A critique of Hofstede's fifth national culture dimension

International Journal of Cross Cultural Management

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 347-368

  Fang, Tony ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Chinese values; Confucian dynamism; Cross cultural; Hofstede's fifth dimension; Long term orientation; Yin Yang

Indexed keywords

EID: 0344129991     PISSN: 14705958     EISSN: 17412838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1470595803003003006     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. A Modern Chinese-English Dictionary (1994) Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
2. Adler, N.J. (1991) International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior, 2nd edn. Boston: PWS-Kent Publishing Company
3. Ambler, T. (1994) 'Marketing's Third Paradigm: Guanxi', Business Strategy Review 5(4): 69-80
4. Bo, Y. (1992) The Ugly Chinaman and the Crisis of Chinese Culture. St Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin
5. Bond, M.H. and Hofstede, G. (1989) 'The Cash Value of Confucian Values', Human Systems Management 8: 195-200
6. Carroll, S. and Gannon, M.J. (1997) Ethical Dimensions of International Management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
7. Chan, A.M. (1998) 'Construction of a Chineseness Value Scale and a Chineseness Ethnicity Scale', paper presented at the Association for Consumer Research Asia-Pacific Conference (June), Hong Kong
8. Chan, W.-T. (1963) A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
9. Chen, M.J. (2001) Inside Chinese Business: A Guide for Managers Worldwide. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
10. Chen, M.J. (2002) 'Transcending Paradox: The "Middle Way" Perspective', Asia Pacific Journal of Management 19: 179-99
11. Cheng, S.K.K. (1990) 'Understanding the Culture and Behavior of East Asians: A Confucian Perspective', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 24(4): 510-15
12. The Chinese Culture Connection (1987) 'Chinese Values and the Search for Culture-free Dimensions of Culture', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 18(2): 143-64
13. Chu, C.N. (1992) Thick Face Black Heart: The Path to Thriving, Winning & Succeeding. Beaverton: AMC Publishing
14. Clegg, S.R. (ed.) (2002) Management and Organization Paradoxes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing
15. Clegg, S.R., da Cunha, J.V. and Cunha, M.P. (2002) 'Management Paradoxes: A Relational View', Human Relations 55(5): 483-503
16. Cooper, J.C. (1990) Taoism: The Way of the Mystic, revised edn. Wellingborough: The Aquarian Press
17. Davies, H., Leung, K.P., Luk, T.K. and Wong, Y.H. (1995) 'The Benefits of "Guanxi": The Value of Relationships in Developing the Chinese Market', Industrial Marketing Management 24: 207-14
18. Earley, P.C. (1997) Face, Harmony, and Social Structure: An Analysis of Organizational Behavior across Cultures. New York: Oxford University Press
19. Fan, Y. (2000) 'A Classification of Chinese Culture', Cross Cultural Management 7(2): 3-10
20. Fan, Y. (2002) 'Questioning Guanxi: Definition, Classification and Implications', International Business Review 11(5): 543-61
21. Fang, T. (1999) Chinese Business Negotiating Style. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
22. Fang, T. (2001) 'Culture as a Driving Force for Interfirm Adaptation: A Chinese Case', Industrial Marketing Management 30(1): 51-63
23. Fang, T. (2002) 'The Moon and the Sun of Culture: A Yin Yang Approach to Cross-cultural Management', paper presented as a keynote speech at the 2nd Doing Business Across Borders (DBAB) Conference, Newcastle Business School, Australia, 27-28 November, http://www.newcastle.edu.au/journal/dbab/keynote. html, accessed April 2003
24. Faure, G.O. (1999) 'The Cultural Dimension of Negotiation: The Chinese Case', Group Decision and Negotiation 8: 187-215
25. Franke, R.H., Hofstede, G. and Bond, M.H. (1991) 'Cultural Roots of Economic Performance: A Research Note', Strategic Management Journal 12(Special Issue, Summer): 165-73
26. Fukuyama, F. (1995) Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. London: Hamish Hamilton
27. Gao, G. (1996) 'Self and Other: A Chinese Perspective on Interpersonal Relationships', In W.B. Gudykunst, S. Ting-Toomey and T. Nishida (eds) Communication in Personal Relationships across Cultures, pp. 81-101. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
28. Gao, G., Ting-Toomey, S. and Gudykunst, W.B. (1996) 'Chinese Communication Processes', in M.H. Bond (ed.) The Handbook of Chinese Psychology, pp. 280-93. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press
29. Glynn, M.A., Barr, P.S. and Dacin, M.T. (2000) 'Pluralism and the Problem of Variety', Academy of Management Review 25(4): 726-34
30. Goffman, E. (1955) 'On Face-work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction', Psychiatry 18(3): 213-31
31. Gu, Y.G. (1990) 'Politeness Phenomena in Modern Chinese', Journal of Pragmatics 14(2): 237-57
32. Gudykunst, W.B., Ting-Toomey, S. and Nishida, T. (eds) (1996) Communication in Personal Relationships across Cultures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
33. Hall, E.T. (1976) Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday
34. Hofheinz, R. Jr and Calder, K.E. (1982) The EastAsia Edge. New York: Basic Books
35. Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
36. Hofstede, G. (1983a) 'Dimensions of National Cultures in Fifty Countries and Three Regions', in J.B. Deregowski, S. Dziurawiec and R.C. Annis (eds) Expiscations in Cross-cultural Psychology, pp. 335-55. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger
37. Hofstede, G. (1983b) 'The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories', Journal of International Business Studies 14(2): 75-89
38. Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill
39. Hofstede, G. (1993) 'Cultural Constraints in Management Theories', Academy of Management Executive 7(1): 81-94
40. Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
41. Hofstede, G. (2002) 'Dimensions Do Not Exist: A Reply to Brendan McSweeney', Human Relations 55(11): 1355-61
42. Hofstede, G. and Bond, M.H. (1984) 'Hofstede's Culture Dimensions: An Independent Validation Using Rokeach's Value Survey', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 15(4): 417-33
43. Hofstede, G. and Bond, M.H. (1988) 'The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth', Organizational Dynamics 16(4): 5-21
44. Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B. and Ohavy, D. (1990) 'Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases', Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (June): 286-316
45. Hsu, F.L.-K. (1963) Clan, Caste, and Club. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand
46. Hu, H.C. (1944) 'The Chinese Concepts of "Face"', American Anthropologist 46(1): 45-64
47. Huang, Q.Y., Leonard, J. and Chen, T. (1997) Business Decision Making in China. New York: International Business Press
48. Jackson, T. and Aycan, Z. (2001) 'International Journal of Cross Cultural Management - Towards the Future', International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 1(1): 5-9
49. Kalé, S. (1996) 'How National Culture, Organizational Culture and Personality Impact Buyer-Seller Interactions'., in P. Ghauri and J.-C. Usunier (eds) International Business Negotiations, pp. 21-37. Oxford: Pergamon
50. Kao, J. (1993) 'The Worldwide Web of Chinese Business', Harvard Business Review 93(March-April): 24-36
51. Kilduff, M. and Dougherty, D. (2000) 'Change and Development in a Pluralistic World: The View from the Classics', Academy of Management Review 25(4): 777-82
52. Kilduff, M. and Mehra, A. (1997) 'Postmodernism and Organizational Research', Academy of Management Review 22(2): 453-81
53. Kluckholn, F.R. and Strodtbeck, F.L. (1961) Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson and Co
54. Leana, C.R. and Barry, B. (2000) 'Stability and Change as Simultaneous Experiences in Organizational Life', Academy of Management Review 25(4): 753-59
55. Lewis, M.W. (2000) 'Exploring Paradox: Toward a More Comprehensive Guide', Academy of Management Review 25(4): 760-76
56. Lin, Y.T. (1939) My Country and My People. London: William Heinemann
57. Lin, Y.T. (1996) The Importance of Living (First published in 1937). New York: William Morrow and Company
58. Lowe, S. (2001) 'In the Kingdom of the Blind, the One-eyed Man is King', International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 1(3): 313-32
59. Luo, Y. (2000) Guanxi and Business. Singapore: World Scientific
60. McSweeney, B. (2002a) 'Hofstede's Model of National Cultural Differences and their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith - A Failure of Analysis', Human Relations 55(1): 89-118
61. McSweeney, B. (2002b) 'The Essentials of Scholarship: A Reply to Geert Hofstede', Human Relations 55(11): 1363-72
62. Newman, K.L. and Nollen, S.D. (1996) 'Cultural and Congruence: The Fit between Management Practices and National Culture', Journal of International Business Studies 27(4): 753-79
63. Ouyang, W.M. (1995) Confucian Culture and Chinese Economy. China: Northwestern Finance and Accounting University Press (in Chinese)
64. Poole, M.S. and Van de Ven, A.H. (1989) 'Using Paradox to Build Management and Organization Theories', Academy of Management Review 14(4): 562-78
65. Punnett, B.J. (1999) 'Culture, Cross-national', in R.L. Tung (ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Business Management (IEBM) Handbook of International Business, pp. 51-67. London: International Thomson Business Press
66. Pye, L.W. (1982) Chinese Commercial Negotiating Style. Cambridge: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain
67. Quinn, R.E. and Cameron, K.S. (eds) (1988) Paradox and Transformation: Toward a Theory of Change in Organization and Management. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing
68. Ralston, D.A, Gustafson, D.J., Elsass, P.M., Cheung, F.M. and Terpstra, R.H. (1992) 'Eastern Values: A Comparison of Managers in the United States, Hong Kong, and the People's Republic of China', Journal of Applied Psychology 77(5): 664-71
69. Ralston, D.A., Gustafson, D.J., Cheung, F.M. and Terpstra, R.H. (1993) 'Differences in Managerial Values: A Study of United States, Hong Kong and PRC Managers', Journal of International Business Studies 24: 249-75
70. Read, R. (1993) 'Politics and Policies of National Economic Growth', unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University
71. Redding, S.G. (1990) The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
72. Redding, S.G. and Ng, M. (1982) 'The Role of "Face" in the Organizational Perceptions of Chinese Managers', Organization Studies 3(3): 201-19
73. Redpath, L. and Nielsen, M.O. (1997) 'A Comparison of Native Culture, Non-native Culture and New Management Ideology', Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 14(3): 327-39
74. Roberts, K. and Boyacigiller, N. (1984) 'Cross-national Organizational Research: The Grasp of the Blind Man', in B.M. Staw and L.L. Cummings (eds) Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 6, pp. 423-75. Stamford, CT: JAI Press
75. Rollinson, D., Broadfield, A. and Edwards, D.J. (1998) Organisational Behaviour and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Harlow: Addison-Wesley Longman
76. Schütte, H. and Ciarlante, D. (1998) Consumer Behavior in Asia. New York: New York University Press
77. Schwartz, S.H. (1992) 'Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theory and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries', in M. Zanna (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 25, pp. 1-65. New York: Academic Press
78. Smith, P.B. (1996) 'National Cultures and the Values of Organizational Employees: Time for Another Look', in P. Joynt and M. Warner (eds) Managing across Cultures: Issues and Perspectives. London: International Thomson Business Press
79. Smith, P.B. (2002) 'Culture's Consequences: Something Old and Something New', Human Relations 55(1): 119-35
80. Søndergaard, M. (1994) 'Research Note: Hofstede's Consequences: A Study of Reviews, Citations and Replications', Organization Studies 15(3): 447-56
81. Søndergaard, M. (2001) Book Review. 'Geert Hofstede, Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations', International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 1(2): 243-6
82. Tayeb, M.H. (1988) Organizations and National Culture: A Comparative Analysis. London: Sage
83. Tayeb, M.H. (1994) 'Organizations and National Culture: Methodology Considered', Organization Studies 15: 429-46
84. Tayeb, M.H. (2000) 'Hofstede', in M. Warner (ed.) International Encyclopaedia of Business and Management, 2nd edn, pp. 2574-9. London: International Thomson Business Press
85. Tayeb, M.H. (2001) 'Conducting Research across Cultures: Overcoming Drawbacks and Obstacles', International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 1(1): 91-108
86. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (1975) (First published in 1933). Glasgow: Oxford University Press
87. Ting-Toomey, S. (1988) 'Intercultural Conflict Styles: A Face-negotiation Theory', in Y.Y. Kim and W.B. Gudykunst (eds), Theories in Intercultural Communication, pp. 213-35. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
88. Triandis, H.C. (1982) Book Review. 'Hofstede's Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values', Human Organization 41(1): 86-90
89. Triandis, H.C. (1993) Book Review. 'Hofstede's Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind', Administrative Science Quarterly 38(1): 132-4
90. Triandis, H.C. (1995) Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
91. Tu, W.-M. (1984) Confucian Ethics Today: The Singapore Challenge. Singapore: Federal Publications
92. Tu, W.-M. (1990) 'The Confucian Tradition in Chinese History', in P.S. Ropp (ed.) Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilization, pp. 112-37. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
93. Tung, R.L. and Worm, V. (1997) 'East meets West: Northern European Expatriates in China', Business and the Contemporary World 9(1): 137-48
94. Wierzbicka, A. (1996) 'Contrastive Sociolinguistics and the Theory of "Cultural Scripts": Chinese vs English', in M. Hellinger and U. Ammon (eds) Contrastive Sociolinguistics, pp. 313-44. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
95. Williamson, D. (2002) 'Forward from a Critique of Hofstede's Model of National Culture', Human Relations 55(11): 1373-95
96. Xin, K.R. and Pearce, J.L. (1996) 'Guanxi: Connections as Substitutes for Formal Institutional Support', Academy of Management Journal 39(6): 1641-58
97. Yang, M.M.H. (1994) Gifts, Favors, and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
98. Yau, O.H.M. (1988) 'Chinese Cultural Values: Their Dimensions and Marketing Implications', European Journal of Marketing 22(5): 44-57
99. Yau, O.H.M. (1994) Consumer Behaviour in China: Customer Satisfaction and Cultural Values. London: Routledge
100. Yeh, R.-S. and Lawrence, J.J. (1995) 'Individualism and Confucian Dynamism: A Note on Hofstede's Cultural Root to Economic Growth', Journal of International Business Studies 26(3): 655-69
101. Yeung, I.Y.M. and Tung, R.L. (1996) 'Achieving Business Success in Confucian Societies: The Importance of Guanxi (Connections)', Organizational Dynamics 25(2): 54-65
102. Zhang, W.Y. (2001) Property Rights, Government and Reputation. Beijing: San Lian Shu Dian (in Chinese)