Neuroendocrine perturbations as a cause of insulin resistance

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 427-441

  Björntorp, Per ^a  

^a SAHLGRENSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Abdominal obesity; Cortisol; Glucocorticoid receptors; Glycogen synthase; Insulin resistance; Sex steroids

Indexed keywords

FATTY ACID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; GLUCOSE; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN; SEX HORMONE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; FATTY ACID BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCONEOGENESIS; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MUSCLE; NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; NEUROENDOCRINE DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VISCERA;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS;

EID: 0343158252     PISSN: 15207552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-7560(199911/12)15:6<427::AID-DMRR68>3.0.CO;2-C     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Obesity. Preventing and managing the global epidemic (1998) Report of WHO consultation on obesity. Geneva 3-5 June 1997. WHO/NUT/NCD/981.
2. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-1607.
3. DeFronzo R, Bonnadonna R, Ferrannini E. Pathogenesis of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus, Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, DeFronzo R (eds). England: Wiley, Chichester, 1997, 635-712.
4. Olefsky JM. Insulin resistance. In Ellenberg & Rifkin's Diabetes Mellitus, Porte Jr D, Sherwin RS (eds). USA: Appleton & Lange, 1997, 513-552.
5. Kissebah AH, Krakower GR, Sonnenberg G, Hennes MMI. Clinical manifestations of the Metabolic Syndrome. In Handbook of obesity, Bray GA, Bouchard C, James CPT (eds). NY: Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998, 601-636.
6. Groop L, Lehto M, Orho M. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a genetic and metabolic nightmare. Diabetes, Nutr Metab 1994; 7: 253-261.
7. Porter OC, Silber RH. A quantitative color reaction for cortisone and related 17,21-dihydroxy-20-ketosteroids. J Biol Chem 1950; 185: 201-207.
8. Schteingart DE, Gregerman RI, Conn JW. A comparison of the characteristics of increased adrenocortical function in obesity and in Cushing's syndrome. Metabolism 1963; 12: 484-497.
9. Szenas P, Pattee CJ. Studies of adrenocortical function in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1959; 19: 344-350.
10. Dunkelman SS, Fairhurst B, Plager J, Waterhouse C. Cortisol metabolism in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1964; 24: 832-841.
11. Posinick J, DiRaimondo V. Adrenocortical function in obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1956; 16: 957-958.
12. Carces LY, Kenny FM, Drash A, Taylor FA. Cortisol secretion rate during fasting of obese adolescent subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1968; 28: 1843-1847.
13. Migeon CJ, Green OC, Eckert JP. Study of adrenocortical function in obesity. Metabolism 1963; 12: 718-739.
14. Murphy BPE. Clinical evaluation of urinary cortisol determinations by competitive protein-binding radioassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1968; 28: 343-348.
15. Streeten DHP, Stevenson CT, Dalakos TG, Nicholas JJ, Dennick LG, Fellerman H. Diagnosis of hypercortisolism: biochemical criteria differentiating patients from lean and obese normal subjects and from females on oral contraceptives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1969; 29: 1191-1211.
16. Cheek DB, Graystone JE, Seamark RF, McIntosh JE, Phillipou G, Court JM. Urinary steroid metabolites and the overgrowth of lean and fat tissues in obese girls. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 1804-1810.
17. Mårin P, Darin N, Amerniya T, Andersson B, Jern S, Björntorp P. Cortisol secretion in relation to body fat distribution in obese premenopausal women. Metabolism 1992; 41: 882-886.
18. Pasquali R, Cantobelli S, Casimirri F, et al. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in obese women with different patterns of body fat distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 341-346.
19. Chalew SA, Zadik Z, Lozano RA, Kowarski AA. Plasma cortisol levels increase with age in obese subjects. Obes Res 1993; 1: 199-202.
20. Strain GW, Zumoff B, Kream J, Strain JJ, Levin J, Fukushima DK. Sex differences in the influence of obesity on the 24 hour mean plasma concentration of cortisol. Metabolism 1982; 31: 209-212.
21. Strain GW, Zumoff B, Stain JJ, Levin J, Fukushima DK. Cortsol production in obesity. Metabolism 1980; 29: 980-985.
22. Lottenberg SA, Giannella-Neto D, Derendorf H, et al. Effect of fat distribution on the pharmacokinetics of cortisol in obesity. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 36: 501-505.
23. Copinschi G, Cornil A, Leclerq R, Franckson JR. Cortisol secretion rate and urinary corticoid excretion in normal and obese subjects. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1966; 51: 186-192.
24. Zelissen PM, Koppeschaar HP, Erkelens DW, Thijssen JH. B-Endorphin and adrenocortical function in obesity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991; 35: 369-372.
25. Hautanen A, Adlercreutz H. Altered adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion in abdominal obesity: implications for the insulin resistance syndrome. J Intern Med Suppl 1993; 234: 461-469.
26. Kopelman PG, Grossman A, Lavender P. The cortisol response to corticotrophin-releasing factor is blunted in obesity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1988; 28: 15-18.
27. Moyer A, Rodin J, Grilo C, Cummings N, Larsson L, Rebuffé-Scrive M. Stress-induced cortisol response and fat distribution in women. Obes Res 1994; 2: 255-262.
28. Pasquali R, Anconetani B, Chattat R, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and its relationship to the autonomic nervous system in women with visceral and subcutaneous obesity: effects of the corticotropin-releasing factor/arginine-vasopressin test and of stress. Metabolism 1996; 45: 531-536.
29. Korbonits M, Trainer PJ, Nelson ML. Differential stimulation of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone levels by food in obese and normal subjects: relation to body fat distribution. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996; 45: 699-706.
30. Rosmond R, Holm G, Björntorp P. Food-induced cortisol secretion in relation to anthropometric, metabolic and hemodynamic variables in men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, (in press).
31. Ljung T, Andersson B, Bengtsson B-Å, Björntorp P, Mårin P. Inhibition of cortisol secretion by dexamethasone in relation to body fat distribution: a dose-response study. Obes Res 1996; 4: 277-282.
32. Rosmond R, Dallman MF, Björntorp P. Stress-related cortisol secretion in men: relationships with abdominal obesity and endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1853-1859.
33. Vining RF, McGinley, Maksvytis JJ, Ho KY. Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortisol function than serum cortisol. Ann Clin Biochem 1983; 20: 329-335.
34. Laudat MH, Cerdas S, Fournier C, Guiban D, Guilhaume B, Luton JP. Salivary cortisol measurement: a practical approach to assess pituitary-adrenal function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 343-348.
35. Smyth J, Ockenfels MC, Porter L, Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH, Stone AA. Stressors and mood measured on a momentary basis are associated with salivary cortisol secretion. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998; 23: 353-370.
36. McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 171-179.
37. Rosmond R, Lapidus L, Mårin P, Björntorp P. Mental distress, obesity and body fat distribution in middle-aged men. Obes Res 1996; 4: 245-252.
38. Rosmond R, Lapidus L, Björntorp P. The influence of occupational and social factors on obesity and body fat distribution in middle-aged men. Int J Obes Rel Metab Disord 1996; 20: 599-607.
39. Brunner E, Marmot MG, Nanchahal K, Shipley MJ, Stansfield SA, Jujena M, Alberti KGMM. Social inequality in coronary risk: central obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. Evidence from the Whitehall II study. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 1341-1349.
40. Walker BR, Phillips DIW, Noon JJP, et al. Increased glucocorticoid activity in men with cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension 1998; 31: 891-895.
41. Panarelli M, Holloway CD, Fraser R, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism, skin vasoconstriction, and other metabolic intermediate phenotypes in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1846-1852.
42. Weaver JU, Hitman GA, Kopelman PG. An association between a BclI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene locus and hyperinsulinaemia in obese women. J Mol Endocrinol 1992; 9: 295-300.
43. Watt GCH, Harrap SB, Foy CJW, et al. Abnormalities of glucocorticoid metabolism and a renin-angiotensin system: a four-corners approach to the identification of genetic determinants of blood pressure. J Hypertension 1992; 10: 473-482.
44. Buemann B, Vohl M-C, Chagnon M, et al. Abdominal visceral fat is associated with a Bcl I restriction fragment length polymorphism at the glucocorticoid receptor gene locus. Obes Res 1997; 5: 186-192.
45. Riggins GJ, Lokey LK, Chastain JL, et al. Human genes containing polymorphic trinucleotide repeats. Nat Genet 1992; 2: 186-191.
46. Shively CA, Laber-Laird K, Anton RF. Behavior and physiology of social stress and depression in female Cynomolgus monkeys. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: 871-882.
47. Rebuffé-Scrive M, Brönnegård M, Nilsson A, Eldh J, Gustafsson JÅ, Björntorp P. Steroid hormone receptors in human adipose tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 1215-1219.
48. Walker RB, Connacher AA, Webb DJ, Edwards CRW. Glucocorticoids and blood pressure: a role for the cortisol/cortisone shuttle in control of vascular tone in man. Clin Sci 1992; 83: 171-178.
49. Hautanen A, Räikkönen K, Adlercreutz H. Associations between pituitary-adrenocortal function and abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia in normotensive males. J Int Med Res 1997; 241: 451-461.
50. Seckl JR, Chapman KE. The 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system, a determinant of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid action. Eur J Biochem 1997; 249: 361-364.
51. Bajalska JJ, Kumars, Stewart PM. Does central obesity reflext 'Cushing's disease of the omentum'. Lancet 1997; 349: 1210-1213.
52. Barker DJP. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. Br Med J 1995; 311: 171-174.
53. Phillips DIW, Barker DJP, Fall CHD, et al. Elevated plasma cortisol concentrations: a link between low birth weight and the insulin resistance syndrome? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 757-760.
54. Reul JMHM, Stec J, Wiegers GJ, et al. Prenatal immune challenge alters the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in adult rats. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2600-2607.
55. Levitt NS, Lindsay RS, Holmes GE, Seckl JR. Dexamethasone in the last week of pregnancy attenuates hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and elevates blood pressure in the adult offspring of rats. Neuroendocrinolology 1996; 64: 412-418.
56. Lönn L, Kvist H, Ernest I, Sjöström L. Changes in body composition and adipose tissue distribution after treatment of women with Cushing's syndrome. Metabolism 1994; 43: 1517-1522.
57. Björntorp P. Review: the regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. Int J Obes Rel Metab Disord 1996; 20: 291-302.
58. Perley M, Kipnis D. Effect of glucocorticoids on plasma insulin. N Engl J Med 1966; 274: 1237-1241.
59. Kitabchi A, Jones G, Duckworth W. Effect of hydrocortisone and corticotropin on glucose induced insulin and proinsulin secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973; 37: 79-84.
60. Fantus I, Ryan J, Hizuka N, Gordon P. The effect of glucocorticoids on the insulin receptor: an in vivo and in vitro study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981; 52: 953-960.
61. Kalhan S, Adam P. Inhibitory effect of prednisone on insulin secretion in man: model for duplication of blood glucose concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975; 41: 600-610.
62. Wise J, Hendler R, Felig P. Influence of glucocortcoids on glucagon secretion and plasma amino acid concentrations in man. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 2774-2782.
63. McMahon M, Gerich J, Rizza R. Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988; 4: 17-30.
64. Riddick F, Reisler D, Kipnis D. The sugar transport system in striated muscle. Diabetes 1962; 11: 171-178.
65. Holmäng A, Björntorp P. The effects of cortisol on insulin sensitivity in muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 1992; 144: 425-431.
66. Exton J, Mallettie L, Jefferson L, et al. The hormonal control of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Recent Prog Horm Res 1970; 26: 411-457.
67. Kraus-Friedmann N. Hormonal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Physiol Rev 1984; 64: 170-259.
68. DeWulff H, Hers H. The stimulation of glycogen synthase and of glycogen synthase in the liver by glucocorticoids. Eur J Biochem 1967; 2: 57-60.
69. Guillaume-Gentil C, Assimacopoulos-Jeanneau IF, Jeanrenaud B. Involvement of non-esterified fatty acid oxidation in glucocorticoid-induced peripheral insulin resistance in vivo in rats. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 899-906.
70. Rebuffé-Scrive M, Krotkiewski M, Elfverson J, Björntorp P. Muscle and adipose tissue morphology and metabolism in Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67: 1122-1128.
71. Exton J, Corbin J, Park C. Control of gluconeogenesis in liver. J Biol Chem 1969; 244: 4095-4102.
72. Schaeffer L, Chenoweth M, Dunn A. Adrenal corticosteroid involvement in the control of liver glycogen phosphorylase activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1969; 192: 292-303.
73. Reynisdottir S, Wahrenberg H, Bylin G, Arner P. Effect of glucocorticoid treatment on β-adrenoceptor subtype function in adipocytes from patients with asthma. Clin Sci 1993; 85: 237-244.
74. Lönnqvist F, Krief S, Strosberg A, Nyberg B, Emorine L, Arner P. Evidence for a functional β3-adrenoceptor in man. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 110: 929-936.
75. Lönnqvist F, Thörne A, Nilsell K, Hoffstedt J, Arner P. A pathogenic role of visceral β3-adrenoceptor in obesity. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1109-1116.
76. Rebuffé-Scrive M, Andersson B, Olbe L, Björntorp P. Metabolism of adipose tissue in intraabdominal depots of non-obese men and women. Metabolism 1989; 38: 453-458.
77. Rebuffé-Scrive M, Andersson B, Olbe L, Björntorp P. Metabolism of adipose tissue in intraabdominal depots in severely obese men and women. Metabolism 1990; 39: 1021-1025.
78. Cigolini M, Smith U. Human adipose tissue in culture. VIII. Studies on the insulin-antagonistic effect of glucocorticoids. Metabolism 1979; 20: 502-510.
79. Björntorp P. 'Portal' adipose tissue as a generator of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1990; 10: 493-496.
80. Banerji M, Buckley C, Chaiken R, Gordon D, Lebovitz H, Kral J. Liver fat, serum triglycerides and visceral adipose tissue in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant black men with NIDDM. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995; 19: 846-850.
81. Björntorp P. Guest commentary: liver triglycerides and metabolism. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995; 19: 839-840.
82. Randle P, Garland P, Hales N, Newsholme E. The glucose-fatty acid cycle: its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1963; 785-789.
83. Wititsuwannakul D, Ki-Han. Mechanism of palmityl coenzyme A inhibition of liver glycogen synthase. J Biol Chem 1977; 252: 7812-7817.
84. Groop LC, Saloranta C, Shank M, Bonadonna RC, Ferrannini E, DeFronzo RA. The role of the free fatty acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity and non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 96-107.
85. Bonadonna RC, Groop L, Kraemer N, Ferrannini E, Del Prato S, DeFronzo RA. Obesity and insulin resistance in humans: a dose-response study. Metabolism 1990; 39: 452-459.
86. Howard B, Klimies J, Vasques B, Brady D, Nagulesparan M, Unger RH. The antilipolytic action of insulin in obese subjects with resistance to its glucoregulatory action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 58: 544-551.
87. Chen Y-DI, Golay A, Swislocki ALM, Reaven GM. Resistance to insulin suppression of plasma free fatty acid concentrations and insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 17-21.
88. Zancanaro C, Cigolini M, Bonora E, Moghetti P, Querena M, Muggeo M. Glucose and insulin suppression of plasma free fatty acids in obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance or mild, newly diagnosed Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest 1990; 13: 55-59.
89. Felber JP, Golay A, Felley C, Jecquier E. Regulation of glucose storage in obesity and diabetes: metabolic aspects. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988; 4: 691-700.
90. Coppack SW, Evans RD, Fischer RM, et al. Adipose tissue metabolism in obesity: lipase action in vivo before and after a mixed meal. Metabolism 1992; 41: 264-272.
91. Mårin P, Andersson B, Ottosson M, et al. The morphology and metabolism of intraabdominal adipose tissue in men. Metabolism 1992; 41: 1242-248.
92. Cohen JC, Hickman R. Insulin resistance and diminished glucose tolerance in power lifters ingesting anabolic steroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 960-971.
93. Vermeulen A. Androgens in the aging male. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 221-224.
94. Seidell JC, Björntorp P, Sjöström L, Kvist H, Sannerstedt R. Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin glucose and C-peptide levels, but negatively with insulin levels. Metabolism 1990; 39: 897.
95. Mårin P, Holmäng S, Gustafsson C, et al. Androgen treatment of abdominally obese men. Obes Res 1993; 1: 245-251.
96. Holmäng A, Björntorp P. The effects of testosterone on insulin sensitivity in male rats. Acta Physiol Scand 1992; 146: 505-510.
97. Johannsson G, Mårin P, Lönn L, et al. Growth hormone treatment of abdominally obese men reduces abdominal fat mass, improves glucose and lipoprotein metabolism, and reduces diastolic blood pressure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 727-734.
98. Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Lapidus L, Lundgren H, Bengtsson C, Björntorp P. Low sex-hormone-binding globulin concentration as independent risk factor for development of NIDDM 12-yr follow-up of population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Diabetes 1991; 40: 123-128.
99. Polderman K, Gooren L, Asscheman H, Bakker A, Heine R. Induction of insulin resistance by androgens and estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 265-271.
100. Holmäng A, Svedberg J, Jennische E, Björntorp P. Effects of testosterone on muscle insulin sensitivity and morphology in female rats. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: E555-E560.
101. Rincon J, Holmäng A, Odegaard Wahlström E, et al. Mechanisms behind insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle after oophorectomy and additional testosterone treatment. Diabetes 1996; 45: 615-621.
102. Kumagai S, Holmäng A, Björntorp P. The effects of oestrogen and progesterone on insulin sensitivity in female rats. Acta Physiol Scand 1993; 149: 91-97.
103. Barrett-Connor E, Laakso M. Ischemic heart disease risk in post-menopausal women. Effects of estrogen use on glucose and insulin levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1990; 10: 531-534.
104. Holmäng A, Brzezinska Z, Björntorp P. Effects of hyperinsulinemia on muscle fiber composition and capillarization in rats. Diabetes 1993; 42: 1073-1081.
105. Holmäng A, Jennische E, Björntorp P. Rapid formation of capillary endothelial cells in rat skeletal muscle after exposure to insulin. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 206-211.
106. Björntorp P, Rosmond R, Holm G, Folkow B. Hypertension and the Metabolic Syndrome. J Hypertension (in press).
107. Rosmond R, Björntorp P. Blood pressure in relation to obesity, insulin and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in Swedish men. J Hypertension 1998; 16: 1721-1726.
108. Vague J, Vague P, Boyer J, Cloix M. Anthropometry of obesity, diabetes, adrenal, and beta-cell functions. Exc Med Int Congr 1970; 23: 517-525.
109. Björntorp P. Visceral fat accumulation: the missing link between psycho-social factors and cardiovascular disease? J Int Med 1991; 230: 195-201.
110. Gossain VV, Sherma NK, Srivastava L, Michelakis AM, Rovner DR. Hormonal effects of smoking. II: effects on plasma cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin. Am J Med Sci 1986; 291: 325-327.
111. Björntorp P, de Jounge K, Sjöström L, Sullivan L. The effect of physical training on insulin production in obesity. Metabolism 1970; 19: 631-638.
112. Hayashi T, Wojtaszewski JF, Goodyear LJ. Exercise regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: E1039-E1051.
113. Uno H, Tarara R, Else JG, Suleman MA, Sapolsky RM. Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates. J Neurosci 1989; 9: 1705-1711.