Analysis of aircraft exhausts with fourier-transform infrared emission spectroscopy

Applied Optics

Volumn 36, Issue 21, 1997, Pages 4922-4931

  Heland, Jörg ^a   Schäfer, Klaus ^a  

^a KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aircraft exhaust analysis; Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy; Line by line calculation; Multilayer retrieval; Radiative transfer

Indexed keywords

EID: 0344369816     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 21553165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.36.004922     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. U. Schumann, “On the effect of emissions from aircraft engines on the state of the atmosphere, ” Ann. Geophys. 12, 365-384(1994).
2. K. N. Liou, S. C. Ou, and G. Koenig, “An investigation of the climatic effect of contrail cirrus, ” in Air Traffic and the Environment: Background, Tendencies, and Potential Global Atmospheric Effects, Proceedings of a DLR International Scientific Colloquium, U. Schumann, ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1990), pp. 154-169.
3. x emissions on tropospheric ozone and global warming, ” Nature (London) 355, 69-71 (1992).
4. R. A. Egli, “Climatic effects of air traffic, ” Environ. Conserv. 22, 196-198 (1995).
5. A. J. Schmitt, “Global inventories of aircraft emissions, ” in Impact of Aircraft and Spacecraft Upon the Atmosphere, Proceedings of a DLR International Scientific Colloquium, U. Schumann and D. Wurzel, eds. (DLR, Koln-Porz, Germany, 1994), pp. 65-70.
6. S. L. Baughcum, S. C. Henderson, P. S. Hertel, D. R. Maggiora, and C. A. Oncina, “Stratospheric emissions effects database development, ” NASA Contract. Rep. 4592, Contract NAS1-19360 (NASA, Hampton, Va., 1994).
7. Z. H. Landau, M. Metwally, R. Van Alstyne, and C. A. Ward, “Jet aircraft engine exhaust emissions database development: Year 1990 and 2015 scenarios, ” NASA Contract. Rep. 4613, Contract NAS1-19345 (NASA, Hampton, Va., 1994).
8. M. Lecht, P. Schimming, and G. Winterfeld, “Ermittlung der Emissionen ziviler Triebwerkstypen im Teillastbereich, ” DLR Rep. No. IB-325-12-8C (DLR, Koln-Porz, Germany, 1986).
9. F. Deidewig, “Schadstoffemissionen ziviler Flugtriebwerke am Beispiel des CFM56-3 und CF6-8C2, ” DLR Rep. No. IB-3254-92 (DLR, Köln-Porz, Germany, 1992).
10. x emissions from aircraft upon the atmosphere at flight altitudes 8-15 km, ” Final Rep. No. ISBN-92-826-8281-1 to the Commission of the European Communities, (EC-DLR, Brussels, Belgium, 1995).
11. 2 measurements within aircraft plumes, ” in Impact of Aircraft and Spacecraft Upon the Atmosphere, Proceedings of a DLR International Scientific Colloquium, U. Schumann and D. Wurzel, eds. (DLR, Köln-Porz, Germany, 1994), pp. 113-118.
12. D. W. Fahey, E. R. Keim, K. A. Boering, C. A. Brock, J. C. Wilson, H. H. Jonsson, S. Anthony, T. F. Hanisco, P. O. Wennberg, R. C. Miake-Lye, R. J. Salawitch, N. Louisnard, E. L. Woodbridge, R. S. Gao, S. G. Donnelly, R. C. Wamsley, L. A. Del Negro, S. Solomon, S. C. Wofsy, C. R. Webster, R. D. May, K. K. Kelly, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, and K. R. Chan, “Emission measurements of the Concorde supersonic aircraft in the lower stratosphere, ” Science 270, 70-74 (1995).
13. R. S. Storlarski, S. L. Baughcum, W. H. Brune, A. R. Douglas, D. W. Fahey, R. R. Friedl, S. C. Liu, R. A. Plumb, L. R. Poole, H. L. Wesoky, and D. R. Worsnop, “1995 Scientific assessment of the atmospheric effects of stratospheric aircraft, ” NASA Ref. Publ. 1381, (NASA, Washington, D.C., 1995).
14. K. Schafer, R. Haus, and J. Heland, “Measurements of compounds in the open atmosphere by Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy: methods and results of FTIS-MAPS, ” in Proceedings of the TNO/EURASAP Workshop on the Reliability of VOC Emission Data Bases (TNO Institute of Environmental Sciences, Delft, The Netherlands, 1993), pp. 109-113.
15. 2 Greenhouse Gases, Proceedings of the International Symposium, J. van Ham, L. J. H. M. Jansen, and R. J. Swart, eds. (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1994), pp. 191-196.
16. K. Schafer, R. Haus, and J. Heland, “Measurements of gaseous compounds from emission sources and in ambient air by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: method and results of FTIS-maps, ” in Optical Sensing for Environmental Monitoring, Proceedings of an International Speciality Conference, (Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1994), pp. 455-465.
17. R. G. Jaacks and H. Rippel, “Double pendulum Michelson interferometer with extended spectral resolution, ” Appl. Opt. 28, 29-30 (1989).
18. Kayser-Threde GmbH, K300 Handbuch, (Kayser-Threde GmbH, Munchen, Germany, 1994).
19. R. Haus, K. Schafer, W. Bautzer, J. Heland, H. Mosebach, H. Bittner, and T. Eisenmann, “Mobile Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy monitoring of air pollution, ” Appl. Opt. 33, 5682-5689 (1994).
20. R. Haus, K. Schafer, J. I. Hughes, J. Heland, and W. Bautzer, “FTIS remote sensing of smoke stack and test flare emissions, ” in Air Pollution and Visibility Measurements, P. Fabian, V. Klein, M. Tacke, K. Weber, and C. Werner, eds., Proc. SPIE 2506, 45-54 (1995).
21. K. Schafer, J. Heland, R. Sussmann, R. Haus, H. Mosebach, T. Eisenmann, A. Gronauer, G. Depta, and C. Werner, “FTIR-Spektroskopie zur Bestimmung der Emissionsquellen von at-mospharischen Spurengasen: Beispiele von Messungen an Schornsteinen und Flugzeugturbinen, bei der Gulleausbrin-gung, an Stallen und Kompostanlagen, ” VDI Ber. (Ver. Dtsch. Ing.) 1257, 257-289 (1996).
22. C. Werner, R. Haus, F. Kopp, and K. Schafer, “Remote sensing of mass fluxes of trace gases in the boundary layer, ” Appl. Phys. B 61, 249-251 (1995).
23. Kayser-Threde GmbH, White Cell Produktbeschreibung, (Kayser-Threde GmbH, Munchen, Germany, 1993).
24. R. M. Goody and Y. L. Yung, Atmospheric Radiation (Oxford U. Press, New York, 1989).
25. R. Haus and H. Goering, Atmosphärenphysikalische Grundlagen der Infrarotspektroskopischen Luftanalyse (HeinrichHertz Institute, Academy of Sciences, Berlin, Germany, 1991).
26. J. Heland, FTIR-Emissionsspektroskopie an Flugzeugabgasen(Wissenschafts-Verlag, Dr. W. Maraun, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, 1996).
27. L. S. Rothman, R. R. Gamache, R. H. Tipping, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H. Smith, C. Benner, D. V. Malathy Devi, J.-M. Flaud, C. Camy-Peyret, A. Perrin, A. Goldman, S. T. Massie, L. R. Brown, and R. A. Toth, “The HITRAN molecular database: editions of 1991 and 1992, ” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer48, 469-508 (1992).
28. L. S. Rothman, R. B. Wattson, R. R. Gamache, J. Schroeder, and A. McCann, “hitran hawks and hitemp high-temperature molecular database, ” in Atmospheric Propagation and Remote SensingIV, J. C. Dainty, ed., Proc. SPIE 2471, 105-111(1995).
29. L. S. Rothman, R. B. Wattson, R. R. Gamache, D. Goorvitch, R. L. Hawkins, J. E. A. Selby, C. Camy-Peyret, J. Schroeder, and A. McCann, “hitemp, the high-temperature molecular spectroscopic database, ” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (1997), to be published.
30. V. S. Matveev, “Priblizhennye predstavlenija koefficienta po-gloshchenija i ekvivalentnych shirin linij c Fojgtovskim kon-turom (Approximative descriptions of the absorption coefficient and the spectral linewidth with the Voigt profile), ”Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk. 16, 228-233 (1972).
31. W. Dohler, “Vergleiche theoretisch berechneter und experimenteller Transmissionsfunktionen von Kohlendioxid im Bereich der 15-p.m-Bande bei homogenen Bedingungen, ” Abh. Meteorol. Dienstes Dtsch. Demok. Repub. 120, 6-7 (1978).
32. A. Klim, “A comparison of methods for the calculation of Voigtprofiles, ” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 26, 527-545(1981).
33. G. Herzberg, Molekiilspektren und Molekiilstruktur, I. Zweiatomige Molekule (Verlag von Theodor Steinkopff, Dresden, Germany, 1939).
34. G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, II. Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules (Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J., 1956).
35. L. S. Rothman, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, L. R. Brown, R. A. Toth, H. M. Pickett, R. L. Poynter, J.-M. Flaud, C. Camy-Peyret, A. Barbe, N. Husson, C. P. Rinsland, and M. A. H. Smith, “The hitran database: 1986 edition, ” Appl. Opt. 26, 4058-4097 (1987).
36. R. H. Norton and C. P. Rinsland, “ATMOS data processing and science analysis methods, ” Appl. Opt. 30, 389-400 (1991).
37. R. R. Gamache, R. L. Hawkins, and L. S. Rothman, “Total internal partition sums in the temperature range 70-3000 K: atmospheric linear molecules, ” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 142, 205-219(1990).
38. B. J. Vastag and S. R. Horman, “Calibration of a Michelson interferometer spectrometer, ” in 1981 International Conference on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, S. C. Columbia and H. Sakai, eds. Proc. SPIE 289, 74-79 (1981).
39. E. Lindermeir, P. Haschberger, V. Tank, and H. Dietl, “Calibration of a Fourier transform spectrometer using three black-body sources, ” Appl. Opt. 31, 4527-4533 (1992).
40. J. H. Seinfeld, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution (Wiley, New York, 1986).
41. H. B. Faulkner, “An emission database for U.S. navy and air force aircraft engines, ” presented at the ASME Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, Amsterdam, June 1988.
42. International Civil Aviation Organization, “Engine exhaust emissions databank, ” ICAO Doc. 9646, 1st ed., (ICAO Document Sales Unit, 1000 Sherbrooke Street West, Suite 400, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2R2, Canada, 1995).
43. S. M. Dash and H. S. Pergament, “A computational model for the prediction of jet entrainment in the vicinity of nozzle boat-tails (the boat code), ” NASA Contract. Reps. 3075 and 159001 (Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton, Inc., Princeton, N.J., 1978).
44. J.-M. Hartmann, M. Y. Perrin, Q. Ma, and R. H. Tipping, “The infrared continuum of pure water vapor: calculations and high-temperature measurements, ” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 49, 675-691 (1993).
45. R. R. Gamache, J.-M. Hartmann, and L. Rosenmann, “Colli-sional broadening of water vapor lines. I. A survey of experimental results, ” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 52, 481-499 (1994).
46. R. C. Miake-Lye, R. C. Brown, M. R. Anderson, and C. E. Kolb, “Calculations of condensation and chemistry in an aircraft contrail, ” in Impact of Aircraft and Spacecraft Upon the Atmosphere, Proceedings of a DLR International Scientific Colloquium, U. Schumann and D. Wurzel, eds. (DLR, Koln-Porz, Germany, 1994), pp. 274-279.
47. J. O. Chase and R. W. Hurn, “Measuring gaseous emissions from an aircraft turbine engine, ” in Vehicle Emissions—Part 3(Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, N.Y., 1971), pp. 184-190.
48. C. W. Spicer, M. W. Holdren, D. L. Smith, D. P. Hughes, and M. D. Smith, “Chemical composition of exhaust from aircraft turbine engines, ” presented at the Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, Brussels, Belgium, 11-14June 1990.
49. J. D. Few and H. S. Lowry, “Reevaluation of nitric oxide concentration in exhaust of jet engines and combustors, ” Rep. No. AEDC-TR-80-65 (Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold Air Force Station, Tenn., 1981).
50. P. Wiesen, J. Kleffmann, R. Kurtenbach, and K. H. Becker, “Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from aero engines, ”Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 2027-2030 (1994).
51. C. W. Spicer, M. W. Holdren, R. M. Riggin, and T. F. Lyon, “Chemical composition and photochemical reactivity of exhaust from aircraft turbine engines, ” Ann. Geophys. 12, 944-955 (1994).
52. E. Lindermeir, “Evaluation of infrared emission spectra of aircraft exhaust with the FitFas software, ” Ann. Geophys. 12, 417-421 (1994).
53. R. Busen and U. Schumann, “Visible contrail formation from fuels with different sulfur content, ” Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1357-1360 (1995).
54. U. Schumann, J. Ström, R. Busen, R. Baumann, K. Gierens, M. Krautstrunk, F. P. Schröder, and J. Stingl, “In situ observations of particles in jet aircraft exhausts and contrails for different sulfur containing fuels, ” J. Geophys. Res. 101, 6853-6869 (1996).
55. 2 and reactive nitrogen gases in the exhaust plumes of commercial jet airliners at cruise altitudes, ” in Impact of Aircraft and Spacecraft Upon the Atmosphere, Proceedings of a DLR International Scientific Colloquium, U. Schumann and D. Wurzel, eds. (DLR, Köln-Porz, Germany, 1994), pp. 323-328.
56. P. L. Hanst and S. T. Hanst, Infrared Spectra for Quantitative Analysis of Gases, Vols. 1 and 2 (Infrared Analysis, Inc., Potomac, Md., 1993).
57. R. Kurtenbach and P. Wiesen, University of Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany (personal communication).
58. L. A. Gross and P. R. Griffith, “Spectroscopic temperature estimates by infrared emission spectrometry, ” J. Quant. Spec-trosc. Radiat. Transfer 39, 463-472 (1988).