Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with luteal phase dosing of sertraline

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 4, Issue 11, 2003, Pages 2065-2078

  Halbreich, Uriel ^a   Kahn, Linda S ^a  

^a Department of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Menstrual cycle; Premenstrual dysphoric disorder; Premenstrual syndrome; Serotonergic re uptake inhibitors; Sertraline; Treatment

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ALPRAZOLAM; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BUSPIRONE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLOZAPINE; DANAZOL; DESIPRAMINE; FLUOXETINE; IMIPRAMINE; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM; MIFEPRISTONE; NEFAZODONE; NORCLOZAPINE; NORSERTRALINE; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; PROGESTERONE; SEROTONIN AGONIST; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; THYROID HORMONE DERIVATIVE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VENLAFAXINE; WARFARIN;

BREAST FEEDING; CARDIOTOXICITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONVULSION; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DIARRHEA; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG COST; DRUG CROSS REACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG OVERDOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; FATIGUE; FEMALE; FIRST PASS EFFECT; FOLLICULAR PHASE; HEADACHE; HIGH RISK PREGNANCY; HUMAN; LUTEAL PHASE; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; NAUSEA; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER; PRESCRIPTION; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; REVIEW; SEROTONIN SYNDROME; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SLEEP DISORDER; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; WEIGHT GAIN; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; XEROSTOMIA;

ADULT; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LUTEAL PHASE; PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS; SERTRALINE;

EID: 0242574969     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.4.11.2065     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. HALBREICH U, ENDICOTT J, SCHACHT S, NEE J: The diversity of premenstrual changes as reflected in the Premenstrual Assessment Form. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (1982) 65(1):46-65.
2. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS (ACOG): Premenstrual Syndrome. Washington DC, ACOG (2000).
3. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn), American Psychiatric Press, Inc., Washington DC, USA (1994).
4. STERNFELD B, SWINDLER, CHAWLA A, LONG S, KENNEDY S: Severity of premenstrual symptoms in a health maintenance organization population. Obstet. Gynecol. (2002) 99(6):1014-1024.
5. ROCA CA, SCHMIDT PJ, RUBINOW DR: A follow-up study of premenstrual syndrome. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1999) 60(11):763-766.
6. WITTCHEN HU, BECKER E, LIEB R, KRAUSE P: Prevalence, incidence and stability of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the community. Psychol. Med. (2002) 32(1):119-132.
7. HALBREICH U, BORENSTEIN J, PEARLSTEIN T, KAHN LS: The prevalence, impairment, impact, and burden of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS/PMDD). Pychoneuroendocrinology (2003) 28(Suppl. 3):1-23.
8. CHAWLA A, SWINDLE R, LONG S, KENNEDY S, STERNFELD B: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: is there an economic burden of illness? Med. Care. (2002) 40(11):1101-1112.
9. COHEN LS, SOARES CN, OTTO MW et al.: Prevalence and predictors of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in older premenopausal women. The Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles. J. Affect. Disord. (2002) 70(2):125-132.
10. DEUSTER PA, ADERA T, SOUTH-PAUL J: Biological, social, and behavioral factors associated with premenstrual syndrome. Arch. Fam. Med. (1999) 8(2):122-128.
11. ANGST J, SELLARO R, MERIKANGAS KR, ENDICOTT J: The epidemiology of perimenstrual psychological symptoms. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (2001) 104(2):110-116.
12. SVEINDOTTIR H, BACKSTROM T: Prevalence of menstrual cycle symptom cyclicity and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a random sample of women using and not using oral contraceptives. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. (2000) 79(5):405-413.
13. RIVERA-TOVAR AD, FRANK E: Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in young women. Am. J. Psychiatry (1990) 147(12):1634-1636.
14. GEHLERT S, HARTLAGE S: A design for studying the DSM-IV research criteria of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynecol. (1997) 18(1):36-44.
15. CAMPBELL EM, PETERKIN D, O'GRADY K, SANSON-FISHER R: Premenstrual symptoms in general practice patients. Prevalence and treatment. J. Reprod. Med. (1997) 42(10):637-646.
16. JOHNSON SR, MCCHESNEY C, BEAN JA: Epidemiology of premenstrual symptoms in a nonclinical sample. I. Prevalence, natural history and help-seeking behavior. J. Reprod. Med. (1988) 33(4):340-346.
17. ANDERSCH B, WENDERSTAM C, HAHN L: Prevalence of premenstrual symptoms in a Swedish urban population. J. Psychosom Obstet. Gynaecol. (1986) 5:39.
18. WOODS NF, MOST A, DERY GK: Prevalence of perimenstrual symptoms. Am. J. Public Health (1982) 72(11):1257-1264.
19. RAMCHARAN S, LOVE EJ, FICK GH, GOLDFIEN A: The epidemiology of premenstrual symptoms in a population-based sample of 2650 urban women: attributable risk and risk factors. J. Clin. Epidemiol. (1992) 45(4):377-392.
20. HALBREICH U: Premenstrual dysphoric disorders, anxiety, and depressions: vulnerability traits or comorbidity [letter]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1995) 52(7):606.
21. HALBREICH U, ENDICOTT J: The relationship of dysphoric premenstrual changes to depressive disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (1985) 71(4):331-338.
22. KASHIWAGI T, MCCLURE JN, WETZEL R: Premenstrual affective syndrome and psychiatric disorder. Dis. Nerv. Syst. (1976) 37:116-119.
23. SCHUCKIT MA, DALY V, HERMAN G, HINEMAN S: Perimenstrual symptoms and depression in a university population. Dis. Nerv. Syst. (1975) 36:560-517.
24. WENTZEL JN, REICH T, MCCLURE JM, WALD I: Premenstrual affective syndrome and affective disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry (1975) 127:219-221.
25. HARRISON WM, ENDICOTT J, NEE J, GLICK H, RABKIN JG: Characteristics of women seeking treatment for premenstrual syndrome. Psychosomatics (1989) 30(4):405-411.
26. PEARLSTEIN TB, FRANK E, RIVERA-TOVAR A et al.: Prevalence of axis I and axis II disorders in women with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. J. Affect. Disord. (1990) 20:129-134.
27. HALBREICH U, KAHN LS: Depression in Menopausal Women. In: Depression in Menopausal Women. Genazzani AR (Ed.), Parthenon Publishers, Lancaster, UK (2003).
28. SUGAWARA M, TODA MA, SHIMA S et al.: Premenstrual mood changes and maternal mental health in pregnancy and the postpartum period. J. Clin. Psychol. (1997) 53(3):225-232.
29. HALBREICH U: Premenstrual dysphoric disorders: a diversified cluster of vulnerability traits to depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (1997) 95(3):169-176.
30. HALBREICH U: The etiology, biology, and evolving pathology (phila) of Premenstrual Syndromes. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2003) 28(Supp. 3):5-99.
31. FREEMAN EW, RICKELS K, SONDHEIMER SJ, POLANSKY M: Differential response to antidepressants in women with premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1999) 56(10):932-939.
32. FREEMAN EW. Current update of hormonal and psychotropic drug treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. (2002) 4(6):435-440.
33. MITWALLY MF, KAHN LS, HALBREICH U: Pharmacotherapy of premenstrual syndromes and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: current practices. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2002) 3(11):1577-1590.
34. HALBREICH U: The pathophysiologic background for current treatments of premenstrual syndromes. Curr. Psychiatry Reports (2002) 4(6):429-434.
35. PEARLSTEIN T: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual dysphoric disorder: the emerging gold standard? Drugs (2002) 62(13):1869-1885.
36. COHEN L, MINER C, BROWN E et al.: Premenstrual daily fluoxetine for premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a placebo-controlled, clinical trial using computerized diaries. Obstet. Gynecol (2002) 100(3):435-444.
37. MINER C, BROWN E, MCCRAY S, GONZALES J, WOHLREICH M: Weekly luteal-phase dosing with enteric-coated fluoxetine 90 mg in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled clinical trial. Clin. Ther. (2002) 24(3):417-433.
38. STEINER M, STEINBERG S, STEWART D et al.: Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. Canadian Fluoxetine/Premenstrual Dysphoria Collaborative Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 332(23):1529-1534.
39. WOOD SH, MORTOLA JF, CHAN YF, MOOSSAZADEH F, YEN SS: Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with fluoxetine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Obstet. Gynecol. (1992) 80(3 Pt 1):339-44.
40. MENKES DB, TAGHAVI E, MASON PA, HOWARD RC: Fluoxetine's spectrum of action in premenstrual syndrome. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1993) 8(2):95-102.
41. SU TP, SCHMIDT PJ, DANACEAU MA et al.: Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. Neuropsychopharmacology (1997) 16(5):346-356.
42. OZEREN S, CORAKCI A, YUCESOY I, MERCAN R, ERHAN G: Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. (1997) 73(2):167-170.
43. STONE AB, PEARLSTEIN TB, BROWN WA: Fluoxetine in the treatment of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry. (1991) 52(7):290-293.
44. PEARLSTEIN TB, STONE AB, LUND SA et al.: Comparison of fluoxetine, bupropion, and placebo in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1997) 17(4):261-266.
45. PEARLSTEIN T, YONKERS KA: Review of fluoxetine and its clinical applications in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2002) 3(7):979-991.
46. YONKERS KA, HALBRIECH U, FREEMAN E et al.: Symptomatic improvement of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with sertraline treatment. JAMA (1997) 278(12):983-988.
47. FREEMAN EW, RICKELS K, ARREDONDO F et al.: Full- or half-cycle treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome with a serotonergic antidepressant. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1999) 19(1):3-8.
48. JERMAIN DM, PREECE CK, SYKES RL, KUEHL TJ, SULAK PJ: Luteal phase sertraline treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Arch. Fam. Med. (1999) 8(4):328-332.
49. YOUNG SA, HURT PH, BENEDEK DM, HOWARD RS: Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with sertraline during the luteal phase: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1998) 59(2):76-80.
50. HALBREICH U, SMOLLER JW: Intermittent luteal phase sertraline treatment of dysphoric premenstrual syndrome. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1997) 58(9):399-402.
51. HALBREICH U, BERGERON R, YONKERS KA et al.: Efficacy of intermittent, luteal phase sertraline treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Obstet. Gynecol. (2002) 100(6):1219-1229.
52. ERIKSSON E, HEDBERG MA, ANDERSCH B, SUNDBLAD C: The serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is superior to the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor maprotiline in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Neuropsychopharmacology (1995) 12(2):167-176.
53. SUNDBLAD C, WIKANDER I, ANDERSCH B, ERIKSSON E: A naturalistic study of paroxetine in premenstrual syndrome: efficacy and side-effects during ten cycles of treatment. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. (1997) 7(3):201-206.
54. YONKERS KA, GULLION C, WILLIAMS A, NOVAK K, RUSH AJ: Paroxetine as a treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1996) 16(1):3-8.
55. WIKANDER I, SUNDBLAD C, ANDERSCH B et al.: Citalopram in premenstrual dysphoria: is intermittent treatment during luteal phases more effective than continuous medication throughout the menstrual cycle? J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1998) 18(5):390-398.
56. FREEMAN EW, JABARA S, SONDHEIMER SJ, AULETTO R: Citalopram in PMS patients with prior SSRI treatment failure: a preliminary study. J. Women Health Gend. Based Med. (2002) 11(5):459-464.
57. ERIKSSON E, LISJO P, SUNDBLAD C et al.: Effect of domipramine on premenstrual syndrome. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (1990) 81(1):87-88.
58. SUNDBLAD C, MODIGH K, ANDERSCH B, ERIKSSON E: Clomipramine effectively reduces premenstrual irritability and dysphoria: a placebo-controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (1992) 85(1):39-47.
59. SUNDBLAD C, HEDBERG MA, ERIKSSON E: Clomipramine administered during the luteal phase reduces die symptoms of premenstrual syndrome: a placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology (1993) 9(2):133-145.
60. FREEMAN EW, RICKELS K, YONKERS KA et al.: Venlafaxine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Obstet. Gynecol. (2001) 98(5 Pt 1):737-744.
61. LANDEN M, ERIKSSON O, SUNDBLAD C et al.: Compounds with affinity for serotonergic receptors in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria: a comparison of buspirone, nefazodone and placebo. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) (2001) 155(3):292-298.
62. MILLER MN, MILLER BE, CHINOUTH R, COYLE BR, BROWN GR: Increased premenstrual dosing of nefazodone relieves premenstrual magnification of depression. Depress. Anxiety (2002) 15(1):48-51.
63. FREEMAN EW RICKELS K, SONDHEIMER SJ et al.: Nefazodone in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a preliminary study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1994) 14(3):180-186.
64. STEINBERG S, ANNABLE L, YOUNG SN, LIYANAGE N: A placebo-controlled clinical trial of L-tryptophan in premenstrual dysphoria. Biol. Psychiatry (1999) 45(3):313-320.
65. HARRISON WM, ENDICOTT J, NEE J: Treatment of premenstrual dysphoria with alprazolam. A controlled study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1990) 47(3):270-275.
66. EVANS SM, HANEY M, LEVIN FR, FOLTIN RW, FISCHMAN MW: Mood and performance changes in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: acute effects of alprazolam. Neuropsychopharmacology (1998) 19(6):499-516.
67. SMITH S, RINEHART JS, RUDDOCK VE, SCHIFF I: Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with alprazolam: results of a double- blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover clinical trial. Obstet. Gynecol. (1987) 70(1):37-43.
68. FREEMAN EW, RICKELS K, SONDHEIMER SJ, POLANSKY MP: A double-blind trial of oral progesterone, alprazolam, and placebo in treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome. JAMA (1995) 274(1):51-57.
69. BERGER CP, PRESSER B: Alprazolam in the treatment of two subsamples of patients with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Obstet. Gynecol. (1994) 84(3):379-85.
70. SCHMIDT PJ, GROVER GN, RUBINOW DR: Alprazolam in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1993) 50(6):467-473.
71. MUSE KN, CETEL NS, FUTTERMAN LA, YEN SC: The premenstrual syndrome. Effects of 'medical ovariectomy'. N. Engl. J. Med. (1984) 311(21):1345-1349.
72. FREEMAN EW, SONDHEIMER SJ, RICKELS K, ALBERT J: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in treatment of premenstrual symptoms with and without comorbidity of depression: a pilot study. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1993) 54(5):192-195.
73. MEZROW G, SHOUPE D, SPICER D et al.: Depot leuprolide acetate with estrogen and progestin add-back for long-term treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Fertil. Steril. (1994) 62(5):932-937.
74. LEATHER AT, STUDD JW, WATSON NR, HOLLAND EF: The treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome with goserelin with and without 'add-back' estrogen therapy: a placebo-controlled study. Gynecol. Endocrinol. (1999) 13(1):48-55.
75. WEST CP, HILLIER H: Ovarian suppression with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist goserelin (Zoladex) in management of the premenstrual tension syndrome. Hum. Reprod. (1994) 9(6):1058-1063.
76. HUSSAIN SY, MASSIL JH, MATTA WH, SHAW RW, O'BRIEN PM: Buserelin in premenstrual syndrome. Gynecol. Endocrinol. (1992) 6(1):57-64.
77. SUNDSTROM I, NYBERG S, BIXO M, HAMMARBACK S, BACKSTROM T: Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in a low dose regimen. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. (1999) 78(10):891-899.
78. HAMMARBACK S, BACKSTROM T: Induced anovulation as treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome: a double-blind crossover study with GnRH-agonists versus placebo. Acta Obtet. Gynecol. Scand. (1988) 67:159-166.
79. FREEMAN EW SONDHEIMER SJ, RICKELS K: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the treatment of premenstrual symptoms with and without ongoing dysphoria: a controlled study. Psychopharmacol. Bull. (1997) 33(2):303-309.
80. BROWN CS, LING FW, ANDERSEN RN, FARMER RG, ARHEART KL: Efficacy of depot leuprolide in premenstrual syndrome: effect of symptom severity and type in a controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol. (1994) 84(5):779-786.
81. SARNO AP Jr, MILLER EJ Jr, LUNDBLAD EG: Premenstrual syndrome: beneficial effects of periodic, low-dose danazol. Obstet. Gynecol. (1987) 70(1):33-36.
82. HALBREICH U, ROJANSKY N, PALTER S: Elimination of ovulation and menstrual cyclicity (with danazol) improves dysphoric premenstrual syndromes. Fertil. Steril. (1991) 56(6):1066-1069.
83. O'BRIEN PM, ABUKHALIL IE: Randomized controlled trial of the management of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual mastalgia using luteal phase-only danazol. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (1999) 180(1 Pt 1):18-23.
84. PICKERSGILL A: GnRH agonists and add-back therapy: is there a perfect combination? Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (1998) 105(5):475-485.
85. MITWALLY MF, GOTLIEB L, CASPER RF: Prevention of bone loss and hypoestrogenic symptoms by estrogen and interrupted progestogen add-back in long-term GnRH-agonist down-regulated patients with endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome. Menopause (2002) 9(4):236-241.
86. STUDD J, LEATHER AT: The need for add-back with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist therapy. Brit. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (1996) 103(Suppl. 14):1-4.
87. MORTOLA JF, GIRTON L, FISCHER U: Successful treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome by combined use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and estrogen/progestin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1991) 72(2):252A-252F.
88. KOURI EM, HALBREICH U: State and trait serotonergic abnormalities in women with dysphoric premenstrual syndromes. Psychopharmacol. Bull. (1997) 33(4):767-770.
89. ASHBY CR Jr, CARR LA, COOK CL, STEPTOE MM, FRANKS DD: Alteration of platelet serotonergic mechanisms and monoamine oxidase activity in premenstrual syndrome. Biol. Psychiatry (1988) 24(2):225-233.
90. TAYLOR DL, MATHEW RJ, HO BT, WEINMAN ML: Serotonin levels and platelet uptake during premenstrual tension. Neuropsychobiology (1984) 12(1):16-18.
91. ASHBY CR Jr, CARR LA, COOK CL, STEPTOE MM, FRANKS DD: Alteration of 5-HT uptake by plasma fractions in the premenstrual syndrome. J. Neural. Transm. Gen. Sect. (1990) 79(1-2):41-50.
92. STEEGE JF, STOUT AL, KNIGHT DL, NEMEROFF CB: Reduced platelet tritium-labeled imipramine binding sites in women with premenstrual syndrome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (1992) 167(1):168-172.
93. RAPKIN AJ, EDELMUTH E, CHANG LC et al.: Whole-blood serotonin in premenstrual syndrome. Obstet. Gynecol. (1987) 70(4):533-537.
94. ROJANSKY N, HALBREICH U, ZANDER K, BARKAI A, GOLDSTEIN S: Imipramine receptor binding and serotonin uptake in platelets of women with premenstrual changes. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. (1991) 31:146-152.
95. GOLD J, SEVERINO S: Premenstrual Dysphorias, Myths and Realities. American Psychiatric Association Press, Washington DC, USA (1994).
96. BANCROFT J, COOK A, DAVIDSON D, BENNIE J, GOODWIN G: Blunting of neuroendocrine responses to infusion of L-tryptophan in women with perimenstrual mood change. Psychol. Med. (1991) 21(2):305-312.
97. SU TP, SCHMIDT PJ, DANACEAU M, MURPHY DL, RUBINOW DR: Effect of menstrual cycle phase on neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to the serotonin agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine in women with premenstrual syndrome and controls. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1997) 82(4):1220-1228.
98. MELTZER HY, LOWRY MT. The serotonin hypothesis of depression. Raven Press, New York, USA (1987).
99. DIMMOCK PW, WYATT KM, JONES PW, O'BRIEN PM: Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review. Lancet (2000) 356(9236):1131-1136.
100. WYATT KM, DIMMOCK PW, O'BRIEN PMS: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome (Cochrane Review). In: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome (Cochrane Review) Oxford: Update Software (2003).
101. STEINER M, KORZEKWA M, LAMONT J, WILKINS A. Intermittent fluoxetine dosing in the treatment of women with premenstrual dysphoria. Pychopharmacol. Bull. (1997) 33(4):771-774.
102. WYATT K, DIMMOCK P JONES P, OBHRAI M, O'BRIEN S: Efficacy of progesterone and progestogens in management of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review. Brit. Med. J. (2001) 323(7316):776-780.
103. SCHMIDT PJ, NIEMAN LK, GROVER GN et al: Lack of effect of induced menses on symptoms in women with premenstrual syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 324(17):1174-1179.
104. CHAN AF, MORTOLA JF, WOOD SH, YEN SS: Persistence of premenstrual syndrome during low-dose administration of the progesterone antagonist RU 486. Obstet. Gynecol. (1994) 84(6):1001-1005.
105. MCRAE AL, BRADY KT: Review of sertraline and its clinical applications in psychiatric disorders. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2001) 2(5):883-892.
106. HIEMKE C, HARTTER S: Pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pharmacol. Ther. (2000) 85(1):11-28.
107. REIMHERR FW, CHOUINARD G, COHN CK et al.: Antidepressant efficacy of sertraline: a double-blind, placebo- and amitriptytine-controlled, multicenter comparison study in outpatients with major depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1990) 51(Suppl. B):18-27.
108. KOCSIS JH, ZISOOK S, DAVIDSON J et al: Double-blind comparison of sertraline, imipramine, and placebo in the treatment of dysthymia: psychosocial outcomes. Am. J. Psychiatry (1997) 154(3):390-395.
109. THASE ME, FAVA M, HALBREICH U et al.: A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial comparing sertraline and imipramine for the treatment of dysthymia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1996) 53(9):777-784.
110. BROWNE G, STEINER M, ROBERTS J et al.: Sertraline and/or interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with dysthymic disorder in primary care: 6-month comparison with longitudinal 2-year follow-up of effectiveness and costs. J. Affect. Disord. (2002) 68(2-3):317-330.
111. Pfizer Inc.: Zoloft™ (Sertraline) Package Insert. Pfizer, Inc., USA (2002).
112. RUDORFER MV, POTTER WZ: The role of metabolites of antidepressants and the treatment of depression. CNS Drugs (1997) 7(4):273-312.
113. DEVANE CL: Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. (1999) 19(4):443-66.
114. SCHWENK MH, VERGA MA, WAGNER JD: Hemodialyzability of sertraline. Clin. Nephrol. (1995) 44(2):121-124.
115. FINLEY PR: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: pharmacologic profiles and potential therapeutic distinctions. Ann. Pharmacother. (1994) 28(12):1359-1369.
116. FULLER RW: Basic advances in serotonin pharmacology. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1992) 53(Suppl.):36-45.
117. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised (3rd edn) American Psychiatric Press, Inc., Washington DC, USA (1987).
118. ENDICOTT J, HARRISON W: Daily rating of severity of problems form. New York: Department of Research Assessment and Training, New York State Psychiatric Institute (1990).
119. HAMILTON M: A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1960) 23:56-62.
120. GUY W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, Revised (1st edn). US Department Of Health, Education and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland, USA (1976).
121. WEISSMAN MM, BOTHWELL S: Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1976) 33(9):1111-1115.
122. ENDICOTT J, NEE J, HARRISON W BLUMENTHAL K: Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire: a new measure. Psychopharm. Bull. (1993) 29:321-326.
123. ENDICOTT J, NEE J, COHEN J, HALBREICH U: Premenstrual changes: Patterns and correlates of daily ratings. J. Affect. Disord. (1986) 10:127-135.
124. MORTOLA JF, GIRTON L, BECK L, YEN SS: Diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome by a simple, prospective, and reliable instrument: the calendar of premenstrual experiences. Obstet. Gynecol. (1990) 76(2):302-307.
125. TAMAM L, OZPOYRAZ N: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome: a review. Adv. Ther. (2002) 19(1):17-26.
126. FAVA M, ROSENBAUM JF, HOOG S et al.: A comparison of symptoms following treatment interruption: evidence from a randomized double-blind trial with fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine. Biol. Psychiatry (1998) 43(Suppl. 8):69S.
127. MICHELSON D, FAVA M, AMSTERDAM J et al.: Interruption of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry (2000) 176:363-368.
128. STAHL MM, LINDQUIST M, PETTERSSON M et al.: Withdrawal reactions with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors as reported to the WHO system. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1997) 53(3-4):163-169.
129. SCHWARTZ AC, ROTHBAUM BO: Review of sertraline in post-traumatic stress disorder. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2002) 3(10):1489-1499.
130. LANE RM: Pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1996) 11(Suppl. 5):31-61.
131. NEMEROFF CB, DEVANE CL, POLLOCK BG: Newer antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system. Am. J. Psychiatry (1996) 153(3):311-20.
132. MACQUEEN G, BORN L, STEINER M: The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline: its profile and use in psychiatric disorders. CNS Drug Rev. (2001) 7(1):1-24.
133. HYMAN SE, ARANA GW, ROSENBAUM JF: Antidepressant Drugs In: Antidepressant Drugs. Little, Brown & Co., New York, NY, USA (1995):43-92.
134. PERRY CM, BENFIELD P: Sertraline. An overview of its pharmacological properties and a review of its therapeutic efficacy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Drugs (1997) 7:480-500.
135. OZDEMIR V, NARANJO CA, HERRMANN N et al.: The extent and determinants of changes in CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 activities with therapeutic doses of sertraline. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1998) 18(1):55-61.
136. SPROULE BA, OTTON SV, CHEUNG SW et al.: CYP2D6 inhibition in patients treated with sertraline. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1997) 17(2):102-106.
137. ALDERMAN J, PRESKORN SH, GREENBLATT DJ et al.: Desipramine pharmacokinetics when coadministered with paroxetine or sertraline in extensive metabolizers. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1997) 17(4):284-291.
138. KURTZ DL, BERGSTROM RF, GOLDBERG MJ, CERIMELE BJ: The effect of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics of desipramine and imipramine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1997) 62(2):145-156.
139. PRESKORN SH, ALDERMAN J, CHUNG M et al.: Pharmacokinetics of desipramine coadministered with sertraline or fluoxetine. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1994) 14(2):90-98.
140. ZUSSMAN BD, DAVIS CC, FOWLES SE et al.: Sertraline, like other SSRIs, is a significant inhibitor of desipramine metabolism in vivo. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1995) 39:550P-551P.
141. SOLAI LK, MULSANT BH, POLLOCK BG et al.: Effect of sertraline on plasma nortriptyline levels in depressed elderly. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1997) 58(10):440-443.
142. PRESKORN SH: Debate resolved: there are differential effects of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors on cytochrome P450 enzymes. J. Psychopharmacol. (1998) 12(3):S89-S97.
143. GOODNICK PJ, GOLDSTEIN BJ: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in affective disorders-I. Basic pharmacology. J. Psychopharmacol. (1998) 12(3):S5-S20.
144. RAPEPORT WG, WILLIAMS SA, MUIRHEAD DC et al.: Absence of a sertraline-mediated effect on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carbamazepine. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1996) 57(Suppl. 1):20-23.
145. PINNINTI NR, DE LEON J: Interaction of sertraline with clozapine. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1997) 17(2):119-120.
146. CHONG SA, TAN CH, LEE HS: Worsening of psychosis with clozapine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor combination: two case reports. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1997) 17(1):68-69.
147. PRESKORN SH, ALDERMAN J, GREENBLATT DJ, HORST WD: Sertraline does not inhibit cytochrome P450 3A-mediated drug metabolism in vivo. Psychopharmacol. Bull. (1997) 33(4):659-665.
148. CENTORRINO F, BALDESSARINI RJ, FRANKENBURG FR et al.: Serum levels of clozapine and norclozapine in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am. J. Psychiatry (1996) 153(6):820-822.
149. HOEHNS JD, FOUTS MM, KELLY MW, TU KB: Sudden cardiac death with clozapine and sertraline combination. Ann. Pharmacother. (2001) 35(7-8):862-866.
150. HAMILTON SP, NUNES EV, JANAL M, WEBER L: The effect of sertraline on methadone plasma levels in methadone-maintenance patients. Am. J. Addict. (2000) 9(1):63-69.
151. KAUFMAN KR, GERNER R: Lamotrigine toxicity secondary to sertraline. Seizure (1998) 7(2):163-165.
152. HENDRICK V, ALTSHULER L: Management of major depression during pregnancy. Am. J. Psychiatry (2002) 159(10):1667-1673.
153. HENDRICK V, SMITH LM, SURI R et al.: Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antidepressant medication. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (2003) 188(3):812-815.
154. SIMON GE, GOLDBERG D, TIEMENS BG, USTUN TB: Outcomes of recognized and unrecognized depression in an international primary care study. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry (1999) 21(2):97-105.
155. KULIN NA, PASTUSZAK A, SAGE SR et al.: Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a prospective controlled multicenter study. JAMA (1998) 279(8):609-610.
156. WISNER KL, GELENBERG AJ, LEONARD H, ZARIN D, FRANK E: Pharmacologic treatment of depression during pregnancy. JAMA (1999) 282(13):1264-1269.
157. STOWE ZN, HOSTETTER AL, OWENS MJ et al.: The pharmacokinetics of sertraline excretion into human breast milk: determinants of infant serum concentrations. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2003) 64(1):73-80.
158. EPPERSON N, CZARKOWSKI KA, WARD-O'BRIEN D et al.: Maternal sertraline treatment and serotonin transport in breast-feeding mother-infant pairs. Am. J. Psychiatry (2001) 158(10):1631-1637.
159. STEINER M, MACDOUGALL M, BROWN E: The premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) for clinicians. Arch Women Ment. Health (2003) 6(3):203-209.
160. PEARLSTEIN TB, HALBREICH U, BATZAR ED et al.: Psychosocial functioning in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder before and after treatment with sertraline or placebo. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 61(2):101-109.