Demand-Based Development and Local Electoral Environments in Mexico

Comparative Politics

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2003, Pages

  Hiskey, Jonathan T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0242593253     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4150159     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Jonathan Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics," Journal of Democracy, 5 (April 1994), 105-16; Jonathan Fox, "Targeting the Poorest: The Role of the National Indigenous Institute in Mexico's Solidarity Program," in Wayne A. Cornelius, Ann L. Craig, and Jonathan Fox, eds., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico: The National Solidarity Strategy (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1994), pp. 179-216; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Safety Nets," Journal of Democracy, 6 (April 1995), 142-56; Carol Graham Safety Nets, Politics, and the Poor: Transitions to Market Economies (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1994); Carol Graham, "Mexico's Solidarity Program in Comparative Context: Demand-Based Poverty Alleviation Programs in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 309-27; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Protecting the Poor during Adjustment: Bolivia's Emergency Social Fund," World Development, 20 (September 1992), 1233-51; Margaret E. Grosh, Social Spending in Latin America: The Story of the 1980s (New York: World Bank, 1990).
2. Jonathan Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics," Journal of Democracy, 5 (April 1994), 105-16; Jonathan Fox, "Targeting the Poorest: The Role of the National Indigenous Institute in Mexico's Solidarity Program," in Wayne A. Cornelius, Ann L. Craig, and Jonathan Fox, eds., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico: The National Solidarity Strategy (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1994), pp. 179-216; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Safety Nets," Journal of Democracy, 6 (April 1995), 142-56; Carol Graham Safety Nets, Politics, and the Poor: Transitions to Market Economies (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1994); Carol Graham, "Mexico's Solidarity Program in Comparative Context: Demand-Based Poverty Alleviation Programs in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 309-27; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Protecting the Poor during Adjustment: Bolivia's Emergency Social Fund," World Development, 20 (September 1992), 1233-51; Margaret E. Grosh, Social Spending in Latin America: The Story of the 1980s (New York: World Bank, 1990).
3. Jonathan Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics," Journal of Democracy, 5 (April 1994), 105-16; Jonathan Fox, "Targeting the Poorest: The Role of the National Indigenous Institute in Mexico's Solidarity Program," in Wayne A. Cornelius, Ann L. Craig, and Jonathan Fox, eds., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico: The National Solidarity Strategy (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1994), pp. 179-216; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Safety Nets," Journal of Democracy, 6 (April 1995), 142-56; Carol Graham Safety Nets, Politics, and the Poor: Transitions to Market Economies (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1994); Carol Graham, "Mexico's Solidarity Program in Comparative Context: Demand-Based Poverty Alleviation Programs in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 309-27; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Protecting the Poor during Adjustment: Bolivia's Emergency Social Fund," World Development, 20 (September 1992), 1233-51; Margaret E. Grosh, Social Spending in Latin America: The Story of the 1980s (New York: World Bank, 1990).
4. Jonathan Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics," Journal of Democracy, 5 (April 1994), 105-16; Jonathan Fox, "Targeting the Poorest: The Role of the National Indigenous Institute in Mexico's Solidarity Program," in Wayne A. Cornelius, Ann L. Craig, and Jonathan Fox, eds., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico: The National Solidarity Strategy (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1994), pp. 179-216; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Safety Nets," Journal of Democracy, 6 (April 1995), 142-56; Carol Graham Safety Nets, Politics, and the Poor: Transitions to Market Economies (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1994); Carol Graham, "Mexico's Solidarity Program in Comparative Context: Demand-Based Poverty Alleviation Programs in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 309-27; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Protecting the Poor during Adjustment: Bolivia's Emergency Social Fund," World Development, 20 (September 1992), 1233-51; Margaret E. Grosh, Social Spending in Latin America: The Story of the 1980s (New York: World Bank, 1990).
5. Jonathan Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics," Journal of Democracy, 5 (April 1994), 105-16; Jonathan Fox, "Targeting the Poorest: The Role of the National Indigenous Institute in Mexico's Solidarity Program," in Wayne A. Cornelius, Ann L. Craig, and Jonathan Fox, eds., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico: The National Solidarity Strategy (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1994), pp. 179-216; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Safety Nets," Journal of Democracy, 6 (April 1995), 142-56; Carol Graham Safety Nets, Politics, and the Poor: Transitions to Market Economies (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1994); Carol Graham, "Mexico's Solidarity Program in Comparative Context: Demand-Based Poverty Alleviation Programs in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 309-27; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Protecting the Poor during Adjustment: Bolivia's Emergency Social Fund," World Development, 20 (September 1992), 1233-51; Margaret E. Grosh, Social Spending in Latin America: The Story of the 1980s (New York: World Bank, 1990).
6. Jonathan Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics," Journal of Democracy, 5 (April 1994), 105-16; Jonathan Fox, "Targeting the Poorest: The Role of the National Indigenous Institute in Mexico's Solidarity Program," in Wayne A. Cornelius, Ann L. Craig, and Jonathan Fox, eds., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico: The National Solidarity Strategy (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1994), pp. 179-216; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Safety Nets," Journal of Democracy, 6 (April 1995), 142-56; Carol Graham Safety Nets, Politics, and the Poor: Transitions to Market Economies (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1994); Carol Graham, "Mexico's Solidarity Program in Comparative Context: Demand-Based Poverty Alleviation Programs in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 309-27; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Protecting the Poor during Adjustment: Bolivia's Emergency Social Fund," World Development, 20 (September 1992), 1233-51; Margaret E. Grosh, Social Spending in Latin America: The Story of the 1980s (New York: World Bank, 1990).
7. Jonathan Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics," Journal of Democracy, 5 (April 1994), 105-16; Jonathan Fox, "Targeting the Poorest: The Role of the National Indigenous Institute in Mexico's Solidarity Program," in Wayne A. Cornelius, Ann L. Craig, and Jonathan Fox, eds., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico: The National Solidarity Strategy (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1994), pp. 179-216; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Safety Nets," Journal of Democracy, 6 (April 1995), 142-56; Carol Graham Safety Nets, Politics, and the Poor: Transitions to Market Economies (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1994); Carol Graham, "Mexico's Solidarity Program in Comparative Context: Demand-Based Poverty Alleviation Programs in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 309-27; Carol Graham, "The Politics of Protecting the Poor during Adjustment: Bolivia's Emergency Social Fund," World Development, 20 (September 1992), 1233-51; Margaret E. Grosh, Social Spending in Latin America: The Story of the 1980s (New York: World Bank, 1990).
8. Jonathan Fox is a notable exception. Much of the inspiration for this research came from his work on local politics in Latin America, such as Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics."
9. United Nations Development Programme, Overcoming Human Poverty: Poverty Report 2000 (New York: United Nations, 2000), pp. 18, 54.
10. For the most comprehensive treatment of PRONASOL, see Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds. Graham, for example, Safety Nets, Politics, and the Poor, has done extensive work on the rise of the demand-based approach to antipoverty programs in the 1990s.
11. Mitchell A. Seligson, "Trust, Efficacy, and Modes of Political Participation: A Study of Costa Rican Peasants," British Journal of Political Science, 10 (1980), 98.
12. Douglas Madsen, "A Structural Approach to the Explanation of Political Efficacy Levels under Democratic Regimes," American Journal of Political Science, 22 (December 1978), 867-83.
13. Charles Davis, "Political Regimes and the Socioeconomic Resource Model of Political Mobilization: Some Venezuelan and Mexican Data," Journal of Politics, 45 (April 1983), 422-48.
14. Charles Davis, Working-Class Mobilization and Political Control: Venezuela and Mexico (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1989), p. 154.
15. Michael Coppedge, "Parties and Society in Mexico and Venezuela: Why Competition Matters," Comparative Politics, 25 (September 1993), 264.
16. Kaare Strom, "Democracy as Political Competition," American Behavioral Scientist, 35 (1992), 391; also, Kaare Strom, "Inter-Party Competition in Advanced Democracies," Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1 (September 1989), 277-300.
17. Kaare Strom, "Democracy as Political Competition," American Behavioral Scientist, 35 (1992), 391; also, Kaare Strom, "Inter-Party Competition in Advanced Democracies," Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1 (September 1989), 277-300.
18. Andrew R. Nickson, Local Government in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995), p. 84.
19. Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., p. 264. Other accounts of the varying effects of PRONASOL in developing relations between civil society and municipal governments include Magdalena Lorandi Tavizon, Modelo de Participación Social: La Experiencia del Municipio de San Andres Cholula (Puebla: Universidad de las Americas, Puebla, 1995); Oscar Contreras and Vivienne Bennett, "National Solidarity in the Northern Borderlands: Social Participation and Community Leadership," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 281-305; and Alec Ian Gershberg, "Distributing Resources in the Education Sector: Solidarity's Escuela Digna Program," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 233-53.
20. Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., p. 264. Other accounts of the varying effects of PRONASOL in developing relations between civil society and municipal governments include Magdalena Lorandi Tavizon, Modelo de Participación Social: La Experiencia del Municipio de San Andres Cholula (Puebla: Universidad de las Americas, Puebla, 1995); Oscar Contreras and Vivienne Bennett, "National Solidarity in the Northern Borderlands: Social Participation and Community Leadership," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 281-305; and Alec Ian Gershberg, "Distributing Resources in the Education Sector: Solidarity's Escuela Digna Program," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 233-53.
21. Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., p. 264. Other accounts of the varying effects of PRONASOL in developing relations between civil society and municipal governments include Magdalena Lorandi Tavizon, Modelo de Participación Social: La Experiencia del Municipio de San Andres Cholula (Puebla: Universidad de las Americas, Puebla, 1995); Oscar Contreras and Vivienne Bennett, "National Solidarity in the Northern Borderlands: Social Participation and Community Leadership," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 281-305; and Alec Ian Gershberg, "Distributing Resources in the Education Sector: Solidarity's Escuela Digna Program," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 233-53.
22. Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., p. 264. Other accounts of the varying effects of PRONASOL in developing relations between civil society and municipal governments include Magdalena Lorandi Tavizon, Modelo de Participación Social: La Experiencia del Municipio de San Andres Cholula (Puebla: Universidad de las Americas, Puebla, 1995); Oscar Contreras and Vivienne Bennett, "National Solidarity in the Northern Borderlands: Social Participation and Community Leadership," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 281-305; and Alec Ian Gershberg, "Distributing Resources in the Education Sector: Solidarity's Escuela Digna Program," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds., pp. 233-53.
23. Sergio Mendez Cárdenas, "Municipio y gestión ambiental; El gobierno del PRD en Patzcuaro (1990-1992)," in Alicia Ziccardi, ed., La tarea de gobernar: Gobiernos locales y demandas ciudadanas (Mexico City: Miguel Angel Porrua, 1995).
24. Interviews with municipal officials from several municipalities in the state of Jalisco from January to March 1998 offered anecdotal support for both outcomes.
25. John Echeverri-Gent, "Public Participation and Poverty Alleviation: The Experience of Reform Communists in India's West Bengal," World Development, 20 (1992), 1401-22.
26. Jonathan Fox and Josefina Aranda, Decentralization and Rural Development in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1996).
27. World Bank, Entering the 21st Century: World Development Report 1999/ 2000 (Washington, D. C.: The World Bank, 2000), p. 121.
28. Claudio Veliz, The Centralist Tradition in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980).
29. Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics"; Arthur Morris and Stell Lowder, eds., Decentralization in Latin America: An Evaluation (New York: Praeger, 1992); George Peterson, Decentralization in Latin America: Learning through Experience (Washington, D. C.: The World Bank, 1997); Victoria E. Rodriguez, Decentralization in Mexico: From Reforma Municipal to Solidaridad in Mexico (Boulder: Westview Press, 1997); Blanca Torres, Decentralización y democracia en México (Mexico City: Colegio de México, 1986); Ziccardi, ed.
30. Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics"; Arthur Morris and Stell Lowder, eds., Decentralization in Latin America: An Evaluation (New York: Praeger, 1992); George Peterson, Decentralization in Latin America: Learning through Experience (Washington, D. C.: The World Bank, 1997); Victoria E. Rodriguez, Decentralization in Mexico: From Reforma Municipal to Solidaridad in Mexico (Boulder: Westview Press, 1997); Blanca Torres, Decentralización y democracia en México (Mexico City: Colegio de México, 1986); Ziccardi, ed.
31. Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics"; Arthur Morris and Stell Lowder, eds., Decentralization in Latin America: An Evaluation (New York: Praeger, 1992); George Peterson, Decentralization in Latin America: Learning through Experience (Washington, D. C.: The World Bank, 1997); Victoria E. Rodriguez, Decentralization in Mexico: From Reforma Municipal to Solidaridad in Mexico (Boulder: Westview Press, 1997); Blanca Torres, Decentralización y democracia en México (Mexico City: Colegio de México, 1986); Ziccardi, ed.
32. Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics"; Arthur Morris and Stell Lowder, eds., Decentralization in Latin America: An Evaluation (New York: Praeger, 1992); George Peterson, Decentralization in Latin America: Learning through Experience (Washington, D. C.: The World Bank, 1997); Victoria E. Rodriguez, Decentralization in Mexico: From Reforma Municipal to Solidaridad in Mexico (Boulder: Westview Press, 1997); Blanca Torres, Decentralización y democracia en México (Mexico City: Colegio de México, 1986); Ziccardi, ed.
33. While opposition victories clearly surged after the 1988 presidential elections, the growing strength of opposition parties, particularly the PAN, was evident by the early 1980s.
34. See Jonathan Fox, "The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico," World Politics, 46 (January 1995), 151-84; also, Chappell Lawson, "Mexico's Unfinished Transition: Democratization and Authoritarian Enclaves in Mexcio," Mexican Studies, 16 (April 2000), 267-88.
35. See Jonathan Fox, "The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico," World Politics, 46 (January 1995), 151-84; also, Chappell Lawson, "Mexico's Unfinished Transition: Democratization and Authoritarian Enclaves in Mexcio," Mexican Studies, 16 (April 2000), 267-88.
36. See, for example, Scott Mainwaring, Daniel Brinks, and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, "Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1945-1999," Studies in Comparative International Development, 36 (January 2001), 37-65.
37. For an excellent account of these practices in Jalisco, see Jorge Alonso, El rito electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopan: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993).
38. I accept to a point the notion that even in one-party-dominant regimes there are meaningful elements to elections, primarily through intraparty competition during the candidate selection process. V. O. Key makes a similar observation in his study of the U.S. South. He also, though, makes a very clear distinction between the South's "one-party factionalism" that produced what he viewed as an unorganized and personalistic type of politics and multiparty competition that organizes and injects greater elite accountability into politics. V O. Key, Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Random House, 1949).
39. Denise Dresser, "Bringing the Poor Back In: National Solidarity as a Strategy of Regime Legitimation," in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, eds.
40. Data for this analysis come from three sources. First, PRONASOL municipal spending data were culled from a database created by the ministry of social development (SEDESOL). These data include information on each of the more than 523,000 PRONASOL projects implemented during the six years of the program, including project cost, objective, and the target municipality. See Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, Hechos en solidaridad, 1989-1994, CD-Rom (Mexico City: Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, 1995); also, SEDESOL, Solidaridad: Seis años de trabajo (Mexico City: SEDESOL 1994); SEDESOL, Programa Nacional de Solidaridad: Información básica sobre la ejecución y desarrollo del programa (Mexico City: SEDESOL, 1994). Data for municipal elections in Jalisco and Michoacán were collected by the Centro de Estadistica y Documentación Electoral of the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa in Mexico City and supplemented by the author with data from the states' election councils. Municipal socioeconomic data come from the Mexican National Census Bureau, the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informática (INEGI). INEGI, XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 2000 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2001); 2000 census data available at www.inegi.gob.mx; INEGI, Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995: Jalisco, vols. 1-2 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990: Jalisco, vol. 1 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1991). Data for the municipalities of Michoacán were culled from that state's volumes of the same INEGI sources.
41. Data for this analysis come from three sources. First, PRONASOL municipal spending data were culled from a database created by the ministry of social development (SEDESOL). These data include information on each of the more than 523,000 PRONASOL projects implemented during the six years of the program, including project cost, objective, and the target municipality. See Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, Hechos en solidaridad, 1989-1994, CD-Rom (Mexico City: Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, 1995); also, SEDESOL, Solidaridad: Seis años de trabajo (Mexico City: SEDESOL 1994); SEDESOL, Programa Nacional de Solidaridad: Información básica sobre la ejecución y desarrollo del programa (Mexico City: SEDESOL, 1994). Data for municipal elections in Jalisco and Michoacán were collected by the Centro de Estadistica y Documentación Electoral of the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa in Mexico City and supplemented by the author with data from the states' election councils. Municipal socioeconomic data come from the Mexican National Census Bureau, the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informática (INEGI). INEGI, XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 2000 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2001); 2000 census data available at www.inegi.gob.mx; INEGI, Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995: Jalisco, vols. 1-2 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990: Jalisco, vol. 1 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1991). Data for the municipalities of Michoacán were culled from that state's volumes of the same INEGI sources.
42. Data for this analysis come from three sources. First, PRONASOL municipal spending data were culled from a database created by the ministry of social development (SEDESOL). These data include information on each of the more than 523,000 PRONASOL projects implemented during the six years of the program, including project cost, objective, and the target municipality. See Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, Hechos en solidaridad, 1989-1994, CD-Rom (Mexico City: Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, 1995); also, SEDESOL, Solidaridad: Seis años de trabajo (Mexico City: SEDESOL 1994); SEDESOL, Programa Nacional de Solidaridad: Información básica sobre la ejecución y desarrollo del programa (Mexico City: SEDESOL, 1994). Data for municipal elections in Jalisco and Michoacán were collected by the Centro de Estadistica y Documentación Electoral of the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa in Mexico City and supplemented by the author with data from the states' election councils. Municipal socioeconomic data come from the Mexican National Census Bureau, the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informática (INEGI). INEGI, XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 2000 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2001); 2000 census data available at www.inegi.gob.mx; INEGI, Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995: Jalisco, vols. 1-2 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990: Jalisco, vol. 1 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1991). Data for the municipalities of Michoacán were culled from that state's volumes of the same INEGI sources.
43. Data for this analysis come from three sources. First, PRONASOL municipal spending data were culled from a database created by the ministry of social development (SEDESOL). These data include information on each of the more than 523,000 PRONASOL projects implemented during the six years of the program, including project cost, objective, and the target municipality. See Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, Hechos en solidaridad, 1989-1994, CD-Rom (Mexico City: Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, 1995); also, SEDESOL, Solidaridad: Seis años de trabajo (Mexico City: SEDESOL 1994); SEDESOL, Programa Nacional de Solidaridad: Información básica sobre la ejecución y desarrollo del programa (Mexico City: SEDESOL, 1994). Data for municipal elections in Jalisco and Michoacán were collected by the Centro de Estadistica y Documentación Electoral of the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa in Mexico City and supplemented by the author with data from the states' election councils. Municipal socioeconomic data come from the Mexican National Census Bureau, the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informática (INEGI). INEGI, XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 2000 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2001); 2000 census data available at www.inegi.gob.mx; INEGI, Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995: Jalisco, vols. 1-2 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990: Jalisco, vol. 1 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1991). Data for the municipalities of Michoacán were culled from that state's volumes of the same INEGI sources.
44. Data for this analysis come from three sources. First, PRONASOL municipal spending data were culled from a database created by the ministry of social development (SEDESOL). These data include information on each of the more than 523,000 PRONASOL projects implemented during the six years of the program, including project cost, objective, and the target municipality. See Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, Hechos en solidaridad, 1989-1994, CD-Rom (Mexico City: Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, 1995); also, SEDESOL, Solidaridad: Seis años de trabajo (Mexico City: SEDESOL 1994); SEDESOL, Programa Nacional de Solidaridad: Información básica sobre la ejecución y desarrollo del programa (Mexico City: SEDESOL, 1994). Data for municipal elections in Jalisco and Michoacán were collected by the Centro de Estadistica y Documentación Electoral of the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa in Mexico City and supplemented by the author with data from the states' election councils. Municipal socioeconomic data come from the Mexican National Census Bureau, the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informática (INEGI). INEGI, XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 2000 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2001); 2000 census data available at www.inegi.gob.mx; INEGI, Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995: Jalisco, vols. 1-2 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990: Jalisco, vol. 1 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1991). Data for the municipalities of Michoacán were culled from that state's volumes of the same INEGI sources.
45. Data for this analysis come from three sources. First, PRONASOL municipal spending data were culled from a database created by the ministry of social development (SEDESOL). These data include information on each of the more than 523,000 PRONASOL projects implemented during the six years of the program, including project cost, objective, and the target municipality. See Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, Hechos en solidaridad, 1989-1994, CD-Rom (Mexico City: Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, 1995); also, SEDESOL, Solidaridad: Seis años de trabajo (Mexico City: SEDESOL 1994); SEDESOL, Programa Nacional de Solidaridad: Información básica sobre la ejecución y desarrollo del programa (Mexico City: SEDESOL, 1994). Data for municipal elections in Jalisco and Michoacán were collected by the Centro de Estadistica y Documentación Electoral of the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa in Mexico City and supplemented by the author with data from the states' election councils. Municipal socioeconomic data come from the Mexican National Census Bureau, the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informática (INEGI). INEGI, XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 2000 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2001); 2000 census data available at www.inegi.gob.mx; INEGI, Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995: Jalisco, vols. 1-2 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990: Jalisco, vol. 1 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1991). Data for the municipalities of Michoacán were culled from that state's volumes of the same INEGI sources.
46. Data for this analysis come from three sources. First, PRONASOL municipal spending data were culled from a database created by the ministry of social development (SEDESOL). These data include information on each of the more than 523,000 PRONASOL projects implemented during the six years of the program, including project cost, objective, and the target municipality. See Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, Hechos en solidaridad, 1989-1994, CD-Rom (Mexico City: Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, 1995); also, SEDESOL, Solidaridad: Seis años de trabajo (Mexico City: SEDESOL 1994); SEDESOL, Programa Nacional de Solidaridad: Información básica sobre la ejecución y desarrollo del programa (Mexico City: SEDESOL, 1994). Data for municipal elections in Jalisco and Michoacán were collected by the Centro de Estadistica y Documentación Electoral of the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa in Mexico City and supplemented by the author with data from the states' election councils. Municipal socioeconomic data come from the Mexican National Census Bureau, the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informática (INEGI). INEGI, XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 2000 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2001); 2000 census data available at www.inegi.gob.mx; INEGI, Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995: Jalisco, vols. 1-2 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990: Jalisco, vol. 1 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1991). Data for the municipalities of Michoacán were culled from that state's volumes of the same INEGI sources.
47. SEDESOL, Solidaridad: Seis años de trdbajo.
48. Specified as follows: (Percent population receiving service in 1995 - Percent population receiving service in 1990) / Percent population receiving service in 1990.
49. For example, for a municipality with a basic service index value of 295 in 1990, the highest possible value for the change variable (300-295)/295 is .016. Thus, by including the 1990 basic service index as an independent variable, the model will take the initially high value of 1990 into account as a predictor of the 1995 value, ameliorating somewhat this problem.
50. That PRONASOL spending had an independent positive impact on basic service provision is itself an important finding, given the numerous critiques of the program and the often overt political use of program funds.
51. Interviews in Cuquío, Jalisco took place between January and March 1998. Funding for this portion of the research was provided by the Fulbright Commission and the Inter-American Foundation.
52. Data for this section are drawn from INEGI's 1991 and 1996 census publications, which provide basic service information at the submunicipal (localidad) level. See INEGI, Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995: Jalisco, volume 1, and INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990: Jalisco, volume 2.
53. Data for this section are drawn from INEGI's 1991 and 1996 census publications, which provide basic service information at the submunicipal (localidad) level. See INEGI, Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995: Jalisco, volume 1, and INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990: Jalisco, volume 2.
54. Data for this section were compiled from SEDESOL, Hechos en solidaridad.
55. Fox and Aranda, pp. 45-50.
56. Ibid., pp. 1-2.
57. See Elizabeth J. Remick, "The Significance of Variation in Local States: The Case of Twentieth Century China," Comparative Politics, 34 (July 2002), 399-418; Richard Snyder, "Scaling Down: The Subnational Comparative Method," Studies in Comparative International Development, 36 (Spring 2001), 93-110.
58. See Elizabeth J. Remick, "The Significance of Variation in Local States: The Case of Twentieth Century China," Comparative Politics, 34 (July 2002), 399-418; Richard Snyder, "Scaling Down: The Subnational Comparative Method," Studies in Comparative International Development, 36 (Spring 2001), 93-110.
59. Jonathan Isham, Daniel Kaufmann, and Lant H. Pritchett, "Civil Liberties, Democracy, and the Performance of Government Projects," The World Bank Economic Review, 11 (April 1997), 237.
60. I b i d.