Relationship between Clock-Drawing and Neuropsychological and Functional Status in Elderly Institutionalized Patients with Schizophrenia

American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 621-628

  Lowery, Natasha ^a   Giovanni, Lauren ^b   Mozley, Lyn Harper ^b   Arnold, Steven E ^b   Bilker, Warren B ^b   Gur, Raquel E ^b   Moberg, Paul J ^b  

^a HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADULT; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRAWING; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL HOSPITAL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; OBSERVER VARIATION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RATING SCALE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SKILL; TIME PERCEPTION;

EID: 0242575240     PISSN: 10647481     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019442-200311000-00006     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Freedman M, Leach L, Kaplan E: Clock-Drawing: A Neuropsychological Analysis. New York, Oxford University Press, 1994
2. Herrmann N, Kidron D, Shulman KI, et al: Clock tests in depression, Alzheimer's disease, and elderly controls. Int J Psychiatry Med 1998; 28:437-447
3. Esteban-Santillan C, Praditsuwan R, Ueda H, et al: Clock drawing test in very mild Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46:1266-1269
4. Stahelin HB, Monsch AU, Spiegel R: Early diagnosis of dementia using a two-step screening and diagnostic procedure. Int Psychogeriatr 1997; 9:123-130
5. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: "Mini-Mental State": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinical. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12:189-198
6. Kirby M, Denihan A, Bruce I, et al: The clock drawing test in primary care: sensitivity in dementia detection and in dementia detection and specificity against normal and depressed elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16:935-940
7. Heinik J, Solomesh I, Raikher B, et al: Can clock drawing test help to differentiate between dementia of the Alzheimer's type and vascular dementia? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17:699-703
8. Bozikas VP, Kosmidis MH, Kourtis A, et al: Clock drawing test in institutionalized patients with schizophrenia compared with Alzheimer's disease patients. Schizophr Res 2003; 59:173-179
9. Heinik J, Lahav D, Drummer D, et al: Comparison of a clock drawing test in elderly schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease patients: a preliminary study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15:638-643
10. Heinik J, Vainer-Benaiah Z, Lahav D, et al: Clock drawing test in elderly schizophrenia patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 12:653-655
11. Herrman N, Kidron D, Shulman KI, et al: The use of clock tests in schizophrenia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1999; 21:70-73
12. Tracy JI, DeLeon J, Doonan R, et al: Clock drawing in schizophrenia. Psychol Rep 1996; 79:923-928
13. Cahn-Weiner DA, Sullivan EV, Shear PK, et al: Brain structural and cognitive correlates of clock drawing performance in Alzheimer's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1999; 5:502-509
14. Harvey PD, Sukhodolsky D, Parrella MN, et al: The association between adaptive and cognitive deficits in geriatric chronic schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 1997; 27:211-218
15. Harvey PD, Howanitz E, Parrella M, et al: Symptoms, cognitive functioning, and adaptive skills in geriatric patients with lifelong schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:1080-1086
16. Kurtz MM, Moberg PJ, Harper Mozley L, et al: Cognitive impairment and functional status in elderly institutionalized patients with schizophrenia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16:631-638
17. Perlick D, Mattis S, Stastny P et al: Neuropsychological discriminators of long term inpatient or outpatient status in chronic schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992; 4:428-434
18. Poole JH, Ober BA, Shenaut GK, et al: Independent frontal-system deficits in schizophrenia: cognitive, clinical, and adaptive implications. Psychiatry Res 1999; 85:161-176
19. Green MF: What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:321-330
20. Suhr JA, Grace J: Brief cognitive screening of right hemisphere stroke: relation to functional outcome. Arch Med Rehab 1999: 80:773-776
21. Adunsky A, Fleissig Y, Levenkrohn S, et al: A comparative study of Mini-Mental test, clock drawing task, and cognitive-FIM in evaluating functional outcome of elderly hip fracture patients. Clin Rehab 2002; 16:414-419
22. Heinik J, Solomesh S, Shein V, et al: Clock drawing test in mild and moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17:480-485
23. Bush C, Kozak J, Elmslie T: Screening for cognitive impairment in the elderly Can Fam Physician 1997; 43:1763-1768
24. Patterson TL, Klapow JC, Eastham JH, et al: Correlates of functional status in older patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1998; 80:41-52
25. Rouleau I, Salmon DP, Butters N, et al: Quantitative qualitative analyses of clock drawings in Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Brain Cogn 1992; 18:70-87
26. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1994
27. Arnold SE, Gur RE, Shapiro RM, et al: Prospective clinicopathological studies of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:731-737
28. Resnick SM: Matching for age and education in studies of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 47:1066-1072
29. Goodglass H, Kaplan, E: The Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders. Philadelphia, Lea & Feibiger, 1972
30. Shulman KI: Clock drawing: is it the ideal cognitive screening test? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15:548-561
31. South MB, Grey KW, Bianchini KJ, et al: Interrater reliability of three clock drawing test scoring systems. Appl Neuropsychol 2001; 8:174-179
32. Libon D, Malamut BL, Swenson R, et al: Further analyses of clock drawing among demented and nondemented older subjects. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1996; 11:193-205
33. Landis JR, Koch GG: The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977; 33:159-174
34. Morris JC, Heyman A, Mohs RC, et al: The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), part I: clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1989; 39:1159-1164
35. Davidson M, Harvey PD, Welsh K, et al: Cognitive impairment in late-life schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:1274-1279
36. Weigl, E: On the psychology of so-called processes of abstraction. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 1941; 36:3-33
37. Wechsler D: A standardized memory scale for clinical use. J Psychol 1945; 19:87-95
38. Wechsler, D. WAIS-R Manual. New York, The Psychological Corporation, 1981
39. Thaler M: Relationship among Wechsler, Weigl, Rorschach, EEG findings, and abstract-concrete behavior in a group of normal aged subjects. J Gerontol 1956; 11:404-409
40. Wilkinson IM, Graham-White J: Psychogeriataric Dependency Rating Scale (PGDRS): a method of assessment for use by nurses. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 137:558-565
41. Black DN, Stip E, Bedard M, et al: Leukotomy revisited: late cognitive and behavioral effects in chronic institutionalized schizophrenics. Schizophr Res 2000; 43:57-64
42. Richardson HE, Glass JN: A comparison of scoring protocols on the clock drawing test in relation to ease of use, diagnostic group, and correlations with Mini-Mental State Exam. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50:169-173
43. Rouleau I, Salmon DP, Butters N: Longitudinal analysis of clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease patients. Brain Cogn 1996; 31:17-34
44. Royall DR, Cordes JA, Polk M: CLOX: an executive clock drawing task. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 64:588-594
45. Ino T, Asada T, Ito J, et al: Parieto-frontal networks for clock drawing revealed with fMRI. Neurosci Res 2003; 45:71-77
46. Ferrucci L, Cecchi F, Guralnik JM: Does the clock drawing test predict cognitive decline in order persons independent of the Mini-Mental State Exam? J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:1326-1331