • Sih, A.1    Ziemba, R.2
  • 66
    • 0033970050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benthic microalgal diversity enhanced by spatial heterogeneity of grazing
    • Sommer, U. 2000. Benthic microalgal diversity enhanced by spatial heterogeneity of grazing. Oecologia 122:284-287.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.122 , pp. 284-287
    • Sommer, U.1
  • 68
    • 0026082395 scopus 로고
    • Indirect effects in community ecology: Their definition, study, and importance
    • Strauss, S. Y. 1991. Indirect effects in community ecology: their definition, study, and importance. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:206-210.
    • (1991) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.6 , pp. 206-210
    • Strauss, S.Y.1
  • 69
    • 0000344109 scopus 로고
    • Density vagueness: Abiding the variance in the demography of real populations
    • T. J. Case, editor. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, New York, USA
    • Strong, D. R. 1986. Density vagueness: abiding the variance in the demography of real populations. Pages 257-268 in T. J. Case, editor. Community ecology. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1986) Community Ecology , pp. 257-268
    • Strong, D.R.1
  • 70
    • 36949080948 scopus 로고
    • Aggregation, variance and the mean
    • Taylor, L. R. 1961. Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature 189:732-735.
    • (1961) Nature , vol.189 , pp. 732-735
    • Taylor, L.R.1
  • 71
    • 0033936030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The generality of field experiments: Interactions between local and broad-scale processes
    • Thrush, S. F., J. E. Hewitt, V. J. Cummings, M. O. Green, G. A. Funnell, and M. R. Wilkinson. 2000. The generality of field experiments: interactions between local and broad-scale processes. Ecology 81:399-415.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 399-415
    • Thrush, S.F.1    Hewitt, J.E.2    Cummings, V.J.3    Green, M.O.4    Funnell, G.A.5    Wilkinson, M.R.6
  • 72
    • 0033059623 scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal scaling of grazing impact on the species composition and productivity of Sahelian annual grasslands
    • Turner, M. D. 1989. Spatial and temporal scaling of grazing impact on the species composition and productivity of Sahelian annual grasslands. Journal of Arid Environments 41: 277-297.
    • (1989) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.41 , pp. 277-297
    • Turner, M.D.1
  • 73
    • 0027044748 scopus 로고
    • Beyond BACI: The detection of environmental impacts on populations in the real, but variable, world
    • Underwood, A. J. 1992. Beyond BACI: the detection of environmental impacts on populations in the real, but variable, world. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 161:145-178.
    • (1992) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , vol.161 , pp. 145-178
    • Underwood, A.J.1
  • 74
    • 0000223617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns of variance in density of intertidal populations
    • R. B. Floyd, A. W. Sheppard, and P. J. De Barro, editors. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    • Underwood, A. J. 1996. Spatial patterns of variance in density of intertidal populations. Pages 369-389 in R. B. Floyd, A. W. Sheppard, and P. J. De Barro, editors. Frontiers of population ecology. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
    • (1996) Frontiers of Population Ecology , pp. 369-389
    • Underwood, A.J.1
  • 75
    • 0027708928 scopus 로고
    • Structure of intertidal assemblages in different locations: How can local processes be compared?
    • R. Ricklefs and D. Schutler, editors. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Underwood, A. J., and P. S. Petraitis. 1993. Structure of intertidal assemblages in different locations: how can local processes be compared? Pages 38-51 in R. Ricklefs and D. Schutler, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1993) Species Diversity in Ecological Communities , pp. 38-51
    • Underwood, A.J.1    Petraitis, P.S.2
  • 76
    • 0028165937 scopus 로고
    • The nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities
    • Wootton, J. T. 1994. The nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:443-466.
    • (1994) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.25 , pp. 443-466
    • Wootton, J.T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.