Where now in the study of Russian political parties?

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

Volumn 14, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 224-252

  Fleron Jr , Frederic J ^a   Ahl, Richard ^a   Lane, Finbarr ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOMESTIC POLITICS; PARTY DEVELOPMENT; PARTY SYSTEM; POLITICAL PARTY; RESEARCH REVIEW;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0344043319     PISSN: 13523279     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13523279808415376     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Among the former, see Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner, Political Parlies and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966); Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan, 'Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments', in Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan (eds.), Parly Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross National Perspectives (New York: Free Press, 1967); and Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976). Among the latter, see Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: Organization and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair, 'Introduction: The Cross-National Study of Party Organizations', in Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960-90 (London: Sage, 1992); and Richard S. Katz, A Theory of Parties and Electoral Systems (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980). The division between these two schools is a simplification. For a more detailed yet concise discussion of recent developments in the study of Western political parties, see Kenneth Janda, 'Comparative Political Parties: Research and Theory', in Ada W. Finifter (ed.), Political Science: The Stale of the Discipline II (Washington, DC: The American Political Science Association, 1993).
2. All quotations in this paragraph are from Sartori, Parties and Party Systems, pp.11-25.
3. Giovanni Sartori, 'Political Development and Political Engineering', Public Policy, Vol.17 (1968).
4. Sartori, Parties and Party Systems, p.25.
5. Peter Mair (ed.), The West European Party System (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p.3.
6. Lipset and Rokkan, 'Cleavage Structures'.
7. Rudolph Wildenmann, 'The Problematic of Party Government', in Francis G. Castles and Rudolph Wildenmann (eds.), Usions and Realities of Party Government (New York: Walter
8. de Gruyter, 1986), p.6.
9. Richard S. Katz, 'Party Government: A Rationalistic Conception', in Castles and Wildenmann (eds.), Usions and Realities, p.32.
10. Ibid.
11. Russell J. Dalton, Scott C. Flanagan and Paul Alien Beck (eds.), Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp.452-3.
12. Herbert Kitschelt, The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Parties in Belgium and West Germany (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).
13. Katz, 'Party Government'; Richard S. Katz, 'Party as Linkage: A Vestigial Function?' European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 1990), pp. 143-61 ; Kay Lawson and Peter Merkle (eds.), When Parties Fail: Emerging Alternative Organisions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988); Peter Mair, 'Party Organizations: From Civil Society to the State', in Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies (London: Sage, 1994).
14. Mair, 'Party Organizations', p.2; see also Katz and Mair (eds.), How Parties Organize.
15. Panebianco, Political Parties, pp.3-6.
16. Mair, 'Party Organizations', p.4; see also Katz and Mair (eds.), How Parties Organize.
17. Mair, 'Party Organizations', pp.7-8.
18. Alexander Dallin, 'Introduction', in Alexander Dallin (ed.), Political Parties in Russia (Berkeley, CA: International and Area Studies Research Series, 1993), p.2.
19. Michael McFaul, 'Party Formation after Revolutionary Transitions', in Dallin (ed.), Political Parties in Russia, p.7.
20. Richard Sakwa, Russian Politics and Society (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 132.
21. M. Steven Fish, Democracy From Scratch: Opposition and Regime Change in the New Russian Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp.64-70.
22. McFaul, 'Party Formation after Revolutionary Transitions'; Fish, Democracy From Scratch; Timothy J. Colton, 'The Constituency Nexus in the Russian and Other Post-Soviet Parliaments', in Jeffrey W. Hahn (ed.), Democratization in Russia: The Development of Legislative Institutions (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1996).
23. M. Steven Fish, 'Who Shall Speak for Whom? Democracy and Interest Representation in Post-Soviet Russia', in Dallin, Political Parties in Russia, pp.34-48.
24. Sakwa, Russian Politics and Society, p.155.
25. Fish, Democracy From Scratch, p.61.
26. McFaul, 'Party Formation after Revolutionary Transitions', p.22.
27. Fish, Democracy From Scratch, p.53.
28. Geoffrey Evans and Stephen Whitefield, 'Identifying the Bases of Party Competition in Eastern Europe', British Journal of Political Science, Vol.23 (1993), pp.546-7. Subsequently, White, Rose and McAllister have shown that ethnicity has not been a significant factor in the recent electoral politics of Russia: see Stephen White, Richard Rose and lan McAllister, How Russia fates (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1997), p.142.
29. McFaul, 'Party Formation after Revolutionary Transitions', p.15.
30. Sakwa, Russian Politics and Society; Evans and Whitefield, 'Identifying the Bases of Party Competition'.
31. Frederic J. Fleron, Jr, and Richard Ahl, 'Does the Public Matter for Democratization in Russia?: What We have Learned from "Third Wave" Transitions and Public Opinion Surveys', in Harry Eckstein, Frederic J. Fleron, Jr., Erik P. Hoffmann and William M. Reisinger, Can Democracy Take Root in Post-Soviet Russia? Explorations in State-Society Relations (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998). See also James L. Gibson, Raymond M. Duch and Kent L. Tedin, 'Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union', Journal of Politics, Vol.54 (1992), pp.329-71; Stephen Whitefield and Geoffrey Evans, 'The Russian Election of 1993', Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol.10 (1994), pp.38-60.
32. Jerry F. Hough, 'The Structure of the Russian Legislature and Its Impact on Party Development', in Hahn, Democratizalion in Russia, p.95.
33. Fish, Democracy From Scratch, p.94.
34. lan McAllister and Stephen White, 'Democracy, Political Parties and Party Formation in
35. Postcommunist Russia', Party Politics, Vol.1, No.l (1995), pp.57-9.
36. Lilia Shevtsova, 'Political Pluralism in Post-Communist Russia', in Dallin, Political Parlies in Russia, p.55; Marcia Weigle, 'Political Participation and Party Formation in Russia, 1985-1992: Institutionalizing Democracy?' Russian Review, Vol.53 (1994), p.267; Fish, Democracy From Scratch, pp.76-7; McAlIister and White, 'Democracy, Political Parties and Party Formation', p.67.
37. Fish, Democracy From Scratch, pp.76-7.
38. Ibid.,p.231.
39. McAlIister and White, 'Democracy, Political Parties and Party Formation', p.67.
40. M. Steven Fish, 'The Advent of Multipartism in Russia, 1993-1995', Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol.11(1995),p.346.
41. Fish, Democracy From Scratch, p.321.
42. White, Rose and McAlIister, How Russia Votes, p.219; see also Moser's contribution in the present collection.
43. Fish, Democracy From Scratch, pp.342-3.
44. Ibid.,p.343.
45. Matthew Wyman, Bill Miller, Stephen White and Paul Heywood, 'Parties and Voters in the Elections', in Peter Lentini (éd.), Elections and Political Order in Russia: Implications of the 1993 Elections to the Federal Assembly (New York: Central European University Press, 1995), p.139.
46. Arthur H. Miller, Gwyn Erb, William M. Reisinger and Vicia Hesli, 'Emerging Party Systems in Post-Communist Societies: Fact or Fiction?' paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Vancouver, BC, 1996.
47. Judith Kullberg and William Zimmerman, 'Bringing the Masses Back In: Societal Forces in Post-Communist Transitions', paper presented at the National Convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Boston, MA, 1996.
48. Matthew Wyman, Stephen White, Bill Miller and Paul Heywood, 'Public Opinion, Parties and Voters in the December 1993 Russian Elections', Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.47 (1995), p.604.
49. Information in this paragraph comes from White, Rose and McAlIister, How Russia Votes.
50. Grigorii V. Golosov, 'Russian Political Parties and the "Bosses": Evidence from the 1994 Provincial Elections in Western Siberia', Party Politics, Vol.3 (1997), pp.5-21.
51. Herbert Kitschelt, 'Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies: Theoretical Propositions', Parly Politics, Vol.1 (1995), p.453.
52. Herbert Kitschelt, 'The Formation of Party Systems in East Central Europe', Politics and Society, Vol.20 (1992), p.7.
53. Golosov, 'Russian Political Parties and the "Bosses'", p.13.
54. Elena Omel'chenko and Hilary Pilkington, 'Stabilization or Stagnation? A Regional Perspective', in Lentini, Elections and Political Order in Russia, pp. 143-66.
55. Fish, 'The Advent of Multipartism in Russia', p.356.
56. Miller el al., 'Emerging Party Systems', p.26.
57. White, Rose and McAlIister, How Russia Votes, p.148.
58. John Löwenhardt, The Reincarnation of Russia: Struggling with the Legacy of Communism, 1990-1994 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995), p. 168.
59. Miller et al., 'Emerging Party Systems', p.25.
60. Ibid.; Wyman et al., 'Parties and Voters in the Elections'.
61. Kitschelt, 'Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies', p.448.
62. Ibid., p.468.
63. Fish, 'The Advent of Multipartism in Russia'; the 'unidimensionality' of Russian politics is discussed on p.372. White, Rose and McAlIister (How Russia Votes, pp.204-12) divide the parties in 1995 similarly but include a fifth category, 'social welfare parties'.
64. Fish, 'The Advent of Multipartism in Russia', p.364.
65. John T. Ishiyama, 'Red Phoenix?: The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russian Polities', Party Politics, Vol.2 (1996), p. 170.
66. M. Steven Fish, 'The Predicament of Russian Liberalism: Evidence from the December 1995 Parliamentary Elections', Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.49 (1997), pp.191-2.
67. Ibid.
68. Thomas F. Remington and Stephen S. Smith, 'The Development of Parliamentary Parties in Russia', Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vol.22 (1995), p.468.
69. lbid.,p.457.
70. Richard Sakwa, 'The Development of the Russian Party System: Did Elections Change Anything?' in Lentini, Elections and Political Order, p.169.
71. Peter C. Ordeshook, 'Russia's Party System: Is Russian Federalism Viable?' Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol.12 (1996), p.210.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.,p.211.
74. Ibid.,p.212.
75. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957).
76. While Hanson's assertions regarding the difficulty of collective action in turbulent social environments seem plausible, he does not provide any empirical support for this contention. However, the generally low levels of inter-personal trust reported in surveys of Russian public opinion lend some credibility to his claims. Furthermore, it has been reported that there has been a tendency for many new Russian businessmen to hire unqualified friends and family members to staff their corporate offices because they do not trust those they do not know ('Out With the In-Laws, In With the M.B.A.s', Wall Street Journal, 15 September 1997, p.AI).
77. This is a promising line of inquiry which has been explored by Steven Fish in Democracy From Scratch. Fish demonstrated that the party leaders he interviewed saw Russian society as a relatively undifferentiated mass. This made it rational to campaign on the basis of personal qualities. It is now time to update the knowledge gained from that study by interviewing leaders of parties that are relevant in the present electoral arena.
78. Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), p.90.
79. Ibid., pp.87-90.
80. Fish, Democracy From Scratch, pp.95-7.
81. For examples, see the following issues of OMRI Daily Digest I for 1966: 137(17 July), 139 (19 July), 140 (22 July), 138 (18 July), 142 (24 July), 142 (24 July), 14 (25 July), and 147 (31 July).
82. Fish, Democracy From Scratch, p.91.
83. McAllister and White, 'Democracy, Political Parties and Party Formation', p.49.
84. Kitschelt, 'Formation of Party Cleavages', p.448.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid., p.468.
87. Fish, 'The Advent of Multipartism in Russia.'
88. Kitschelt, 'Formation of Party Cleavages', .p.450.
89. Sakwa, Russian Politics and Society, p.155. For analysis of this problem in East Europe, see Jack Bielasiak, 'Substance and Process in the Development of Party Systems in East Central Europe', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol.30 (1997), pp.23-44.
90. McAllister and White, 'Democracy, Political Parties and Party Formation', p.67.
91. Golosov, 'Russian Political Parties and the "Bosses'".
92. Mair, 'Party Organizations', pp.7-8.
93. Patricia Gurin, Arthur H. Miller and Gerald Gurin, 'Stratum Identification and Consciousness', Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol.43 (1980), pp.30-46.
94. Arthur H. Miller, Patricia Gurin, Gerald Gurin and Oksana Malanchuk, 'Group Consciousness and Political Participation', American Journal of Political Science, Vol.25 (1981),pp.494-511.
95. Eckstein et al., Can Democracy Take Root in Post-Soviet Russia"?
96. This discussion draws on the following works by Eckstein: 'Explaining Congruence Theory', in Eckstein et al., Can Democracy Take Root in Post-Soviet Russia?; 'A Theory of Stable Democracy', in Harry Eckstein, Regarding Politics: Essays on Political Theory, Stability, and Change (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992); 'Authority Relations and Governmental Performance: A Theoretical Framework', Comparative
97. Political Studies, Vol.2 (1969), pp.269-326.
98. Fish, Democracy From Scratch.
99. Philip G. Roeder, Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics (Princeton NJ- Princeton University Press, 1993).
100. Fish, Democracy From Scratch, p.94.
101. Colton, The Constituency Nexus'.