Hemostatic changes in Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Mediterranean spotted fever

American Journal of Clinical Pathology

Volumn 112, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 159-168

  Tarek Elghetany, M ^a   Walker, David H ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH   (United States)

^b University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Coagulation; Endothelium; Platelets; Rickettsiae; Spotted fevers

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR; CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 1; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; THROMBOMODULIN; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

BLOOD CLOTTING; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FIBRINOLYSIS; HEMOSTASIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RICKETTSIA CONORII; RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII; RICKETTSIOSIS; ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; VASCULITIS;

EID: 0342749317     PISSN: 00029173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/112.2.159     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Walker DH, Raoult D. Rickettsia rickettsii and other spotted fever group rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fevers). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1994:1721-1727.
2. Dalton MJ, Clarke MJ, Holman RC, et al. National surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1981-1992: epidemiologic summary and evaluation of risk factors for fatal outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;52:405-413.
3. Harris RL, Kaplan SL, Bradshaw MW, et al. Boutonneuse fever in American travelers. J Infect Dis. 1986;153:126-128.
4. Wolbach SB. Studies on Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Med Res. 1919;41:1-139.
5. Walker DH, Harrison A, Henderson F, et al. Identification of Rickettsia rickettsii in a guinea pig model by immunofluorescent and electron microscopic techniques. Am J Pathol. 1977;86:343-348.
6. Walker DH, Crawford CG, Cain BG. Rickettsial infection of the pulmonary microcirculation: the basis for interstitial pneumonitis in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Hum Pathol. 1980;11:263-272.
7. Walker DH, Paletta CE, Cain BG. Pathogenesis of myocarditis in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1980;104:171-174.
8. Walker DH, Mattern WD. Acute renal failure in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Intern Med. 1979;139:443-448.
9. Adams JS, Walker DH. The liver in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Clin Pathol. 1981;75:156-161.
10. Roggli VL, Keener S, Bradford WD, et al. Pulmonary pathology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children. Pediatr Pathol. 1985;4:47-57.
11. Jackson MD, Kirkman C, Bradford WD, et al. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: hepatic lesions in childhood cases. Pediatr Pathol. 1986;5:379-388.
12. Horney LF, Walker DH. Meningoencephalitis as a major manifestation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. South Med J. 1988;81:915-918.
13. Walker DH, Gear JHS. Correlation of the distribution of Rickettsia conorii, microscopic lesions, and clinical features in South African tick bite fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:361-371.
14. Kirkland KB, Marcom PK, Sexton DJ, et al. Rocky Mountain spotted fever complicated by gangrene: report of six cases and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16:629-634.
15. Hove MGM, Walker DH. Persistence of rickettsiae in the partially viable gangrenous margins of amputated extremities 5 to 7 weeks after onset of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995;119:429-431.
16. Wu KK, Thiagarajan P. Role of endothelium in thrombosis and hemostasis. Annu Rev Med. 1996;47:315-331.
17. Bombeli T, Karsan A, Tait JF, et al. Apoptotic vascular endothelial cells become procoagulant. Blood. 1997;89:2429-2442.
18. Drancourt M, George F, Brouqui P, et al. Diagnosis of Mediterranean spotted fever by indirect immunofluorescence of Rickettsia conorii in circulating endothelial cells isolated with monoclonal antibody-coated immunomagnetic beads. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:660-663.
19. Kidokoro A, Iba T, Fukunaga M, et al. Alterations in coagulation and fibrinolysis during sepsis. Shock. 1996;5:22.3-228.
20. Etingin OR, Silverstein RL, Friedman HM, et al. Viral activation of the coagulation cascade: molecular interaction at the surface of infected endothelial cells. Cell. 1990;61:657-662.
21. Walker TS. Rickettsial interactions with human endothelial cells in vitro: adherence and entry. Infect Immun. 1984;44:205-210.
22. Silverman DJ, Santucci LA, Meyers N, et al. Penetration of host cells by Rickettsia rickettsii appears to be mediated by a phospholipase of rickettsial origin. Infect Immun. 1992;60:2733-2740.
23. Wisseman CL Jr, Edlinger EA, Waddell AD, et al. Infection cycle of Rickettsia rickettsii in chicken embryo and L-929 cells in culture. Infect Immun. 1976;14:1052-1064.
24. Heinzen RA, Hayes SF, Peacock MG, et al. Directional actin polymerization associated with spotted fever group rickettsia infection of Vero cells. Infect Immun. 1993;61:1926-1935.
25. Walker DH, Popov VL, Wen J, et al. Rickettsai conorii infection of C3H/HeN mice: a model of endothelial-target rickettsiosis. Lab Invest. 1994;70:358-368.
26. Walker DH, Hawkins HK, Hudson P. Fulminant Rocky Mountain spotted fever: its pathologic characteristics associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1983;107:121-125.
27. Parker RR. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. JAMA. 1938;110:1185-1188, 1273-1278.
28. Herrero-Herrero JI, Walker DH, Ruiz-Beltran R. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the cellular immune response to Rickettsia conorii in taches noires. J Infect Dis. 1987;155:802-805.
29. Feng H-M, Popov VL, Yuoh G, et al. Role of T-lymphocyte subsets in immunity to spotted fever group rickettsiae. J Immunol. 1997;158:5314-5320.
30. Vicente V, Estelles A, Moraleda JM, et al. Fibrinolytic changes during acute vascular damage induced by Mediterranean spotted fever. Fibrinolysis. 1993;7:324-329.
31. Kaplowitz LG, Fischer JJ, Sparling PF. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a clinical dilemma. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1981;2:89-108.
32. Deep WD, Schriever HG, Turner W. Defibrination syndrome in Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a case report with heparin therapy. Va Med Mon. 1969;96:92-95.
33. Trigg Jr JW. Hypofibrinogenemia in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. N Engl J Med. 1964;270;1042-1044.
34. Kurnick JE, Malinow SH, Snyderman MC. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. South Med J. 1974;67:623-625.
35. Sessler CN, Schwartz M, Windsor AC, et al. Increased serum cytokines and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in fulminant Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:973-976.
36. Graybill JR, Hawiger J, Des Prez RM. Complement and coagulation in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. South Med J. 1973;66:410-413.
37. Walker DH, Occhino C, Tringali GR, et al. Pathogenesis of rickettsial eschars: the tache noire of boutonneuse fever. Hum Pathol. 1988;19:1449-1454.
38. Dujella J, Morovic M, Dzelalija B, et al. Histopathology and immunopathology of skin in MSF. Acta Virol. 1991;35:566-572.
39. Walker DH, Watkins NG, Dumler JS, et al. Experimental skin lesions (tache noire) in guinea-pigs after intradermal inoculation of Rickettsia conorii. Immunol Infect Dis. 1992;2:51-59.
40. Walker DH, Gay RM, Valdes-Dapena M. The occurrence of eschars in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;4:571-576.
41. Randall MB, Walker DH. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: gastrointestinal and pancreatic lesions and rickettsial infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1984;108:963-967.
42. Bradford WD, Croker BP, Tisher CC. Kidney lesions in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Pathol. 1979;97:381-392.
43. Walker DH, Staiti A, Mansueto S, et al. Frequent occurrence of hepatic lesions in boutonneuse fever. Acta Trop. 1986;43:175-181.
44. Davidson MG, Breitschwerdt EB, Walker DH, et al. Vascular permeability and coagulation during Rickettsia rickettsii infection in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:165-170.
45. Walker DH, Herrero-Herrero LI, Ruiz-Beltran R, et al. The pathology of Mediterranean spotted fever. Am J Clin Pathol. 1987;87:669-672.
46. Silverman DJ. Adherence of platelets to human endothelial cells infected by Rickettsia rickettsii. Infect Dis. 1986;153:694-700.
47. Sporn LA, Lawrence SO, Silverman DJ, et al. E-selectin-dependent neutrophil adhesion to Rickettsii rickettsii-infected endothelial cells. Blood. 1993;81:2406-2412.
48. Dignat-George F, Teysseire N, Mutin M, et al. Rickettsia conorii infection enhances vascular cell adhesion molecule-1-and intercellular adhesion molecule-1-dependent mononuclear cell adherence to endothelial cells. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:1142-1152.
49. Span AH, Mullers W, Miltenburg AM, et al. Cytomegalovirus-infected PMN adherence in relation to ELAM-1 antigen present on endothelial cell monolayers. Immunology. 1991;72:355-360.
50. Body SC. Platelet activation and interactions with the microvasculature. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;27:13-25.
51. Davi G, Giammarresi C, Vigneri S, et al. Demonstration of Rickettsia conorii-induced coagulative and platelet activation in vivo in patients with Mediterranean spotted fever. Thromb Haemost. 1995;74;631-634.
52. George F, Brouqui P, Boffa M-C, et al. Demonstration of Rickettsia conorii-induced endothelial injury in vivo by measuring circulating endothelial cells, thromhomodulin, and von Willebrand factor in patients with Mediterranean spotted fever. Blood. 1993;82:2109-2116.
53. La Scola B, Raoult D. Diagnosis of Mediterranean spotted fever by cultivation of Rickettsia conorii from blood and skin samples using centrifugation-shell vial technique and by detection of R conorii in circulating endothelial cells: a 6-year follow-up. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:2722-2727.
54. Clifton DR, Goss RA, Sahni SK, et al. NF-κB-dependent inhibition of apoptosis is essential for host cell survival during Rickettsia rickettsii infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:4646-4651.
55. Sahni SK, Van Antwerp DJ, Eremeeva ME, et al. Proteasome-independent activation of nuclear factor κB in cytoplasmic extracts from human endothelial cells by Rickettsia rickettsii. Infect Immun. 1998;66:1827-1833.
56. Silverman DJ, Santucci LA. Potential for free radical-induced lipid peroxidation as a cause of endothelial cell injury in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Infect Immun. 1988;56:3110-3115.
57. Silverman DJ, Santucci LA. A potential protective role for thiols against cell injury caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;590:111-117.
58. Silverman DJ, Santucci LA, Sekeyova Z. Heparin protects human endothelial cells infected by Rickettsia rickettsii. Infect Immun. 1991;59:4505-4510.
59. Santucci LA, Gutierrez PL, Silverman DJ. Rickettsia rickettsii induces superoxide radical and superoxide dismutase in human endothelial cells. Infect Immun. 1992;60:5113-5118.
60. Devamanoharan PS, Santucci LA, Hong JE, et al. Infection of human endothelial cells by Rickettsia rickettsii causes a significant reduction in the levels of key enzymes involved in protection against oxidative injury. Infect Immun. 1994;62:2619-2621.
61. Eremeeva ME, Silverman DJ. Effects of the antioxidant α-lipoic acid on human umbilical vein endothelial cells infected with Rickettsia rickettsii. Infect Immun. 1998;66:2290-2299.
62. Walker DH, Firth WT, Ballard JG, et al. Role of phospholipase-associated penetration mechanism in cell injury by Rickettsia rickettsii. Infect Immun. 1983;40:840-842.
63. Walker DH, Tidwell RR, Rector TM, et al. Effect of synthetic protease inhibitors of the amidine type on cell injury by Rickettsia rickettsii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984;25:582-585.
64. Schramek S, Brezina R, Kazar J. Some biological properties of an endotoxic lipopolysaccharide from the typhus group rickettsiae. Acta Virol. 1977;21:439-441.
65. Helmick CG, Bernard KW, D'Angelo LJ. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic features of 262 cases. J Infect Dis. 1984;150:480-488.
66. Raoult D, Weiller PJ, Chagnon A, et al. Mediterranean spotted fever: clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic features of 199 cases. Am J Trap Med Hyg. 1986;35:845-850.
67. Vicente V, Alberca I, Ruiz R, et al. Coagulation abnormalities in patients with Mediterranean spotted fever. J Infect Dis. 1986;153:128-131.
68. Vicente V, Espana F, Tabernero D, et al. Evidence of activation of the protein C pathway during acute vascular damage induced by Mediterranean spotted fever. Blood. 1991;78:416-422.
69. Rao AK, Schapira M, Clements ML, et al. A prospective study of platelets and plasma proteolytic systems during the early stages of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1021-1028.
70. Walker TS, Mellott GE. Rickettsial stimulation of endothelial platelet-activating factor synthesis. Infect Immun. 1993;61:2024-2029.
71. Walker TS, Brown JS, Hoover CS, et al. Endothelial prostaglandin secretion: effects of typhus rickettsiae. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:1136-1144.
72. Courtney M-A, Haidaris PJ, Marder VJ, et al. Tissue factor mRNA expression in the endothelium of an intact umbilical vein. Blood. 1996;87:174-179.
73. Teysseire N, Arnoux D, George F, et al. von Willebrand factor release and thrombomodulin and tissue factor expression in Rickettsia conorii-infected endothelial cells. Infect Immun. 1992;60:4388-4393.
74. Albrecht S, Kotzsch M, Siegert G, et al. Detection of circulating tissue factor and factor VII in a normal population. Thromb Haemost. 1996;75:772-777.
75. Sporn LA, Haidaris PJ, Shi R-J, et al. Rickettsia rickettsii infection of cultured human endothelial cells induces tissue factor expression. Blood. 1994;83:1527-1534.
76. Shi R-J, Simpson-Haidaris PJ, Lerner NB, et al. Transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell tissue factor expression during Rickettsia rickettsii infection: involvement of the transcription factor NF-κB. Infect Immun. 1998;66:1070-1075.
77. Sporn LA, Marder VJ. Interleukin-1 alpha production during Rickettsia rickettsii infection of cultured endothelial cells: potential role in autocrine cell stimulation. Infect Immun. 1996;64:1609-1613.
78. Yamada T, Harber P, Pettit GW, et al. Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Ann Intern Med. 1978;88:764-768.
79. Vicente V, Alegre A, Ruiz R, et al. Kinin-prekallikrein system in Mediterranean spotted fever. J Infect Dis. 1986;154:541.
80. Sporn LA, Shi R-J, Lawrence SO, et al. Rickettsia rickettsii infection of cultured endothelial cells induces release of large von Willebrand factor multimers from Weibel-Palade bodies. Blood. 1991;78:2595-2602.
81. Raoult D, Amoux D, Drancourt M, et al. Enzyme secretion by human endothelial cells infected with Rickettsia conorii. Acta Virol. 1987;31:352-356.
82. Drancourt M, Alessi M-C, Levy P-Y, et al. Secretion of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor by Rickettsia conorii-and Rickettsia rickettsii-infected cultured endothelial cells. Infect Immun. 1990;58:2459-2463.
83. Shi R-S, Simpson-Haidaris PJ, Marder VJ, et al. Increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in Rickettsia rickettsii-infected endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost. 1996;75:600-606.
84. Bok RA, Jacob HS, Balla J, et al. Herpes simplex virus decreases plasminogen activator inhibitor. Thromb Haemost. 1993;69:253-258.
85. Esmon CT. Inflammation and thrombosis: the impact of inflammation on the protein C anticoagulant pathway. Haematologica. 1995;80:49-56.
86. Philippe J, Offner F, Declerck PJ, et al. Fibrinolysis and coagulation in patients with infectious diseases and sepsis. Thromb Haemost. 1991;65:291-295.
87. Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, et al. Interleukin 1 induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells. J Exp Med. 1984;160:618-623.
88. Bauer KA, Cate HT, Barzegar S, et al. Tumor necrosis factor infusions have a procoagulant effect on the hemostatic mechanism of humans. Blood. 1989;74:165-172.
89. Kaplanski G, Teysseire N, Farnarier C, et al. IL-6 and IL-8 production from cultured human endothelial cells stimulated by infection with Rickettsia conorii via a cell-associated IL-1 alpha-dependent pathway. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:2839-2844.
90. Cillari E, Milano S, D'Agostino P, et al. Depression of CD4 T cell subsets and alterations in cytokine profile in boutonneuse fever. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:1051-1057.
91. Oristrell J, Amengual MJ, Font-Creus B, et al. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with Mediterranean spotted fever: clinical and analytical correlations. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:1141-1143.