Bioremediation of DDT-contaminated soils: A review

Bioremediation Journal

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 225-246

  Foght, Julia ^a   April, Trevor ^b   Biggar, Kevin ^a   Aislabie, Jackie ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b NORTHERN ALBERTA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Canada)

^c LANDCARE RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROBIC TREATMENT; AGRICULTURAL PESTS; BIODEGRADATION IN SOIL; COMETABOLIC SUBSTRATE; ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES; EX SITU; HUMAN HEALTH RISKS; IN-SITU; INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES; RATIONAL DESIGN; RING CLEAVAGE; SOIL CONCENTRATIONS; SOIL CONDITIONS; SOIL MICROFLORA; SOIL ORGANIC MATTERS; TROPICAL COUNTRIES;

ADSORPTION; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOREMEDIATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; DECHLORINATION; ETHANE; INSECTICIDES; MICROBIOLOGY; MOSQUITO CONTROL; PHOTOLYSIS; SOIL POLLUTION; SOILS;

BIODEGRADATION;

EID: 0344166302     PISSN: 10889868     EISSN: 15476529     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/20018891079302     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Agarwal, H.C., D.K. Singh, and V.B. Sharma. 1994a. Persistence, Metabolism and Binding of p,p'-DDT in Soil in Delhi, India. J. Environ. Sci. Health B29:73-86. (Pubitemid 24088760)
2. Agarwal, H.C., D.K. Singh, and V.B. Sharma. 1994b. Persistence, Metabolism and Binding of p,p'-DDE in Soil in Delhi, India. J. Environ. Sci. Health B29:87-96. (Pubitemid 24088761)
3. Aislabie, J.M., N.K. Richards, and H.L. Boul. 1997. Microbial Degradation of DDT and its residues: A review. N. Zeal. J. of Agric. Res. 40:269-282. (Pubitemid 27383783)
4. Aislabie, J., A.D. Davison, H.L. Boul, P.D. Franzmann, D.R. Jardine, and P. Karuso. 1999. Isolation of Terrabacter sp. Strain DDE-1, which metabolizes 1,1-dichloro-2,2- bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene when induced with biphenyl. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:5607-5611. (Pubitemid 129520660)
5. Alexander, M. 2000. Aging, bioavailability and overestimation of risk from environmental pollutants. Environ. Sci. Tech. 34:4259-4265.
6. Andréa, M.M., R.Y. Tomita, L.C. Luchini, and M.R. Musumeci. 1994. Laboratory studies on volatilization and mineralization of 14C-p,p'-DDT in soil, release of bound residues and dissipation from solid surfaces. J. Environ. Sci. Health B29:133-139. (Pubitemid 24088765)
7. Aust, S.D. 1990. Degradation of environmental pollutants by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Microbial Ecol. 20:197-209.
8. Barker, P.S., F.O. Morrison, and R.S. Whitaker. 1965. Conversion of DDT to DDD by Proteus vulgaris, a bacterium isolated from the intestinal flora of a mouse. Nature 205:621-622.
9. Bartha, R. 1990. Isolation of microorganisms that metabolize xenobiotic compounds. In: D.P. Labeda (Ed.), Isolation of Biotechnological Organisms from Nature, pp. 283-307. Chap. 11. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
10. Barr, D.P. and S.D. Aust. 1994. Mechanisms white rot fungi use to degrade pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:78A-87A. (Pubitemid 24064285)
11. Baxter, R.M. 1990. Reductive dechlorination of certain chlorinated organic compounds by reduced hematin compared with their behavior in the environment. Chemosphere 21:451-458. (Pubitemid 20381467)
12. Beunink, J. and H.-J. Rehm. 1988. Synchronous anaerobic and aerobic degradation of DDT by an immobilized mixed culture system. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 29:72-80.
13. Boethling, R.S. and M. Alexander. 1979. Effect of concentration of organic chemicals on their biodegradation by natural microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:1211-1216. (Pubitemid 9202308)
14. Bollag, J.-M. and S.-Y. Liu. 1990. Biological transformation processes of pesticides. In: H.H. Cheng (Ed.), Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling, pp. 169-211. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
15. Boul, H.L. 1995. DDT residues in the environment - A review with a New Zealand perspective. New Zealand J. Agric. Res. 38:257-277. (Pubitemid 26441146)
16. Boul, H.L. 1996. Effects of soil moisture on the fate of radiolabeled DDT and DDE in vitro. Chemosphere 32:855-866. (Pubitemid 26079638)
17. Boul, L., M.L. Garnham, D. Hucker, D. Baird, and J. Aislabie. 1994. Influence of agricultural practices on the levels of DDT and its residues in soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:1397-1402. (Pubitemid 24258219)
18. Brunner, W., F.H. Sutherland, and D.D. Focht. 1985. Enhanced biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil by analogue enrichment and bacterial inoculation. J. Environ. Qual. 14:324-328.
19. Bumpus, J.A., and S.D. Aust. 1987. Biodegradation of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane] by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2001-2008.
20. Bumpus, J.A., R.H. Powers, and T. Sun. 1993. Biodegradation of DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Mycol. Res. 97: 95-98.
21. Burge, W.D. 1971. Anaerobic decomposition of DDT in soil - acceleration by volatile components of alfalfa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 19:375-378.
22. Busvine, J.R. 1989. DDT: Fifty years for good or ill. Pesticide Outlook 1:4-8.
23. Castro, T.F. and T. Yoshida. 1971. Degradation of organochlorine insecticides in flooded soils in the Philippines. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19:1168-1170.
24. Castro, T.F. and T. Yoshida. 1974. Effect of organic matter on the biodegradation of some organochlorine insecticides in submerged soils. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 20:363-370.
25. Chacko, C.I., J.L. Lockwood, and M. Zabik. 1966. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides: degradation by microbes. Science 154:893-895.
26. Chen, W. and A. Mulchandani. 1998. The use of live biocatalysts for pesticide detoxification. TIBTech. 16:71-76. (Pubitemid 28055475)
27. Cornelissen, G., P.C.M. van Noort, J.R. Parsons, and H.A. Govers. 1997. Temperature dependence of slow adsorption and desorption kinetics of organic compounds found in sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:454-460.
28. Corona-Cruz, A., G. Gold-Bouchot, M. Gutierrez-Rojas, O. Monroy-Hermosillo, and E. Favela. 1999. Anaerobicaerobic biodegradation of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane) in soils. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 63:219-225. (Pubitemid 29385973)
29. Dimond, J.B. and R.B. Owen. 1996. Long-term residue of DDT compounds in forest soils in Maine. Environ. Pollut. 92:227-230.
30. DIPMAC. 1992. Report on the management of contaminated waste at cattle tick dip sites in North Eastern New South Wales. Prepared by the Cattle Tick Dip Site Management Committee. J. Beard, J. Williams, R. Stevens, M. Grinter, J. Wickens and K. McDougall (Eds) 60 pp. New South Wales Government Printing Service, Lismore, Australia.
31. Donato, M.M., A.S. Jurado, M.C. Antunes-Madeira, and V.M.C. Madeira. 1997. Comparative study of the toxic actions of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1- trichloroethane and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene on the growth and respiratory activity of a microorganism used as a model. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4948-4951. (Pubitemid 27524237)
32. Essac, E.G. and F. Matsumura. 1980. Metabolism of insecticides by reductive systems. Pharmacol. Therapeutics. 9:1-26. (Pubitemid 11229583)
33. FAO/IAEA. 1994. Special issue on DDT in the tropics: appraisal of overall programme accomplishments and conclusions. J. Environ. Sci. Health B29:205-226.
34. Fava, F., D. Di Gioia, and L. Marchetti. 1998. Cyclodextrin effects on the ex-situ bioremediation of chronically polychlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 58: 345-355. (Pubitemid 28134333)
35. Feidieker, D., P. Kampfer, and W. Dott. 1995. Field-scale investigations on the biodegradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds and HCH in the subsurface environment. J. Contam. Hydrol. 19:145-169. (Pubitemid 26441809)
36. Fernando, T., S.D. Aust, and J.A. Bumpus. 1989. Effects of culture parameters on DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4- chlorophenyl)ethane] biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Chemosphere 19:1387-1398. (Pubitemid 20076189)
37. Fletcher, J.S. and R.S. Hegde. 1995. Release of phenols by perennial plant roots and their potential importance in bioremediation. Chemosphere 31:3009-3016. (Pubitemid 26453981)
38. Focht, D.D. and M. Alexander. 1970a. DDT metabolites and analogues: ring fission by Hydrogenomonas. Science 170:91-92
39. Focht, D.D., and M. Alexander. 1970b. Bacterial degradation of diphenylmethane, a DDT model substrate. Appl. Microbiol. 20:608-611.
40. Focht, D.D., and M. Alexander. 1971. Aerobic cometabolism of DDT analogues by Hydrogenomonas sp. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19:20-22.
41. Fujimura, Y., A. Katayama, and S. Kuwatsuka. 1994. Inhibitory action of dissolved humic substances on the growth of soil bacteria degrading DDT. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 40:525-530. (Pubitemid 2151575)
42. Garrison, A.W., V.A. Nzengung, J.K. Avants, J.J. Ellington, W.J. Jones, D. Rennels, and N.L. Wolfe. 2000. Phytodegradation of p,p'-DDT and the enantiomers of o,p'-DDT. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34:1663-1670. (Pubitemid 30246838)
43. Golovleva, L.A. and G.K. Skryabin. 1981. Microbial degradation of DDT. In: T. Leisinger, A.M. Cook, R. Hutter, and J. Neusch. (Eds), Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics and Recalcitrant Compounds. pp. 287-292. Academic Press, London.
44. Golovleva, L.A., R.N. Pertsova, A.M. Boronin, V.N. Travkin, and S.A. Kozlovsky. 1988. Kelthane degradation by genetically engineered Pseudomonas aeruginosa BS827 in a soil ecosystem. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1587-1590.
45. Gray, N.C.C., P.R. Cline, G.P. Moser, L.E. Moser, H.A. Guiler, A.L. Gray, and D.J. Gannon. 1999. Full-scale bioremediation of chlorinated pesticides. In: A. Leeson and B.C. Alleman (Eds), Bioremediation of Nitroaromatic and Haloaromatic Compounds. pp. 125-130. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.
46. Guenzi, W.D. and W.E. Beard. 1967. Anaerobic biodegradation of DDT to DDD in soil. Science 156:1116-1117.
47. Guenzi, W.D. and W.E. Beard. 1968. Anaerobic conversion of DDT to DDD and aerobic stability of DDT in soil. Soil Sci. Am. Proc. 32:522-524.
48. Hansen, L.G. and D.J. Schaeffer. 1994. Chapter 2: Livestock and Domestic Animals. In: J.E. Rechcigl (Ed.), Soil Amendments: Impacts on Biotic Systems. pp. 41-80. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
49. Hay, A.G. and D.D. Focht. 1998. Cometabolism of 1,1- dichloro-2,2-bis(4- chlorophenyl)ethylene by Pseudomonas acidovorans M3GY grown on biphenyl. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:2141-2146. (Pubitemid 28252776)
50. Hay, A.G. and D.D. Focht. 2000. Transformation of 1,1- dichloro-2,2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) by Ralstonia eutropha strain A5. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31:249-253. (Pubitemid 30136216)
51. Heberer, T. and U. Dünnbier. 1999. DDT metabolite bis(chlorophenyl)acetic acid: the neglected environmental contaminant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:2346-2351. (Pubitemid 29340078)
52. Hernandez, B.S., S.C. Koh, M. Chial, and D.D. Focht. 1997. Terpene-utilizing isolates and their relevance to enhanced biotransformation of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil. Biodegradation. 8:153-158. (Pubitemid 27510250)
53. Holland, P.T. 1996. Pesticide residues - finding out more and more about less and less. Chemistry in New Zealand. January 1996:10-14.
54. Holliger, C. and G. Schraa. 1994. Physiological meaning and potential for application of reductive dechlorination by anaerobic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 15:297-305. (Pubitemid 24323964)
55. 14C-DDE in Pakastanian soils under field conditions. J. Environ. Sci. Health B29:1-15. (Pubitemid 24088753)
56. 14C-DDT in soil under laboratory conditions. J. Environ. Sci. Health B29:141-151. (Pubitemid 24088766)
57. Johnsen, R.E. 1976. DDT metabolism in microbial systems. Residue Rev. 61:1-28.
58. Juhasz, A.L. and R. Naidu. 1999. Apparent degradation of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) by a Cladosporium sp. Biotechnol. Lett. 21:991-995. (Pubitemid 30040998)
59. Kallman, B.J. and A.K. Andrews. 1963. Reductive dechlorination of DDT to TDE by yeast. Science 141:1050-1051.
60. Kan, A.T., G. Fu, M. Hunter, W. Chen, C.H. Ward, and M.B. Tomson. 1998. Irreversible sorption of neutral hydrocarbons to sediments: experimental observations and model predictions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32:892-902. (Pubitemid 28168789)
61. Katayama, A., S. Uchida, and S. Kuwatsuka. 1992. Degradation of white-rot fungi under nutrient-rich conditions. J. Pest. Sci. 17:279-281.
62. Katayama, A., Y. Fujimura, and S. Kuwatsuka. 1993. Microbial degradation of DDT at extremely low concentrations. J. Pesticide Sci. 18:353-359. (Pubitemid 2034911)
63. Katayama, A. and F. Matsumura. 1991. Photochemically enhanced microbial degradation of environmental pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1329-1333.
64. Kawala, Z. and T. Atamanczuk. 1998. Microwave-enhanced thermal decontamination of soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32:2602-2607. (Pubitemid 28420290)
65. Kearney, P.C., E.A. Woolson, J.R. Plimmer, and A.R. Isensee. 1969. Decontamination of pesticides in soil. Residue Rev. 29:137-149.
66. Kelce, W.R., C.R. Stone, S.C. Laws, L.E. Gray, J.A. Kemppainen, and E.M. Wilson. 1995. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p'-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 375:581-585.
67. Keller, E. and J. Rickabaugh. 1992. Effects of surfactant structure on pesticide removal from a contaminated soil. In: B.E. Reed and W.A. Sack (Eds.), Hazardous and Industrial Wastes: Proceedings of the 24th MidAtlantic Industrial Waste Conference, pp. 652-661. Technomic Pub., Lancaster PA.
68. Khan, S.U. 1980. (Ed.) Pesticides in the Soil Environment. Elsevier Pub. Co., New York, NY. 240 pp.
69. Khan, S.U. and S. Dupont. 1987. Bound pesticide residues and their bioavailability. In: R. Greenhalgh and T.R. Roberts (Eds), Pesticide Science and Biotechnology: Proceedings 6th Intl. Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, pp. 417-420, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, MA.
70. Khindaria, A., I. Yamazaki, and S.D. Aust. 1995. Veratryl alcohol oxidation by lignin peroxidase. Biochemistry 34:16860-16869. (Pubitemid 26011811)
71. Kile, D.E. and D.T. Chiou. 1989. Water solubility enhancements of DDT and trichlorobenzene by some surfactants below and above the critical micelle concentration. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23:832-838. (Pubitemid 19191432)
72. Köhler, A., A. Jäger, H. Willershausen, and H. Graf. 1988. Extracellular ligninase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burdall has no role in the degradation of DDT. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29:618-620.
73. Kuhn, E.P. and J.M. Suflita. 1989. Dehalogenation of pesticides by anaerobic microorganisms in soils and ground-water - A review. In: B.L. Sawhney and K. Brown (Eds) Reactions and Movement of Organic Chemicals in Soils. pp. 111-180. SSSA Special Publication No. 22, Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
74. Langlois, B.E., J.A. Collins, and K.G. Sides. 1970. Some factors affecting degradation of organochlorine pesticides by bacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 53:1671-1675.
75. Lal, R. and D.M. Saxena. 1982. Accumulation, metabolism, and effects of organochlorine insecticides on microorganisms. Microbiol. Rev. 46:95-127. (Pubitemid 12101492)
76. Lajoie, C. A., A.C. Layton, J.P. Easter, F.-M. Menn, and G. S. Sayler. 1997. Degradation of nonionic surfactants and polychlorinated biphenyls by recombinant field application vectors. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 19: 252-262. (Pubitemid 28032084)
77. Lestan, D., M. Lestan, J.A. Chapelle, and R.T. Lamar. 1996. Biological potential of fungal inocula for bioaugmentation of contaminated soils. J. Ind. Microbiol. 16:286-294.
78. Lindqvist, R. and C.G. Enfield. 1992. Biosorption of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and hexachlorobenzene in groundwater and its implications for facilitated transport. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2211-2218. (Pubitemid 23373142)
79. Massé, R., D. Lalanne, F. Messier, and M. Sylvestre. 1989. Characterization of new bacterial transformation products of 1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectrom. 18:741-752. (Pubitemid 19217794)
80. Maugh, T.H. 1973. An unrecognized source of polychlorinated biphenyls. Science 180:578-579.
81. Megharaj, M., D. Kantachote, I. Singleton, and R. Naidu. 2000. Effects of long-term contamination of DDT on soil microflora with special reference to soil algae and algal transformation of DDT. Environ. Pollut. 109:35-42. (Pubitemid 30163040)
82. Megharaj, M., S. Hartmans, K.-H. Engesser, and J.H. Thiele. 1998. Recalcitrance of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene to degradation by pure cultures of 1,1-diphenylethylene-degrading aerobic bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49:337-342. (Pubitemid 28172651)
83. Mendel, J.L. and W.S. Walton. 1966. Conversion of p,p'-DDT to p,p'-DDD by intestinal flora of the rat. Science 151:1527-1528.
84. Miller, L.L. and R.S. Narang. 1970. Induced photolysis of DDT. Science 169:368-370.
85. Mitra, J. and Raghu, K. 1986. Rice straw amendment and the degradation of DDT in soils. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 11:171-181.
86. Mitra, J. and Raghu, K. 1988. Influence of green manuring on the persistence of DDT in soil. Environ. Technol. Lett. 9:847-852.
87. Morgan, P. and R.J. Watkinson. 1989. Microbiological methods for the cleanup of soil and ground water contaminated with halogenated organic compounds. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 63:277-300.
88. Morrison, R.D. and A.E. Newell. 1999. The cosolvation transport of DDT and toxaphene in xylene at a pesticide formulation facility. J. Soil Contam. 8:63-80. (Pubitemid 129512427)
89. Nadeau, L.J., F.-M. Menn, A. Breen, and G.S. Sayler. 1994. Aerobic degradation of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4- chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) by Alcaligenes eutrophus A5. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:51-55.
90. Nadeau L.J., G.S. Sayler, and J.C. Spain. 1998. Oxidation of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4- chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) by Alcaligenes eutrophus A5. Arch. Microbiol. 171:44-49. (Pubitemid 29142553)
91. Nair, A., T. Samuel, and M.K.K. Pillai. 1992. Behaviour of DDT in three soils exposed to solar radiations under different conditions. Pestic. Sci. 34:333-340.
92. Nash, R.G., W.G. Harris, and C.C. Lewis. 1973. Soil pH and metallic amendment effects on DDT conversion to DDE. J. Environ. Qual. 2:390-394.
93. Norris, G.H., Z. Al-Dhahir, J. Birnstingl, S. Ciu, S.J. Plant, and P. Mayell. 1997. A case study of the management and remediation of soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls. In: R.N. Yong and H.R. Thomas (Eds.), Geoenvironmental Engineering, Contaminated Ground: Fate of Pollutants and Remediation, pp. 473-483. Thomas Telford Publishing, London, UK. (Pubitemid 28184687)
94. Owen Jr, R.B., J.B. Dimond, and A.S. Getchell. 1977. DDT: persistence in northern spodosols. J. Environ. Qual. 6:359-360. (Pubitemid 8221402)
95. Parfitt, R.L., J.S. Whitton, and S. Susarla. 1995. Removal of DDT residues from soil by leaching with surfactants. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26:2231-2241. (Pubitemid 26436284)
96. Parsons, J.R., H. Goorissen, A.R. Weiland, J.A. de Bruijne, D. Springael, D. Van Der Lelie, and M. Mergeay. 1995. Substrate range of the (chloro)biphenyl degradation pathway of Alcaligenes sp. JB1. In: R.E. Hinchee, C.M. Vogel, and F.J. Brockman (Eds) Microbial Processes for Bioremediation. Bioremediation 3(8). pp.169-175, Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.
97. Peterson, J.R., R.S. Adams, and L.K. Cutkomp. 1971. Soil properties influencing DDT bioactivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35:72-78.
98. Pfaender, F.K. and M. Alexander. 1972. Extensive microbial degradation of DDT in vitro and DDT metabolism by natural communities. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20:842-846.
99. Pfaender, F.K. and M. Alexander. 1973. Effect of nutrient addition on the apparent cometablism of DDT. J. Agric. Food Chem. 21:397-399.
100. Quensen III, J.F., S.A. Mueller, M.K. Jain, and J.M. Tiedje. 1998. Reductive dechlorination of DDE to DDMU in marine sediment microcosms. Science 280:722-724. (Pubitemid 28243343)
101. Richardson, J. 1995. In situ vitrification treats organics and inorganics. USEPA Newsletter: Tech Trends, November 1995.
102. Rochkind-Dubinsky, M.L., G.S. Sayler, and J.W. Blackburn. (Eds) 1987. DDT and related compounds. In: Microbiological Decomposition of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds. Microbiology series, vol. 18. pp.153-162. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY.
103. Sahle-Demessie, E. and T. Richardson. 2000. Cleaning up pesticide contaminated soils: comparing effectiveness of supercritical fluid extraction with solvent extraction and low temperature thermal desorption. Environ. Technol. 21:447-456. (Pubitemid 30195371)
104. 14C]-DDT in soil. Environ. Pollut. 57: 63-77. (Pubitemid 19064939)
105. Sayler, G.S. and S. Ripp. 2000. Field applications of genetically engineered microorganisms for bioremediation processes. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 11:286-289. (Pubitemid 30326476)
106. Sayles, G.D., G. You, M. Wang, and M.J. Kupferle. 1997. DDT, DDD, and DDE dechlorination by zero-valent iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:3448-3454. (Pubitemid 28008195)
107. 14C-labelled organic chemicals in aerobic and anaerobic suspended soil. Chemosphere 16:1031-1041. (Pubitemid 17115533)
108. Scow, K.M. 1993. Effect of sorption-desorption and diffusion processes on the kinetics of biodegradation of organic chemicals in soil. In: D.M. Linn, T.H. Carski, M.L. Brusseau and F.-H. Chang (Eds) Sorption and Degradation of Pesticides and Organic Chemicals in Soil. SSSA Special Publication No. 32. pp. 73-114. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
109. Senesi, N. and T.M. Miano. 1995. The role of abiotic interactions with humic substances on the environmental impact of organic pollutants. In: P.M. Huang, J. Berthelin, J.-M. Bollag, W.B. McGill, and A.L. Page (Eds) Environmental Impact of Soil Component Interactions. Natural and Anthropogenic Organics. Vol. 1. pp. 311-335. CRC Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
110. Shah, M.M., D.P. Barr, N. Chung, and S.D. Aust. 1992. Use of white rot fungi for the degradation of environmental chemicals. Toxicol. Lett. 64/65:493-501. (Pubitemid 23018790)
111. Sharma, S.K. Sadasivam, K.V., and Dave, J. M. 1987. DDT degradation by bacteria from activated sludge. Environ. Int. 13:183-190. (Pubitemid 17641590)
112. Singh, D.K., and H.C. Agarwal. 1992. Chemical release and nature of soil-bound DDT residues. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40:1713-1716.
113. Sommerville, L. and M.P. Greaves (Eds.). 1987. Pesticide Effects on Soil Microflora, Chapter 1, p. 7, Taylor &Francis, New York, NY.
114. Spencer, W.F., G. Singh, C.D. Taylor, R.A. LeMert, M.M. Cliath, and W.J. Farmer. 1996. DDT persistence and volatility as affected by management practices after 23 years. J. Environ. Qual. 25:815-821. (Pubitemid 26250027)
115. Strömpl, C. and J.H. Thiele. 1997. Comparative fate of 1,1- diphenylethylene (DPE), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (DDE), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) under alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33:350-356. (Pubitemid 28027735)
116. Subba-Rao, R.V. and M. Alexander. 1977. Cometabolism of products of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) by Pseudomonas putida. J. Agric. Food Chem. 25:855-858.
117. Subba-Rao, R.V. and M. Alexander. 1985. Bacterial and fungal cometabolism of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(pchlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and its breakdown products. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:509-516. (Pubitemid 15138034)
118. Szeto, S.Y. and P.M. Price. 1991. Persistence of pesticide residues in mineral and organic soils in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 39: 1679-1684.
119. Torres, L.G. and E.R. Bandala. 1999. Biodegradation of 2,4- D and DDT at high concentrations in low-cost packaging biofilters. In: A. Leeson and B.C. Alleman (Eds) Bioremediation of Nitroaromatic and Haloaromatic Compounds. pp. 137-142, Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.
120. USEPA. 2000a. Priority PBT. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/pbt/cheminfo.htm
121. USEPA. 2000b. On-site incineration at the FMC corporation . Yakima Pit Superfund Site, Yakima, Washington. http://www.clu-in.org/products/costperf/ INCINRTN/fmc-ya.htm
122. Varca, L.M. and E.D. Magallona. 1994. Dissipation and degradation of DDT and DDE in Philippine soil under field conditions. J. Environ. Sci. Health B29:25-35. (Pubitemid 24088755)
123. Vollner, L. and D. Klotz. 1994. Behaviour of DDT under laboratory and outdoor conditions in Germany. J. Environ. Sci. Health B29:161-167. (Pubitemid 24088768)
124. Walker, M. 1999. Greedy bugs. New Scientist, 8 May 1999.
125. Wedemeyer, G. 1966. Dechlorination of DDT by Aerobacter aerogenes. Science 152: 647.
126. Wedemeyer, G. 1967. Dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2- bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane by Aerobacter aerogenes. I. Metabolic products. Appl. Microbiol. 15:569-574.
127. th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference Proceedings, pp. 41-48. Ann Arbor Press, Inc., Chelsea, MI.
128. Xu, B., G. Jianying, Z. Yongxi, and L. Haibo. 1994. Behaviour of DDT in Chinese tropical soils. J. Environ. Sci. Health B29:37-46. (Pubitemid 24088756)
129. You, G., G.D. Sayles, M.J. Kupferle, I.S. Kim, and P.L. Bishop. 1996. Anaerobic DDT biotransformation: enhancement by application of surfactants and low oxidation reduction potential. Chemosphere 32:2269-2284. (Pubitemid 26165588)
130. 14C-DDE in Egyptian soil. J. Environ. Sci. Health B29:47-56. (Pubitemid 24088757)
131. Zoro, J.A., Hunter, J.M., Eglinton, G., and Ware, G.C. 1974. Degradation of p,p'-DDT in reducing environments. Nature 247:235-237.