Role of clobazam in the treatment of epilepsies

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 829-834

  Montenegro, Maria Augusta ^a   Guerreiro, Carlos Am ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Antiepileptic drug; Clobazam; Epilepsy

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CARBAMAZEPINE 10,11 OXIDE; CLOBAZAM; DIAZEPAM; DRUG METABOLITE; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; STEROID; TOPIRAMATE; VIGABATRIN;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGGRESSION; ALLERGY; ASPIRATION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRONCHUS DISEASE; BRONCHUS SECRETION; CATAMENIAL EPILEPSY; CHILD CARE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CROSS REACTION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG TOLERANCE; EPILEPTIC STATE; FEBRILE CONVULSION; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPERSALIVATION; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INSOMNIA; LIVER METABOLISM; MENTAL DISEASE; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; PNEUMONIA; PSYCHOSIS; RASH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE;

EID: 0344014144     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737175.3.6.829     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Barzaghi F, Fournex R, Mantegazza P. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of clobazam (1-phenyl-5-methyl-8-chloro-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2,4-diketo-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine) , a new psychotherapeutic agent. Arzneimittelforschung 23, 683-686 (1973).
2. Dalby MA. Clobazam. In: The Treatment of Epilepsy. Shorvon S, Dreifuss F, Fish D, Thomas D (Eds). Blackwell Science, London, UK, 373-377 (1996).
3. Canadian Clobazam Co-operative Group. Clobazam in treatment of refractory epilepsy: the Canadian experience. A retrospective study. Epilepsia 32, 407-416 (1991).
4. Canadian Study Group for Childhood Epilepsy. Clobazam has equivalent efficacy to carbamazepine and phenytoin as monotherapy for childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 39, 952-959 (1998). Randomized study that provides evidence that clobazam should be considered as a first-line monotherapy, along with carbamazepine and phenytoin for all partial and selected generalized childhood epilepsies.
5. Koeppen D, Baruzzi A, Capozza M et al. Clobazam in therapy-resistant patients with partial epilepsy: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Epilepsia 28, 495-506 (1987). Double-blind placebo controlled study that gives evidence of the therapeutical value of clobazam as add-on therapy in refractory epilepsy.
6. Schmidt D, Rohde M, Wolf P, Roeder-Wanner U. Clobazam for refractory focal epilepsy. A controlled trial. Arch. Neurol. 43, 824-826 (1986). Double-blind add-on trial in patients with refractory complex partial seizures that shows that clobazam is an effective add-on drug.
7. Schmidt D. Clobazam for treatment of intractable epilepsy: a critical assessment. Epilepsia 35(Suppl. 5), S92-S95 (1994).
8. Remy C. Clobazam in the treatment of epilepsy: a review of the literature. Epilepsia 35(Suppl. 5), S88-S91 (1994). Excellent review.
9. Buchanan N. Clobazam in the treatment of epilepsy: prospective follow-up to 8 years. JR Soc. Med 86, 378-380 (1993).
10. Montenegro MA, Cendes F, Noronha AL et al. Efficacy of clobazam as add-on therapy in patients with refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 42, 539-542 (2001).
11. Barcs G, Halasz P. Effectiveness and tolerance of clobazam in temporal lobe epilepsy. Acta. Neurol Scand 93, 88-93 (1996).
12. Singh A, Guberman AH, Boisvert D. Clobazam in long-term epilepsy treatment: sustained responders versus those developing tolerance. Epilepsia 36, 798-803 (1995).
13. Keene DL, Whiting S, Humphreys P. Clobazam as an add-on drug in the treatment of refractory epilepsy of childhood. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 17, 317-319 (1990).
14. Guberman A, Couture M, Blaschuk K, Sherwin A. Add-on trial of clobazam in intractable adult epilepsy with plasma level correlations. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 17, 311-316 (1990).
15. Reynolds EH, Heller AJ, Ring HA. Clobazam for epilepsy. Lancet 2, 565 (1988).
16. Heller AJ, Ring HA, Reynolds EH. Factors relating to dramatic response to clobazam therapy in refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2, 276-280 (1988).
17. Scott DF, Moffett A. The long-term effect of clobazam as adjunctive therapy in epilepsy. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 77, 498-502 (1988).
18. Allen JW, Oxley J, Robertson MM, Trimble MR, Richens A, Jawad SS. Clobazam as adjunctive treatment in refractory epilepsy. Br. Med. J. 286, 1246-1247 (1983).
19. Heller AJ, Ring HA, Reynolds EH. Clobazam for refractory epilepsy. Arch. Neurol. 44, 578 (1987).
20. Satishchandra P, Varadarajalu R, Rajaram P. Long-term use of clobazam in the management of intractable epilepsy: a prospective study. Neurology 46, 284-287 (1998).
21. Gastaut H, Low MD. Antiepileptic properties of clobazam, a 1-5 benzodiazepine, in man. Epilepsia 20, 437-446 (1979).
22. Jawad S, Richens A, Oxley J. Single dose pharmacokinetic study of clobazam in normal volunteers and epileptic patients. Br. J. Clin Pharmacol. 18, 873-877 (1984).
23. Anderson GD, Miller JW. Benzodiazepines. Chemistry, In: Antiepileptic Drugs. Fifth Edition. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Perucca E (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA, 187-205 (2002).
24. Borel AG, Abbott FS. Metabolic profiling of clobazam, a 1,5-benzodiazepine, in rats. Drug Metab. Disp. Biol. Fate Chem. 21, 415-441 (1993).
25. Volz M, Christ O, Kellner HM et al. Kinetics and metabolism of clobazam in animals and man. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 7(Suppl. 1) 41-50 (1979).
26. Shorvon SD. Benzodiazepines. Clobazam. In: Antiepileptic Drugs. Fourth Edition. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds). Raven Press Ltd., NY, USA, 763-777 (1995).
27. Callaghan N, Gogin T. Clobazam as adjunctive treatment in drug-resistant epilepsy: report on an open prospective study. Ir. Med J. 77, 240-244 (1994).
28. Haigh JR, Pullar T, Gent JP, Dailley C, Feely M. N-desmethylclobazam: a possible alternative to clobazam in the treatment of refractory epilepsy? Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 23, 213-218 (1987).
29. McElhatton PR. The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod. Toxicol. 8, 461-475 (1994).
30. Bar-Oz B, Nulman I, Koren G, Ito S. Anticonvulsants and breast-feeding: a critical review. Paediatr. Drugs 2, 113-126 (2000).
31. Munoz JJ, De Salamanca RE, Diaz-Obregon C, Timoneda FL. The effect of clobazam on steady-state plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and its metabolites. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29, 763-765 (1990).
32. Zifkin B, Sherwin A, Andermann E Phenytoin toxicity due to interaction with clobazam. Neurology 41, 313-314 (1991).
33. Schmidt D. Benzodiazepines. Clinical efficacy and use in epilepsy. In: Antiepileptic Drugs. Fifth Edition. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Perucca E (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA, 206-213 (2002).
34. Dulac O, Figueroa D, Rey E, Arthuis M. Monotherapy with clobazam in epilepsies in children. Presse Méd. 12, 1067-1069 (1983).
35. Trimble MR. On the use of tranquillisers in epilepsy. Epilepsia 43(Suppl. 2), 25-27 (2002). Excellent review.
36. Trimble MR, Thompson PJ. Anticonvulsant drugs, cognitive function and behavior. Epilepsia 24(Suppl. 1), S55-S63 (1983).
37. Bourgeois BFD. Phenobarbital and primidone. In: The Treatment of Epilepy: Principles and Practice. Wyllie E (Ed.). Williams & Wilkins, MD, USA, 845-855 (1997).
38. Hyson C, Sadler M. Cross sensitivity of skin rashes with anti-epileptic drugs. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 24, 245-249 (1997).
39. Dulac O. Epileptic encephalopathy. Epilepsia 42(Suppl. 3), 23-26 (2001).
40. Thanh TN, Chiron C, Dellatolas G et al. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of stiripentaol in severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (Dravet's syndrome). Arch. Pediatr. 9, 1120-1127 (2002).
41. Schmidt D, Bourgeois B. A risk-benefit assessment of therapies for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Drug Safety 22, 467-477 (2000).
42. Bawden HN, Camfield CS, Camfield PR et al. The cognitive and behavioural effects of clobazam and standard monotherapy are comparable. Canadian Study Group for Childhood Epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 33, 133-143 (1999).
43. Sheth RD, Ronen GM, Goulden KJ, Penney S, Bodensteiner JB. Clobazam for intractable pediatric epilepsy. J. Child Neurol 10, 205-208 (1995).
44. Munn R, Farrell K. Open study of clobazam in refractory epilepsy. Pediatr. Neurol 9, 465-469 (1993).
45. De Sarro G, Di Paola ED, Aguglia U, de Sarro A. Tolerance to anticonvulsant effects of some benzodiazepines in genetically epilepsy prone rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 55, 39-48 (1996).
46. Wildin JD, Pleuvry BJ. Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of clobazam in mice. Neuropharmacology 31, 129-135 (1992).
47. Shimizu H, Kawasaki J, Yuasa S, Tarao Y, Kumagai S, Kanemoto K. Use of clobazam for the treatment of refractory complex partial seizures. Seizure 12, 282-2826 (2003).
48. Feely M, Calvert R, Gibson J. Clobazam in catamenial epilepsy. A model for evaluating anticonvulsants. Lancet 2, 71-73 (1982).
49. Feely M, Gibson J. Intermittent clobazam for catamenial epilepsy: tolerance avoided. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 47, 1279-1282 (1984).
50. Mitchell WG. Status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children, adolescents and young adults: etiology, outcome and treatment. Epilepsia 37(Suppl. 1), S74-S80 (1996).
51. Haut, SR, Shinnar S, Moshé SL, O'Dell C, Legatt AD. The association between seizure clustering and convulsive status epilepticus in patients with intractable complex partial seizures. Epilepsia 40, 1832-1834 (1999).
52. Tinuper P, Aguglia U, Gastaut H. Use of clobazam in certain forms of status epilepticus and in startle-induced epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 27(Suppl. 1), S18-S26 (1986).
53. Corman C, Guberman A, Benavente O. Clobazam in partial status epilepticus. Seizure 7, 243-247 (1998).
54. Larrieu JL, Lagueny A, Ferrer X, Julien J. Epilepsy with continuous discharges during slow-wave sleep. Treatment with clobazam. Rev. Electroencephalogr. Neurophysiol. Clin. 16, 383-394 (1986).
55. Kobayashi K, Nishibayashi N, Ohtsuka Y, Oka E, Ohtahara S. Epilepsy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep and secondary bilateral synchrony. Epilepsia 35, 1097-1103 (1994).
56. Tondi M, Carboni F, Deriu A, Manca S, Mastropaolo C. Intermittent therepy with clobazam for simple febrile convulsions. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 19, 830-835 (1987).
57. Schlienger KG, Knowles SR, Shear NH. Lamotrigine-associated anticonvulsivant hypersensitivity syndrome. Neurology 55, 1172-1175 (1998).
58. Schlienger RG, Shear NH. Antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome. Epilepsia 39(Suppl. 7), S3-S7 (1998).
59. Shear NH, Spielberg SP. Anticonvulsant hypersensibility syndrome: in vitro assessment of risk. J. Clin. Invest. 82, 1826-1832 (1988).
60. Moss DM, Rudis M, Henderson SO. Cross-sensitivity and the antiepileptic hypersensitivity syndrome. J. Emerg. Med. 17, 503-506 (1999).