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1-arrested cells were screened for accumulation of Clb2-lacZp at 37°C (7). Mutants were further analyzed that arrested as large, budded cells with a 2C DNA content after cycling cultures were shifted from 25° to 37°C. The original mutants were backcrossed at least three times to wild type.
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Mutants were transformed with a genomic library [F. Cvrckova and K. Nasmyth, EMBO J. 12, 5277 (1993)], and plasmids allowing growth at 37°C were recovered. The ape1-1 mutation was complemented by the open reading frame YNL172W on chromosome XIV (Saccharomyces Genome Database). The cdc26-519 and apc1-1 mutants were crossed to strains containing a CDC26::LEU2 or an APC1::HIS3 fusion, respectively. All tetrads were parental ditypes.
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note
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+ spores that were viable at 25°C but arrested as large, budded cells at 37°C and two Ura spores that grew normally at 37°C.
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10544247854
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note
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A 4.3-kb Bam HI to Sty I fragment was replaced by HIS3, and the apc1::HIS3 construct was used to disrupt one APC1 allele in a diploid strain.
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Two hundred base pairs (bp) of coding region with several HA or Myc epitope tags inserted in front of the stop codon and 200 bp of 3′-noncoding sequence were cloned into an integrative vector. The resulting plasmid was integrated at the respective genomic locus. Strains expressing two epitopetagged proteins were obtained by genetic crosses. At 37°C all strains, including a clb 1Δ CLB2-myc12 strain, grew normally, demonstrating that the epitope-tagged proteins were fully functional.
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35S-cysteine in 1.5 ml of medium for 2 hours at 30°C. Cells were broken in 0.25 ml of buffer B [buffer A (8) diluted 1:3] containing 1.5 mg of unlabeled protein from a pep4 strain (K5517) (8). After centrifugation (10 min, 12,000g), extracts were sequentially incubated with protein A-Sepharose (160 μl) and antibody 9E10 cross-linked to protein A-Sepharose (25 μl). The beads were washed with buffer B (4 × 1 ml), buffer B with 120 mM K acetate (1 ml), and buffer B with 150 mM K acetate (1 ml). Bound proteins were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and detected by fluorography.
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Cells were grown in YEP medium with 2% raffinose. Extracts (2 mg of protein) prepared in buffer C [buffer A (8) without glycerol, diluted 1:3] were layered on 10 to 35% glycerol gradients in buffer C and centrifuged for 15 hours at 28,000 rpm in a Beckman SW40 rotor.
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Cells were prepared for indirect immunofluorescence [K. Nasmyth, G. Adolf, D. Lydall, A. Seddon, Cell 62, 631 (1990)], and pictures were taken on Kodak T-MAX400 film or with a charge-coupled device camera mounted on a Zeiss Axiophot microscope. Myc-tagged proteins were detected with the 9E10 antibody and a CY3-conjugated secondary antibody. Spindles were detected with a rabbit antiserum to yeast tubulin and a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antibody.
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Strains were grown in SC medium [F. Sherman, Methods Enzymol. 194, 3 (1991)] containing 2% raffinose at 25°C, Small, unbudded cells were isolated by centrifugal elutriation [E. Schwob and K. Nasmyth, Genes Des. 7, 1160 (1993)] and inoculated into YEP medium with 2% glucose at 37°C. Clb2-associated histone H1 kinase (2) was quantified with a Phosphorlmager (Molecular Dynamics). A FACScan (Becton-Dickinson) was used for analysis of cellular DNA content [C. B. Epstein and F. R. Cross, Genes Dev. 6, 1695 (1992)].
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note
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We thank R. Ciesk for tagging of CSE1; C. Michaelis, K. Breunig, and S. Irniger for DNAs and strains; M. Oft for help in fluorescence microscopy and computer graphics; J. Dohmen and R. Egner for antisera; G. Lamm, T. Jenuwein, and T. Czerny for reading the manuscript; and H. Tkadletz for photographs. W.Z. was supported by a European Molecular Biology Organization long-term fellowship.
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