Patient-dependent beam-modifier physics in Monte Carlo photon dose calculations

Medical Physics

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 935-947

  Schach Von Wittenau, A E ^a   Bergstrom, P M ^a   Cox, L J ^a,b  

^a LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Monte Carlo; Photon dose calculation; Photon teletherapy; Radiation treatment planning

Indexed keywords

KINETIC ENERGY; KINETICS; MONTE CARLO METHODS; PHYSICAL THERAPY; RADIOTHERAPY;

DOSE CALCULATION; MONTE CARLO; MULTILEAF COLLIMATORS; PARTICLE PRODUCTION; PENCIL BEAM; PHOTON DOSE CALCULATION; PHOTON TELETHERAPY; RADIATION TREATMENT PLANNING; SECONDARY PARTICLES; TELETHERAPY;

PHOTONS;

ARTICLE; COLLIMATOR; DOSIMETRY; ELECTRON ACCELERATOR; ELECTRON BEAM; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; PHOTON; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION BEAM; RADIATION PHYSICS; SYSTEM ANALYSIS; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 0342748359     PISSN: 00942405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1118/1.598959     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. T. D. Bohm, P. M. DeLuca, Jr., L. J. Cox, R. L. Maughn, D. T. L. Jones, and A. Lennox, "Monte Carlo calculations to characterize the source for neutron therapy facilities," Med. Phys. 26, 783-792 (1999).
2. 10B neutron capture enhancement of fast neutron irradiations," Med. Phys. 25, 885-891 (1998).
3. J. J. DeMarco, T. D. Solberg, and J. B. Smathers, "A CT-based Monte Carlo simulation tool for dosimetry planning and analysis," Med. Phys. 25, 1-11 (1998).
4. C. M. Ma, B. A. Faddegon, D. W. O. Rogers, and T. R. Mackie, "Accurate characterization of Monte Carlo calculated electron beams for radiotherapy," Med. Phys. 24, 401-416 (1997).
5. C. L. Hartmann Siantar, P. M. Bergstrom, Jr., W. P. Chandler, L. Chase, L. J. Cox, T. P. Daly, D. Garrett, S. M. Hornstein, R. K. House, E. I. Moses, R. W. Patterson, J. A. Rathkopf, and A. E. Schach von Wittenau, "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's PEREGRINE project," XIIth International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy, edited by D. D. Leavitt and G. Starkschall (Advanced Medical Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin, 1997), pp. 19-22.
6. R. Zamenhof, E. Redmond II, G. Solares, D. Katz, K. Riley, S. Kiger, and O. Harling, "Monte Carlo-based treatment planning for boron neutron capture therapy using custom designed models automatically generated from CT data," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 35, 383-397 (1996).
7. O. A. Sauer, "Calculation of dose distributions in the vicinity of high-Z interfaces for photon beams," Med. Phys. 22, 1685-1690 (1995).
8. P. Keall and P. Hoban, "Accounting for primary electron scatter in x-ray beam convolution calculations," Med. Phys. 22, 1413-1418 (1995).
9. D. W. O. Rogers, A. F. Bielajew, T. R. Mackie, and S. S. Kubsad, "The OMEGA project: Treatment planning for electron-beam radiotherapy using Monte Carlo techniques," (abstract) Phys. Med. Biol. 35, 732 (1990).
10. T. R. Mackie, S. S. Kubsad, D. W. O. Rogers, and A. F. Bielajew, "The OMEGA project: Electron dose planning using Monte Carlo simulation," (abstract) Med. Phys. 17, 230 (1990).
11. W. P. Chandler, C. L. Hartmann-Siantar, and J. A. Rathkopf, "Calculation of radiation therapy dose using all particle Monte Carlo transport," U.S. Patent No. 5,870,697 (9 February, 1999).
12. R. G. Zamenhof, "Monte Carlo based treatment planning for neutron capture therapy," U.S. Patent No. 5,341,292 (23 August, 1994).
13. M. Vilches, J. C. Zapata, D. Guirado, D. Fernández, D. Burgos, and A. M. Lallena, "A method to determine the in-air spatial spread of clinical electron beams," Med. Phys. 26, 550-558 (1999).
14. A. R. Hounsell and J. M. Wilkinson, "Electron contamination and build-up doses in conformal radiotherapy fields," Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 43-55 (1999).
15. T. LoSasso, C. S. Chui, and C. C. Ling, "Physical and dosimetric aspects of a multileaf collimation system used in the dynamic mode for implementing intensity modulated radiotherapy," Med. Phys. 25, 1919-1927 (1998).
16. R. Sjögren and M. Karlsson, "Influence of electron contamination on in vivo surface dosimetry for high-energy photon beams," Med. Phys. 25, 916-921 (1998).
17. T. C. Zhu and J. R. Palta, "Electron contamination in 8 and 18 MV photon beams," Med. Phys. 25, 12-19 (1998).
18. M. J. Butson, T. P. Y. Wong, A. Law, M. Law, J. N. Mathur, and P. E. Metcalfe, "Magnetic repulsion of linear accelerator contaminates," Med. Phys. 23, 953-955 (1996).
19. A. Ahnesjö, L. Weber, and P. Nilsson, "Modeling transmission and scatter for photon beam attenuators," Med. Phys. 22, 1711-1729 (1995).
20. A. Ahnesjö, "Collimator scatter in photon therapy beams," Med. Phys. 22, 267-278 (1995).
21. E. J. Adams and A. R. Hounsell, "Changes to dose in the build-up region when using multileaf collimators in place of lead blocks supported on an accessory tray," Radiother. Oncol. 37, 225-229 (1995).
22. M. G. McKenna, X. G. Chen, M. D. Altschuler, and P. Bloch, "Calculation of the dose in the buildup region for high energy photon beam. Treatment planning when beam spoilers are employed," Radiother. Oncol. 34, 63-68 (1995).
23. B. E. Bjärngard, P. Vadash, and T. Zhu, "Doses near the surface in high-energy x-ray beams," Med. Phys. 22, 465-468 (1995).
24. S. J. Thomas, "The effect on wedge factors of scattered radiation from the wedge," Radiother. Oncol. 32, 271-272 (1994).
25. S. Heukelom, J. H. Lanson, and B. J. Mijnheer, "Wedge factor constituents of high energy photon beams: Field size and depth dependence," Radiother. Oncol. 30, 66-73 (1994).
26. K. E. Sixel and E. B. Podgorsak, "Buildup region and depth of dose maximum of megavoltage x-ray beams," Med. Phys. 21, 411-416 (1994).
27. W. A. Beckham, "Secondary electron scatter in radiotherapy: Implications for treatment fields in proximity to the lens of the eye and the testes," Phys. Med. Biol. 38, 1013-1018 (1993).
28. E. E. Klein and J. A. Purdy, "Entrance and exit dose regions for a CLINAC-2100C," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 27, 429-435 (1993).
29. H. Beauvais, A. Bridier, and A. Dutreix, "Characteristics of contamination electrons in high energy photon beams," Radiother. Oncol. 29, 308-316 (1993).
30. C. Fiorino, G. M. Cattaneo, A. del Vecchio, B. Longobardi, P. Signorotto, R. Calandrino, V. Fossati, and F. Volterrani, "Skin dose measurements for head and neck radiotherapy," Med. Phys. 19, 1263-1266 (1992).
31. T. G. Cochun, A. L. Boyer, C. E. Nyerick, and V. A. Otte, "Dosimetric characterisation of wedges mounted beyond the blocking tray," Med. Phys. 19, 187, 84 (1991).
32. B. M. Rao, S. G. Prasad, K. Parthasaradhi, Y. Lee, R. Ruparel, and R. Garces, "Investigation on the near surface dose for three 10-MV x-ray beam accelerators with emphasis on the reduction of electron contamination," Med. Phys. 15, 246-249 (1988).
33. R. Mohan, "Monte Carlo simulations of radiation treatment machine heads," in Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons, edited by T. M. Jenkins, M. R. Nelson, and A. Rindi (Plenum, New York, 1988), pp. 453-468.
34. P. H. Huang, L. M. Chin, and B. E. Bjämgard, "Scattered photons produced by beam-modifying filters," Med. Phys. 13, 57-63 (1986).
35. B. Nilsson and A. Brahme, "Electron contamination from photon beam collimators," Radiother. Oncol. 5, 235-244 (1986).
36. B. Nilsson, "Electron contamination from different materials in high energy photon beams." Phys. Med. Biol. 30, 139-151 (1985).
37. J. Van Dyk, "Broad beam attenuation of cobalt-60 gamma rays and 6-, 18-, and 25-MV x-rays by lead," Med. Phys. 13, 105-110 (1986).
38. E. D. Yorke, C. C. Ling, and S. Rustgi, "Air-generated electron contamination of 4 and 10 MV photon beams: A comparison of theory and experiment," Phys. Med. Biol. 30, 1305-1314 (1985).
39. G. Krithivas and S. N. Rao, "A study of the characteristics of radiation contaminants within a clinically useful beam," Med. Phys. 12, 764-768 (1985).
40. P. J. Biggs and M. D. Russell. "An investigation into the presence of secondary electrons in megavoltage photon beams," Phys. Med. Biol. 28, 1033-1043 (1983).
41. P. L. Petti, M. S. Goodman, J. M. Sisterson, P. J. Biggs, T. A. Gabriel, and R. Mohan, "Sources of electron contamination for the Clinac-35 25-MV photon beam," Med. Phys. 10, 856-861 (1983).
42. T. R. Mackie and J. W. Scrimger, "Contamination of a 15-MV photon beam by electrons and scattered photons," Radiology 144, 403-409 (1982).
43. C. C. Ling and P. J. Biggs, "Improving the buildup and depth-dose characteristics of high energy photon beams by using electron filters," Med. Phys. 6, 296-301 (1979).
44. max shift with field size in high energy photon beams," Med. Phys. 6, 291-295 (1979).
45. T. N. Padikal and J. A. Deye, "Electron contamination of a high-energy x-ray beam," Phys. Med. Biol. 23, 1086-1092 (1978).
46. A. F. Bielajew and D. W. O. Rogers, "Variance-reduction techniques," in Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons, edited by T. M. Jenkins, W. R. Nelson, and A. Rindi (Plenum, New York, 1988), pp. 407-409.
47. B. Fraass, K. Doppke, M. Hunt, G. Kutcher, G. Starkschall, R. Stern, and J. Van Dyk, "American Association of Physicists in Medicine Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 53: Quality assurance for clinical radiotherapy treatment planning," Med. Phys. 25, 1773-1829 (1998).
48. "Absorbed dose determination in photon and electron beams: An international code of practice," 2nd ed., Technical Report IAEA-TRS-277, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1997.
49. T. R. Mackie, P. Reckwerdt, T. McNutt, M. Gehring, and C. Sanders, "Photon beam dose calculations," in Teletherapy: Present and Future. Proceedings of the 1996 Summer School, edited by T. R. Mackie and J. R. Palta (Advanced Medical, Madison, Wisconsin, 1996), pp. 103-135.
50. B. A. Fraass, "Quality assurance for 3D treatment planning," in Teletherapy: Present and Future. Proceedings of the 1996 Summer School, edited by T. R. Mackie and J. R. Palta (Advanced Medical, Madison, Wisconsin, 1996), pp. 253-318.
51. "Use of computers in external beam radiation therapy procedures with high-energy photons and electrons," International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report No. 42 (ICRU, Bethesda, 1987).
52. J. Van Dyk, R. B. Barnett, J. E. Cygler, and P. C. Shragge, "Commissioning and quality assurance of treatment planning computers," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 26, 261-273 (1993).
53. J. R. Cunningham, "Quality assurance in dosimetry and treatment planning," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys., Suppl. 1 10, 105-109 (1984).
54. D. W. O. Rogers, B. A. Faddegon, G. X. Ding, C. M. Ma, J. We, and T. R. Mackie, "BEAM: A Monte Carlo code to simulate radiotherapy treatment units," Med. Phys. 22, 503-524 (1995).
55. C. M. Ma, P. Reckwerdt, M. Holmes, D. W. O. Rogers, B. Geiser, and B. Walters, "DOSXYZ User's Manual," Technical Report PIRS-509(b), National Research Council of Canada, 1995.
56. A. E. Schach von Wittenau, L. J. Cox, P. M. Bergstrom, Jr., W. P. Chandler, C. L. Hartmann Siantar, and R. Mohan, "Correlated histogram representation of Monte Carlo derived medical accelerator photon-output phase space," Med. Phys. 26, 1196-1211 (1999).
57. J. F. Briesmeister, "MCNP™ - a general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code," Technical Report LA-12625-M, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1997.
58. "Stopping powers for electrons and positrons," International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report No. 37 (ICRU, Bethesda, 1984).
59. H. H. Liu, T. R. Mackie, and E. C. McCullough, "Calculating output factors for photon beam radiotherapy using a convolution/superposition method based on a dual source photon beam model," Med. Phys. 24, 1975-1985 (1997).
60. D. E. Cullen, H. M. Chen, J. H. Hubbell, S. T. Perkins, E. F. Plechaty, J. A. Rathkopf, and J. H. Scofield, "Tables and graphs of photon-interaction cross sections from 10 eV to 100 GeV derived from the LLNL evaluated photon data library (EPDL)," Technical Report UCRL 50400 Vol. 6, Rev. 4, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1989.