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Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 457-468

Geography, race and nation: Remapping 'tropical' Australia, 1890-1930.

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EID: 0342534078     PISSN: 07273061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/HR9971140457     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (7)

References (117)
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    • In a sense I am describing the end of the medical discourse on settlement analyzed by Conevery Bolton, 'The Geography of Health and the Making of the American West: Arkansas and Missouri 1800-1850', A conference on 'Environmental Discourses in South Asia and Southeast Asia. ibid.
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    • For a preliminary account of the connections of medicine, race, and settlement policy in the tropical colonial world during this period, see Warwick Anderson, 'Disease, Race, and Empire', Bull. Hist. Med., 70 (1996), 62-67.
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    • Clive Moore's Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby emphasizes a continuing Pacific Islander presence. More generally, see Evans et al, eds
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    • Ahearne was merely echoing a medical convention of the late nineteenth century. In 1893, Dr E.A. Birch had asserted that 'under the circumstances of ordinary life, a tropical climate (of which India is a type) is inimical to the European constitution'. He could cite expert opinion that European children in such a depleting climate grow up 'slight, weedy, and delicate, over-precocious' (Birch, 'Influence of Warm Climates on the Constitution', in Andrew Davidson, ed., Hygiene and Diseases of Warm Climates [Edinburgh/London, 1893], pp. 4, 5).
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    • The reform Darwinist, Benjamin Kidd, was perhaps the most pessimistic of foreign commentators, and the most widely cited in Australia. The attempt to acclimatize the white man in the tropics. he advised, 'must be recognized as a blunder of the first magnitude. All experiments based on the idea are mere idle and empty enterprises doomed to failure' (Control of the Tropics [London 1898], 48)
    • The reform Darwinist, Benjamin Kidd, was perhaps the most pessimistic of foreign commentators, and the most widely cited in Australia. 'The attempt to acclimatize the white man in the tropics', he advised, 'must be recognized as a blunder of the first magnitude. All experiments based on the idea are mere idle and empty enterprises doomed to failure' (Control of the Tropics [London, 1898], p. 48).
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    • Note
    • I plan to discuss elsewhere the congruence of the older style of medical reasoning with an evolutionary anthropology that was emerging in Australia during this period. The contribution of historians to this discourse on race and environment also deserves investigation, but not here. It is worth noting, though, that the liberal historian and politician Charles H. Pearson had written his influential National Life and Character: A Forecast (London, 1893) while at the University of Melbourne. In this book he predicted that 'the black and yellow belt, which always encircles the globe between the Tropics, will extend its area, and deepen its color with time'. Pearson's work influenced Theodore Roosevelt, William Gladstone, and Houston Stewart Chamberlain. During the parliamentary debate on the Immigration Restriction Bill, Edmund Barton, Australia's first Prime Minister, quoted two passages from Pearson's book to justify efforts to hold back coloured races. Alfred Deakin, Australia's second Prime Minister, later praised Pearson for first warning of the 'Yellow Peril to Caucasian civilization, creeds, and politics' (quoted in J.M. Tregenza, Professor of Democracy [Melbourne, 1968], p. 234).
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    • Natural selection and climate in Northern Australia
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    • For Huntington's defence of his Australian predictions, see 'Natural Selection and Climate in Northern Australia', Economic Record, 5 (1929), 185-201;
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    • Rejoinder to Professor Huntington
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    • and R.W. Cilento, 'Rejoinder to Professor Huntington', Economic Record, 6 (1930), 127-132. (Wickens was the Commonwealth Statistician.)
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    • National identity and the gifted immigrant: A note on t. griffith Taylor, 1880-1963
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    • White labour in tropical agriculture: A great Australian experiment
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    • Searcy, a collector of customs at Darwin, did not believe that 'white men should actively engage in the cultivation of tropical products on the coast, or rivers, or swamps', for he was 'of the opinion that that can only be carried out by coloured labour' (p. 366)
    • Searcy, a collector of customs at Darwin, did not believe that 'white men should actively engage in the cultivation of tropical products on the coast, or rivers, or swamps', for he was 'of the opinion that that can only be carried out by coloured labour' (p. 366).
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    • Influence of climate, disease and surroundings on the white Race Living in the Tropics
    • 595
    • Anton Breinl, 'Influence of Climate, Disease and Surroundings on the White Race Living in the Tropics', Med. J. Aust., i (1915), 595-600; p. 595.
    • (1915) Med. J. Aust. , vol.1 , pp. 595-600
    • Breinl, A.1
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    • Notes on a "white Australia"
    • A. Duckworth, 'Notes on a "White Australia"', J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. NSW, 44 (1910), 250.
    • (1910) J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. NSW , vol.44 , pp. 250
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    • On the development of this critique in contemporary United States tropical medicine and public health, PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania
    • On the development of this critique in contemporary United States tropical medicine and public health, see Warwick Anderson, 'Colonial Pathologies: American Medicine in the Philippines, 1898-1920', PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1992.
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    • The bancroft memorial lecture: The life and influence of joseph Bancroft
    • E. Ford, 'The Bancroft Memorial Lecture: The Life and Influence of Joseph Bancroft', Med. J. Aust., i (1961), 153-170
    • (1961) Med. J. Aust. , vol.1 , pp. 153-170
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    • Keep white the strain
    • For other accounts which touch on medical aspects of the White Australia policy and Michael Roe The Establishment of the Australian Department of Health: Its Background and Significance
    • For other accounts which touch on medical aspects of the White Australia policy, see Evans, 'Keep White the Strain', and Michael Roe, 'The Establishment of the Australian Department of Health: Its Background and Significance', Historical Studies, 67 (1976), 176-192
    • (1976) Historical Studies , vol.67 , pp. 176-192
    • Evans1
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    • Tropical Australia: Deputation from congress to the prime Minister
    • Melbourne, 103
    • 'Tropical Australia: Deputation from Congress to the Prime Minister," Transactions of the Australasian Medical Congress, 8th session, 1908 (Melbourne, 1909) vol. 4, pp.101, 103.
    • (1909) Transactions of the Australasian Medical Congress, 8th Session, 1908 , vol.4 , pp. 101
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    • In 1903 the University staff included five felows of the Royal Society, but they were over-burdened with teaching and had little research equipment. When Richard Berry took up his post in the anatomy department in 1906 he complained that the building 'contained literally nothing, not even a skeleton, though later I discovered quite a lot in the cupboard'. Like many others, he felt that 'research was practically deleted from university work' [Melbourne]
    • In 1903 the University staff included five felows of the Royal Society, but they were over-burdened with teaching and had little research equipment. When Richard Berry took up his post in the anatomy department in 1906 he complained that the building 'contained literally nothing, not even a skeleton, though later I discovered quite a lot in the cupboard'. Like many others, he felt that 'research was practically deleted from university work' (quoted in K.F. Russell, The Melbourne Medical School, 1862-1962 [Melbourne, 1972], p. 104).
    • (1972) The Melbourne Medical School, 1862-1962 , pp. 104
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    • 'Anton Breinl; Douglas, 'Dr Anton Breinl'; And Robert Douglas, 'One Day in the Medical Life of Queensland: The Opening of the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine
    • John Pearn, ed. (Brisbane
    • Harloe, 'Anton Breinl; Douglas, 'Dr Anton Breinl'; and Robert Douglas, 'One Day in the Medical Life of Queensland: The Opening of the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine', in John Pearn, ed., Pioneer Medicine in Australia (Brisbane, 1988).
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    • Some Problems of Tropical Medicine
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    • William McGregor, 'Some Problems of Tropical Medicine', Lancet, 4024 (13 October 1900), 1055-1061
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    • McGregor had previously been Governor of Nigeria
    • McGregor had previously been Governor of Nigeria.
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    • See R.B. Joyce, Sir William McGregor (Melbourne, 1971)
    • See R.B. Joyce, Sir William McGregor (Melbourne, 1971).
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    • The influence of climate, diseases and surroundings on the White Race Living in the Tropics
    • J.W. Springthorpe, ed. (Melbourne). Elsewhere in his remarkable textbook-which mixes the latest physiology with the race theories of Charles Pearson and Houston Stewart Chamberlain-Springthorpe, a lecturer in the Melbourne Medical Faculty, implied that results were already available: 'Contrary to previous beliefs', he reported, 'the acclimated non-alcoholic European can maintain mental and bodily activity without any inhibitory influence' (vol. 1, p. 214)
    • Anton Breinl, 'The Influence of Climate, Diseases and Surroundings on the White Race Living in the Tropics', in J.W. Springthorpe, ed., Therapeutics, Dietetics and Hygiene (Melbourne, 1914), vol.2, p. 996. Elsewhere in his remarkable textbook-which mixes the latest physiology with the race theories of Charles Pearson and Houston Stewart Chamberlain-Springthorpe, a lecturer in the Melbourne Medical Faculty, implied that results were already available: 'Contrary to previous beliefs', he reported, 'the acclimated non-alcoholic European can maintain mental and bodily activity without any inhibitory influence' (vol. 1, p. 214).
    • (1914) Therapeutics, Dietetics and Hygiene , vol.2 , pp. 996
    • Breinl, A.1
  • 105
    • 77953102736 scopus 로고
    • The Conquest of Climate
    • 8 April
    • and 'The Conquest of Climate', Med. J. Aust., i (8 April 1933), 421-432
    • (1933) Med. J. Aust. , vol.1 , pp. 421-432
  • 106
    • 0005139638 scopus 로고
    • '"Where Every Prospect Pleases and only Man is Vile": Laboratory Medicine as Colonial Discourse
    • (Cilento was a later director of the AITM.) The physiological research of the AITM generally replicated the work of the American Bureau of Science in the Philippines', in Vicente L. Rafael, ed. (Philadelphia
    • (Cilento was a later director of the AITM.) The physiological research of the AITM generally replicated the work of the American Bureau of Science in the Philippines: see Warwick Anderson, '"Where Every Prospect Pleases and Only Man is Vile": Laboratory Medicine as Colonial Discourse', in Vicente L. Rafael, ed., Discrepant Histories: Translocal Essays on Filipino Cultures (Philadelphia, 1995).
    • (1995) Discrepant Histories: Translocal Essays on Filipino Cultures
    • Anderson, W.1
  • 111
    • 85056291767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The problem of the settlement of tropical Australia
    • 288
    • Sir James Barrett, 'The Problem of the Settlement of Tropical Australia', in Twin Ideals, vol.2, pp. 286-91; p. 288.
    • Twin Ideals , vol.2 , pp. 286-291
    • Barrett, J.1
  • 112
    • 84956394717 scopus 로고
    • Tropical Australia
    • See also Sir James Barrett, 'Tropical Australia', United Empire, 16 (1925), 37-43.
    • (1925) United Empire , vol.16 , pp. 37-43
    • Barrett, J.1
  • 115
    • 77953083896 scopus 로고
    • Facts and figures regarding health and disease in northern Australia
    • See also his (Brisbane
    • See also his 'Facts and Figures regarding Health and Disease in Northern Australia', Transactions of the Australasian Medical Congress, 11th session, 1920 (Brisbane, 1921), 558-569
    • (1921) Transactions of the Australasian Medical Congress, 11th Session, 1920 , pp. 558-569
  • 116
    • 77953108737 scopus 로고
    • Tropical Australia
    • 14 March; p. 72
    • Sir James Barrett, 'Tropical Australia', Australian Quarterly, 24 (14 March 1934), 64-72; p. 72.
    • (1934) Australian Quarterly , vol.24 , pp. 64-72
    • Barrett, J.1


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