The effects of temporal noise and retinal illuminance on foveal flicker sensitivity

Vision Research

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 533-550

  Rovamo, Jyrki ^a   Raninen, Antti ^b   Donner, Kristian ^b  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Human visual system; Lateral inhibition; Light adaptation; Modelling; Photoreceptors; Quantal noise; Retinal illuminance; Root mean square flicker sensitivity; Temporal matched filter; Temporal noise

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ARTICLE; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; CRITICAL FLICKER FUSION; HUMAN; ILLUMINATION; PHOTORECEPTOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA CELL; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; STIMULUS RESPONSE; VISUAL SYSTEM;

EID: 0344096589     PISSN: 00426989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00120-5     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Abraham F.A., Alpern M. Factors influencing threshold of the fundamental electrical response to sinusoidal excitation of human photoreceptors. Journal of Physiology. 357:1984;151-172.
2. Baron W.S., Boynton R.B. Response of primate cones of sinusoidally flickering homochromatic stimuli. Journal of Physiology. 246:1975;311-331.
3. Baylor D.A., Fettiplace R. Kinetics of synaptic transfer from receptors to ganglion cells in turtle retina. Journal of Physiology. 271:1977;425-448.
4. Baylor D.A., Hodgkin A.L. Changes in time scale and sensitivity in turtle photoreceptors. Journal of Physiology. 242:1974;729-758.
5. Baylor D.A., Hodgkin A.L., Lamb T.D. The electrical response of turtle cones to flashes and steps of light. Journal of Physiology. 242:1974;685-727.
6. Boynton R.M., Whitten D.N. Visual adaptation in monkey cones: recordings of late receptor potentials. Science. 170:1970;1423-1426.
7. Burbeck C.A., Kelly D.H. Spatiotemporal characteristics of visual mechanisms: excitatory-inhibitory model. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 70:1980;1121-1126.
8. Chen E.P., Freeman A.P. A model for spatiotemporal frequency responses in the X cell pathway of cat's retina. Vision Research. 29:1989;271-291.
9. Daly S.J., Normann R.A. Temporal information processing in cones: effect of light adaptation on temporal summation and modulation. Vision Research. 25:1985;1197-1206.
10. De Lange H. Experiments on flicker and some calculations on an electric analogue of the foveal systems. Physica. XVIII:1952;935-950.
11. De Lange H. Eye's response at flicker fusion to square-wave modulation at a test field surrounded by a large steady field of equal luminance. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 51:1961;415-421.
12. De Vries H.L. The quantum character of light and its bearing upon threshold of vision the differential sensitivity and visual acuity of the eye. Physica. X:1943;553-564.
13. Derrington A.M., Lennie P. Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivities of neurones in lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque. Journal of Physiology. 357:1984;219-240.
14. DeVoe R.D. Linear superposition of retinal action potentials to predict electrical flicker responses from the eye of the wolf spider, Lycosa baltimoriana (Keyserling). Journal of General Physiology. 46:1962;75-96.
15. Donner K. Noise and the absolute thresholds of cone and rod vision. Vision Research. 32:1992;853-866.
16. Donner K., Copenhagen D.R., Reuter T. Weber and noise adaptation in the retina of the toad Bufo Marinus. Journal of General Physiology. 95:1990;733-753.
17. Donner K., Hemilä S. Modelling the spatiotemporal modulation response of ganglion cells with difference-of-gaussians receptive fields: relation to photoreceptor response kinetics. Visual Neuroscience. 13:1996;173-186.
18. Donner K., Hemilä S., Koskelainen A. Light-adaptation of cone photoreceptors studied at the photoreceptor and ganglion cell levels in the frog retina. Vision Research. 38:1998;19-36.
19. Donner K., Koskelainen A., Djupsund K., Hemilä S. Changes in retinal time scale under background light: observations on rods and ganglion cells in the frog retina. Vision Research. 35:1995;2255-2266.
20. Enroth-Cugell C., Lennie P. The control of retinal ganglion cell discharge by receptive field surrounds. Journal of Physiology. 247:1975;551-578.
21. Enroth-Cugell C., Lennie P., Shapley R.M. Surround contribution to light adaptation in cat retinal ganglion cells. Journal of Physiology. 247:1975;579-588.
22. Forti S., Menini A., Rispoli G., Torre V. Kinetics of phototransduction in retinal rods of the new Triturus cristatus. Journal of Physiology. 119:1989;265-295.
23. Frishman L.J., Freeman A.W., Troy J.B., Schweitzer-Tong D.E., Enroth-Cugell C. Spatiotemporal frequency responses of cat retinal ganglion cells. Journal of General Physiology. 89:1987;599-628.
24. Fuortes M.G.F., Hodgkin A.L. Changes in time scale and sensitivity in the ommatidia of Limulus. Journal of Physiology. 172:1964;239-263.
25. Gilden D.L., Thornton T., Mallon M.W. 1/f noise in human cognition. Science. 267:1995;1837-1839.
26. Graham N., Hood D.C. Modeling the dynamics of light adaptation: the merging of two traditions. Vision Research. 32:1992;1373-1393.
27. Graham N., Hood D.C. Quantal noise and decision rules in dynamic models of light adaptation. Vision Research. 32:1992;779-787.
28. Gur M., Snodderly M. A dissociation between brain activity and perception: chromatically opponent cortical neurones signal chromatic flicker that is not perceivedm. Vision Research. 37:1997;377-382.
29. Hacker M.J., Ratcliff R. A revised table of d′ for M-alternative forced choice. Perception and Psychophyics. 26:1979;168-170.
30. Hess R.F., Snowden R.J. Temporal properties of human visual filters: number, shapes and spatial covariation. Vision Research. 32:1992;47-59.
31. Hood D.C., Birch D.G. Human cone receptor activity: the leading edge of the a-wave and models of receptor activity. Visual Neuroscience. 10:1993;857-871.
32. Kankaanpää M.I., Rovamo J., Hallikainen J. Neural modulation transfer function for equiluminous chromatic gratings. Supplementary Perception. 25:1996;78.
33. Kaplan E., Shapley R.M. The primate retina contains two types of ganglion cells, with high and low contrast sensitivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA. 83:1986;2755-2757.
34. Kelly D.H. Effects of sharp edges in a flickering field. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 49:1959;730-732.
35. Kelly D.H. Visual responses to time-dependent stimuli. I. Amplitude sensitivity measurements. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 51:1961;422-429.
36. Kelly D.H. Diffusion model of linear flicker responses. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 59:1969;1665-1670.
37. Kelly D.H. Theory of flicker and transient responses, I. Uniform fields. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 61:1971;537-546.
38. Lankheet M.J.M., Molenaar J., van de Grind W.A. Frequency transfer properties of the spike generating mechanism of cat retinal ganglion cells. Vision Research. 29:1989;1649-1661.
39. Lee B.B., Martin P.R., Valberg A. Sensitivity of macaque retinal ganglion cells to chromatic and luminance flicker. Journal ofPhysiology. 414:1989;223-243.
40. Legge G.E., Kersten D., Burgess A. Contrast discrimination in noise. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A4:1987;391-404.
41. Leibovic K.N., Dowling J.E., Kim Y.Y. Background and bleaching equivalence in steady-state adaptation of vertebrate rods. Journal of Neuroscience. 7:1987;1056-1063.
42. Levinson J., Harmon L.D. Studies with artificial neurones, III: mechanisms of flicker-fusion. Kybernetik. 1:1961;107-117.
43. Levinson J. Nonlinear and spatial effects in the perception of flicker. Documenta Ophthalmology. 10:1964;36-55.
44. Mäkelä P., Whitaker D., Rovamo J. Modelling of orientation discrimination of the visual field. Vision Research. 33:1993;723-730.
45. Mandler M.B., Makous W. A three channel model of temporal frequency perception. Vision Research. 24:1984;1881-1887.
46. Marquardt D.W. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 11:1963;431-441.
47. Matin L. Critical duration, the differential luminance threshold, critical flicker frequency, and visual adaptation: a theoretical treatment. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 58:1968;404-415.
48. Metha A.B., Mullen K.T. Temporal mechanism underlying flicker detection and identification for red-green and achromatic stimuli. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A13:1996;1969-1980.
49. Mustonen J., Rovamo J., Näsänen R. The effects of grating area and spatial frequency on contrast sensitivity as a function of light level. Vision Research. 33:1993;2065-2072.
50. Näsänen R., Kukkonen H., Rovamo J. A window model for spatial integration in human pattern discrimination. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 36:1995;1855-1862.
51. Näsänen R., Kukkonen H., Rovamo J. Modelling spatial integration and contrast invariance in visual pattern discrimination. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 38:1997;260-266.
52. Pelli D.G. Blakemore C. The quantum efficiency of vision, vision: coding and efficiency. 1990;3-24 University Press, Cambridge.
53. Pelli D.G., Zhang L. Accurate control of contrast on microcomputer displays. Vision Research. 31:1991;1337-1350.
54. Purpura K., Tranchina D., Kaplan E., Shapley R.M. Light adaptation in the primate retina: analysis of changes in gain and dynamics of monkey retinal ganglion cells. Visual Neuroscience. 4:1990;75-93.
55. Rose R.M. The sensitivity performance of the human eye on an absolute scale. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 38:1948;196-208.
56. Rovamo J., Luntinen O., Näsänen R. Modelling the dependence of contrast sensitivity on grating area and spatial frequency. Vision Research. 33:1993;2773-2788.
57. Rovamo J., Mustonen J., Näsänen R. Modelling contrast sensitivity as a function of retinal illuminance and grating area. Vision Research. 34:1994;1301-1314.
58. Rovamo J., Mustonen J., Näsänen R. Neural modulation transfer function of the human visual system at various eccentricities. Vision Research. 35:1995;767-774.
59. Rovamo J., Raninen A., Lukkarinen S., Donner K. Flicker sensitivity as a function of spectral density of external white temporal noise. Vision Research. 36:1996;3767-3774.
60. Rudd M.E. A neural timing model of visual threshold. Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 40:1996;1-29.
61. Rudd M.E., Brown L.G. A model of Weber and noise gain control in the retina of the toad Bufo marinus. Vision Research. 37:1997;2433-2453.
62. Schnapf J.L., Nunn B.J., Meister M., Baylor D.A. Visual transduction in cones of the monkey Macaca Fascularis. Journal of Physiology. 427:1990;681-713.
63. Schneeweis D.M., Schnapf J.L. Photovoltage of rods and cones in the macaque retina. Science. 268:1995;1053-1055.
64. Shapley R.M., Enroth-Cugell C. Visual adaptation & retinal gain controls, progress in retinal research. 3:1984;Pergamon, Oxford.
65. Shapley R.M., Kaplan E., Purpura K. Contrast sensitivity and light adaptation in photoreceptors or in the retinal network. Shapley R., Lam D.M.K. Contrast sensitivity. 1993;103-116 The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
66. Shapley R.M., Perry V.H. Cat and monkey retinal ganglion cells and their visual functional roles. Trends in Neuroscience. 9:1986;229-235.
67. Sneyd J., Tranchina D. Phototransduction in cones: an inverse problem in enzyme kinetics. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. 51:1989;749-784.
68. Sperling G., Sondhi M.M. Model for visual luminance discrimination and flicker detection. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 58:1968;1133-1145.
69. Tanner W.P., Birdsall T.G. Definitions of d′ and η as psychophysical measures. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 48:1958;922-928.
70. Tranchina D., Gordon J., Shapley R.M. Retinal light adaptation-evidence for a feedback mechanism. Nature. 310:1984;314-316.
71. Troy J.B. Modelling the receptive fields of mammalian retinal ganglion cells. Shapley R., Lam D.M.K. Contrast sensitivity. 1993;85-102 The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
72. Valeton J.M., van Norren D. Light adaptation of primate cones: an analysis, based on extracellular data. Vision Research. 23:1983;1539-1547.
73. Van Nes F.L., Koenderink J.J., Nas H., Bouman M.A. Spatial modulation transfer in the human eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 57:1967;1082-1088.
74. Virsu V., Rovamo J. Visual resolution contrast sensitivity and the cortical magnification factor. Experimental Brain Research. 37:1979;475-494.
75. von Wiegand E., Hood D.C., Graham N. Testing a computational model of light-adaptation dynamics. Vision Research. 35:1995;3037-3051.
76. Watson A.B. Temporal sensitivity. Boff K.R., Kaufman L., Thomas J.P. Handbook of perception and human performance. I:1986;Wiley-Interscience, New York.
77. Wetherill G.B., Levitt H. Sequential estimation of points on a psychometric functionm. British Journal Mathematical Statistics and Psychology. 18:1965;1-10.
78. Wyszecki G., Stiles W.S. Color science: concepts and methods, quantitative data and formulae. 1967;Wiley, New York.
79. Yang J., Makous W. Spatiotemporal separability in contrast sensitivity. Vision Research. 34:1994;2569-2576.