Dark Networks as Problems

Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 413-439

  Raab, Jörg ^a   Brinton Milward, H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0242508411     PISSN: 7653697     EISSN: 1782155X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jpoart/mug029     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Agranoff, Robert. 1986. Intergovernmental management: Human service problem solving in six metropolitan areas. Albany: State University of New York Press.
2. Arieff, Irwin. 2002. UN pushes Liberia to audit shipping, timber funds. Reuters English News Service, 4 September.
3. Baker, Wayne E., and Robert R. Faulkner. 1993. The social organization of conspiracy: Illegal networks in the heavy electrical equipment industry. American Sociological Review 58:837-60.
4. BBC Monitoring. 2002. Italian Court of Cassation orders arms trafficker's release from jail. British Broadcasting Corporation, 19 September.
5. Berkeley, Bill. 2001. The graves are not yet full: Race, tribe, and power in the heart of Africa. New York: Basic Books.
6. Börzel, Tanja A. 1998. Organizing Babylon - On the different conceptions of policy networks. Public Administration 76:253-74.
7. Braun, Stephen, Judy Pasternak, and Sebastian Rotella. 2002. Al Qaeda linked to Russian arms broker. Los Angeles Times, 16 February.
8. Bryson, John M., and Barbara C. Crosby. 1992. Leadership for the common good. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
9. Brzezinski, Matthew. 2002. Re-engineering the drug business. New York Times Magazine, 23 June:24-29, 46, 54-55.
10. Business Week. 1986. Special report: The hollow corporation. Business Week, March:56-85.
11. Carley, Kathleen M., Ju-Sung Lee, and David Krackhardt. 2001. Destabilizing networks. Connections 24, no. 3:79-92.
12. Cartier-Bresson, Jean. 1997. Corruption networks, transaction security and illegal social exchange. Political Studies 45:463-76.
13. Chisholm, Donald. 1989. Coordination without hierarchy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
14. Coase, Ronald H. 1937. The nature of the firm. Economica 4:386-405.
15. Cockburn, Andrew. 2002. Diamonds: The real story. National Geographic, March:6-34.
16. Emerson, Steven. 2002. American jihad: The terrorists living among us. New York: Free Press.
17. Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Jeff Goodwin. 1994. Network analysis, culture, and the problem of agency. American Journal of Sociology 99:1411-54.
18. Erickson, Bonnie H. 1981. Secret societies and social structure. Social Forces 60:188-210.
19. Farah, Douglas. 2001a. Al Qaeda cash tied to diamond trade. Washington Post, 2 November: A1.
20. _. 2001b. An "axis" connected to Gaddafi. Washington Post, 2 November: A22.
21. _. 2002. Report says African's harbored Al Qaeda: Terror assets hidden in gem-buying spree. Washington Post, 29 December:A1.
22. Frantz, Douglas. 2002. Front companies said to keep financing terrorists. New York Times, 19 September:A17.
23. Frontline. 2002. Gunrunners. Available at www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sierraleone/bout.html.
24. Goujon, Emmanuel. 2002. Sanction-hit Liberia uses wood to stoke the flames of war. Agence France-Presse, 10 August.
25. Griffith, Ivelaw Lloyd. 1997. Drugs and security in the Caribbean: Sovereignty under siege. College Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
26. Halstead, Boronia. 1998. The use of models in the analysis of organized crime and development of policy. Transnational Organized Crime 4:1-24.
27. Hjern, Benny. 1992. Illegitimate democracy: A case for multiorganizational policy analysis. Policy Currents 2, no. 1:1-5.
28. Hoagland, Jim. 2002. Diamond-backed warriors. Washington Post, 28 February:A23.
29. Hollingsworth, Joseph R. 1997. Coordination of economic actors and social systems of production. In Contemporary capitalism - The embeddedness of institutions, edited by Joseph R. Hollingsworth and R. Boyer, 1-55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Hollingsworth, Joseph R., and Leon N. Lindberg. 1985. The governance of the American economy: The role of markets, clans, hierarchies, and associative behaviour. In Private interest government: Beyond market and state, edited by Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, 221-54. London: Sage.
31. Hollingsworth, Joseph R., Philippe C. Schmitter, and Wolfgang Streeck. 1994. Governing capitalist economies: Performance and control of economic sectors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32. Humes-Schulz, Stacy. 2002. Dispersal of al-Qaeda dictates shift in anti-terror strategy. Financial Times, 11 September:6.
33. Jackson, Janet L., Janet C. M. Herbrink, and Robert W. J. Jansen. 1996. Examining criminal organizations: Possible methodologies. Transnational Organized Crime 2:83-105.
34. Jones, Candace, William S. Hesterly, and Stephen P. Borgatti. 1997. A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms. Academy of Management Review 22, no. 4:911-45.
35. Judt, Tony. 2002. Its own worst enemy. New York Review of Books, 15 August:1-9. Available at www.nybooks.com/articles/15632.
36. Kahler, Miles. 2002. Networks and failed states: September 11 and the long twentieth century. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 29 August-1 September.
37. Kenis, Patrick. 1991. The preconditions for policy networks: Some findings from a three-country study on industrial restructuring. In Policy networks: Empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, edited by B. Marin and R. Mayntz, 297-330. Boulder/Frankfurt: Westview Press/Campus Verlag.
38. Kenis, Patrick, and Volker Schneider. 1991. Policy networks and policy analysis: Scrutinizing a new analytical toolbox. In Policy networks: Empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, edited by B. Marin and R. Mayntz, 25-62. Boulder/Frankfurt: Westview Press/Campus Verlag.
39. Kenney, Michael. 2002. The challenge of eradicating transnational criminal networks: Lessons from the war on drugs. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 29 August-1 September.
40. Keohane, Robert O. 2002. The globalization of informal violence, theories of world politics, and "the liberalism of fear." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 29 August-1 September.
41. Kickert, Walter J. M., Erik-Hans Klijn, and Joop F. M. Koppenjan, eds. 1997. Managing complex networks: Strategies for the public sector. London: Sage.
42. Klerks, Peter. 2001. The network paradigm applied to criminal organisations: Theoretical nitpicking or a relevant doctrine for investigators? Recent developments in the Netherlands. Connections 24:53-65.
43. Klijn, Erik-Hans, Joop F. M. Koppenjan, and Katrien Termeer. 1995. Managing networks in the public sector: A theoretical study of management strategies in policy networks. Public Administration 73:437-54.
44. Krebs, Valdis. 2001. Mapping networks of terrorist cells. Connections 24:36-42.
45. Laumann, Edward O., and David Knoke. 1987. The organizational state: Social choice in national policy domains. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
46. Layne, Mary, et al. 2001. Measuring the deterrent effect of enforcement operations on drug smuggling, 1991-1999. Report for the Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of Programs, Budget, Research and Evaluations. Available at Abt Associates, Inc., www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/enforce/measure_effect_2001.
47. Lizza, Ryan. 2001. Can Charles Taylor's apologists explain his ties to Al Qaeda? New Republic, 19 November:21.
48. Lynn, Laurence E., Caroline Heinrich, and Caroline Hill, 2000. Studying governance and public management: Challenges and prospects. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10, no. 2:233-61.
49. Makiya, Kanan, and Hassan Mneimneh. 2002. Manual for a "raid." New York Review of Books 49, no. 1 (17 January):18-21.
50. McIllwain, Jeffrey Scott. 1998. An equal opportunity employer: Opium smuggling networks in and around San Diego during the early twentieth century. Transnational Organized Crime 4:31-54.
51. Meier, Kenneth J., and Laurence J. O'Toole. 2001. Managerial strategies and behavior in networks: A model with evidence from US public education. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 11, no. 3:271-93.
52. Milward, H. Brinton, and Keith G. Provan. 2000. Governing the hollow state. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10, no. 2:359-79.
53. New York Times. 2001a. Al Qaeda: Sprawling, hard-to-spot web of terrorists-in-waiting. New York Times, 30 September:B4.
54. _. 2001b. A European dragnet captures new clues to bin Laden's network. New York Times, 12 October:B10.
55. _. 2001c. The inner workings of plot to blow up the U.S. Embassy in Paris. New York Times, 28 October:B1.
56. _. 2002a. Front companies said to keep financing terrorists. New York Times, 9 November. Available at www.nytimes.com/2002/09/19/international/asia/19QAED.html?pagewanted= print&position=top.
57. _. 2002b. Germans lay out early Qaeda ties to 9/11 hijackers. New York Times, 24 August.
58. _. 2002c. On the path to the U.S. skies plot leader met bin Laden. New York Times, 9 October.
59. _. 2002d. Terror attacks on "soft" targets complicate security. New York Times, 11 November.
60. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. 2002. The paradox of American power: Why the world's only superpower can't go it alone. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
61. The Observer. 2002. Just as you thought the world might be safer.... The Observer, 16 June.
62. O'Toole, Laurence J. 1997. Treating networks seriously: Practical and research-based agendas in public administration. Public Administration Review 57:45-52.
63. Pappi, Franz U. 1993. Policy-Netze: Erscheinungsformen moderner Politiksteuerung oder methodischer Ansatz. In Policy-Analyse. Kritik und Neuorientierung (PVS Sonderheft), edited by Adrienne Héritier, 84-96 Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
64. Pappi, Franz Urban, Thomas König, and David Knoke. 1995. Entscheidungsprozesse in der Arbeits- und Sozialpolitik: Der Zugang der Interessengruppen zum Regierungssystem über Politikfeldnetze; ein deutsch-amerikanischer Vergleich. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.
65. Pasternak, Judy, and Stephen Braun. 2002. Emirates looked the other way while al-Qaida funds flowed. Los Angeles Times, 21 January.
66. Peterson, John, and Margaret Sharp. 1998. Technology policy in the European Union. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.
67. Porter Liebeskind, Julia, et al. 1995. Social networks, learning, and flexibility: Sourcing scientific knowledge in new biotechnology firms. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
68. Poucke, Willy van. 1979. Network constraints on social action: Preliminaries for a network theory. Social Networks 2:181-90.
69. Powell, Walter W. 1990. Neither market nor hierarchy: Network forms of organization. Research in Organizational Behavior 12:295-336.
70. Powell, Walter W., and Peter Brantley. 1992. Competitive cooperation in biotechnology: Learning through networks. In Networks and organizations, edited by N. Nohria and R. G. Eccles, 366-94. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press.
71. Powell, Walter W., Kenneth W. Koput, and Laurel Smith-Doerr. 1996. Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly 41:116-45.
72. Powell, Walter W., and Laurel Smith-Doerr. 1994. Networks and economic life. In The handbook of economic sociology, edited by Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, 368-402. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
73. Provan, Keith G., and H. Brinton Milward. 1995. A preliminary theory of interorganizational network effectiveness: A comparative study of four community mental health systems. Administrative Science Quarterly 40:1-33.
74. Provan, Keith G., H. Brinton Milward, and Kimberly Roussin Isett. 2002. Collaboration and integration of community-based health and human services in a nonprofit managed care system. Health Care Management Review 27, no. 1:21-32.
75. Rittel, Horst W. J., and Melvin M. Webber. 1973. Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 4:155-69.
76. Ronfeldt and Arquila, eds. 2001. Networks and Netwars The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy. Santa Monica, Calif.: The Rand Corporation.
77. Rothenberg, Richard. 2001. From whole cloth: Making up the terrorist network. Connections 24:36-42.
78. Schmid, Alex P. 1996. The link between transnational organized crime and terrorist crimes. Transnational Organized Crime 2:40-82.
79. Schneider, Volker. 1988. Politiknetzwerke in der Chemikalienkontrolle - Eine Analyse transnationaler Politikentwicklung. Berlin: de Gruyter.
80. _. 2000. Organisationsstaat und Verhandlungsdemokratie. In Gesellschaftliche Komplexität und kollektive Handlungsfähigkeit, edited by Raymund Werle and U. Schimank, 243-69. Frankfurt/Main: Campus Verlag.
81. Schneider, Volker, and Raymund Werle. 1991. Policy networks in the German telecommunications domain. In Policy networks: Empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, edited by B. Marin and R. Mayntz, 97-137. Boulder/Frankfurt: Westview Press/Campus Verlag.
82. Simon, Herbert. 1973. The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence 4:181-201.
83. Smillie, Ian, Lansana Gberie, and Ralph Hazleton. 2000. The heart of the matter: Sierra Leone, diamonds and human security. Partnership Africa Canada (Ottawa), January.
84. Washington Post. 2001a. Disconnect the dots: Maybe we can't cut off terror's head but we can take out its nodes. Washington Post, 17 September:C1.
85. _. 2001b. A few loyal men direct bin Laden's sprawling network. Washington Post, 27 September:A1.
86. _. 2002a. Al Qaeda's new leaders. Washington Post, 29 October:A1.
87. _. 2002b. Key figure in Sept. 11 plot held in secret detention in Syria. Washington Post, 6 June.
88. _. 2003. Washington Post, 19 January:A23. Available at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A11802-2003Jan18.html.
89. Watts, Duncan. 2003. Six degrees: The science of a connected age. New York: W. W. Norton.
90. Williamson, Oliver. 1975. Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free Press.