The endangered child: The personal identification of children in forensic anthropology

Science and Justice - Journal of the Forensic Science Society

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 201-209

  Lewis, M E ^a   Rutty, G N ^b  

^a BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anthropology; Children; Forensic science; Identification; Skeletal

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD NEGLECT; FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION; GENDER; HUMAN; LAW; MANDIBLE; MAXILLA; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; REVIEW; SKELETON; STANDARD; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0242427621     PISSN: 13550306     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1355-0306(03)71777-8     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Morton, RJ, Lord W. Detection and recovery of abducted and murdered children: behavioral and taphonomic influences. In: Haglund W, Sorg M, eds. Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: method, theory and archaeological perspectives. New York, CRC Press, 2002; 151-171.
2. Intelligence and Security Committee. Criminal Statistics England and Wales 1999: statistics relating to crime and criminal proceedings for the year 1999 London, The Stationary Office, 2000.
3. EAAF. Guatemala. Vol, 2003, 1995
4. Morton RJ, Lord W, Goff M. Taphonomic effects on child sized remains located in surface deposit and shallow burial disposal sites. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 51 st Annual Meeting, Colorado Springs, CO, 1999
5. Guy H, Masset C, Baud C-A Infant taphonomy International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1997; 7: 221-229,
6. Holck P. Specific problems associated with identification from burned and cremated remains Paper presented at the British Association of Human Identification University of Glasgow, Glasgow, 2001.
7. Warwick R. Anne Mowbury: skeletal remains of a medieval child. London Archaeology 1986; 5(7): 176-9.
8. Rushton MA. The teeth of Anne Mowbury. British Dental Journal 1965; 119(8): 355-359.
9. Molleson T. Anne Mowbray and the Princes in the Tower: a study in identity. The London Archaeologist 1987; 5: 258-262
10. Hunt E, Gleiser I. The estimation of age and sex of pre-adolescent children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1955; 13: 79-87.
11. Imrie J, Wyburn G. Assessment of age, sex and height from immature human bones British Medical Journal 1958; 1: 128-131.
12. Snow C, Luke J. The Oklahoma city child disappearances of 1967: forensic anthropology in the identification of skeletal remains. In: Rathburn, Buikstra J, eds Human Identification. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1997.
13. Hunter J. Recovering buried remains. In: Hunter J, Roberts C, Martin A, eds. Studies in Crime: an introduction to forensic archaeology London: Batsford Ltd, 1996.
14. Fazekas IG, Kosa F. Forensic Fetal Osteology. Budapest: Academic Press, 1978.
15. Scheuer L, Black S. Developmental Juvenile Osteology. London: Academic Press, 2000.
16. Harris E, McKee J, Tooth mineralisation standards for Blacks and Whites from the middle southern United States. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1990; 35(4): 859-72.
17. Briggs C. Anthropological assessment. In: Clement J, Ranson D, eds. Craniofacial Identification in Forensic Medicine London, Arnold, 1998.
18. St Hoyme L, Iscan M. Determination of sex and race: accuracy and assumptions. In: Iscan M, Kennedy K, eds, Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton New York: Alan R. Liss Inc. 1989.
19. Strand Vidarsdottir U. MorFIDS: morphometric forensic identification of sub-adults. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2003; suppl. 36: 202,
20. Harris E, Hicks J, Barcroft B. Tissue contributions to sex and race: differences in tooth crown size of deciduous molars. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2001; 115(3): 223-237.
21. Mizoguichi Y. Shoveling: a statistical analysis of its morphology 1985. Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press.
22. Hillson S. Dental Anthropology. 1996. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
23. Hanihara K. Criteria for classification of crown characters of the human deciduous dentition Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon 1961; 69: 27-45.
24. Deedrick D. Har, fibres, crime and evidence part 1: hair evidence. Forensic Science Communications 2000: 2(3).
25. Byers S. Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. A Textbook. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2002.
26. Rutty G. Post mortem changes and artefacts: in: Rutty G, ed. Essentials of Autopsy Practice. London: Springer, 2001.
27. Spitz W. Thermal injuries. Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guidelines for the application of pathology to Crime Investigation. Spfingfield: Charles C Thomas, 1993.
28. Beard B, Johnson C. Strontium isotope composition of skeletal material can determine the birthplace and geographical mobility of humans and animals. Journal of Forensic Sciences 2000; 45(5): 1049-1061.
29. Richards M. How distinctive is genetic information? Studies in History, Philosophy and Biomedical Sciences 2001; 32(4): 663-687
30. Loth S, Henneberg M. Sexually dimorphic mandibular morphology in the first few years of life. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2001; 115: 179-186.
31. Schouer L. Brief Communication: A blind test of mandibular morphology for sexing mandibles in the first few years of life. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2002; 119: 189-191.
32. Black T. Sexual dimorphism in the tooth-crown diameters of the deciduous teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1978; 48: 77-82.
33. De Vito C, Saunders S. A discriminant function analysis of deciduous teeth to determine sex. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1990; 35(4): 845-58.
34. Bailit H, Hunt E. The sexing of children's skeletons from teeth alone, and its genetic implications. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1964; 22: 171-174.
35. Eveleth PB, Tanner JM. Worldwide Variation in Human Growth 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990 .
36. Weaver D. Sex differences in the lija of a known sex and age sample of fetal and infant skeletons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1980; 52: 191-195.
37. Mittler D, Sheridan S. Sex determination in subadults using auricular surface morphology: a forensic science perspective. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1992; 37(4): 1068-1075.
38. Schutkowski H. Sex determination of infant and juvenile skeletons: 1. morphological features. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1993; 90: 199-205.
39. Metiesen T, Cruse K, Mays S. Some sexually dimorphic features of the human juvenile skurr and their value in sex determination in immature skeletal remains. Journal of Archaeological Science 1998; 25: 719-728.
40. Hunt D. Sex determination in the subadult ilia: an indirect test of Weaver's non-metric sexing method. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1990; 35(4): 881-885.
41. Nichols T. A Re-examination of Sex Determination methods for Juvenile Skeletons using Archaeological Samples. 2003. MSc Dissertation, Bournemouth University, Boumemouth UK.
42. Saunders S, Yang D. Sex determination: XX or XY from the human skeleton. In: Fairgrieve St, ed. Forensic Osteological Analysis: a book of case studies. Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1999; 36-59.
43. Waldron T. Taylor G, Rudring D. Sexing of Romano-British baby burials from the Beddingham and Bignor villas. Sussex Archaeological Collections 1999; 137: 71-79.
44. Foti B, Lalys L, Adalian P, Giustiniani J, Maczel M, Signoli M, Dutour O, Leonetti G. New forensic approach to age determination in children based on tooth eruption. Forensic Science International 2003; 3521: 1-8.
45. Demirjian A, Dentition. In: Falkner F, Tanner JM, eds. Human Growth. A Comprehensive Treatise. Vol. 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1990.
46. Saunders SP, DeVito C, Herring AD, Southern P, Hoppe RD. Accuracy tests of tooth formation age estimations for human skeletal remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1993; 92: 173-186.
47. Tomkins RL. Human population variability in relative dental development American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1996; 99: 79-102
48. Holman DJ, Jones RE. Longitudinal analysis of deciduous tooth emergence II: parametric survival analysis in Bangladeshi, Guatemalan, Japanese, and Javanese children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1998; 105 (2): 209-230.
49. Acheson RM. The environment and the growth of children. The Irish Journal of Medical Science 1959.
50. Demirjian A, Levesque GY. Sexual differences in dental development and prediction of emergence. Journal of Dental Research 1980; 59(7): 1110-1122.
51. Lovey H. Maturation of permanent teeth in Black and Latino children. Acta de Odontologia Pediatrica 1983; 4: 59-62.
52. Willems G, Van Olmen A, Spiessens B, Carels C. Dental age estimation in Belgian children: Demirjian's technique revisited. Journal of Forensic Sciences 2001; 46(4): 893-895.
53. Fanning E, Moorrees C. A comparison of permanent mandibular molar formation in Australian Aborigines and Caucasoids. Archives of Oral Biology 1969; 14: 999-1006.
54. Kullman L. Accuracy of two dental and one skeletal age estimation method in Swedish adolescents Forensic Science International 1995; 75: 225-236.
55. Bolaños M, Moussa H, Manrique M, Bolaños M. Radiographic evaluation of third molar development in Spanish children and young people. Forensic Science International 2003.
56. Hillson SW. Studies of growth in dental tissues. In: Lukacs JR, ed. Culture, Ecology and Dental Anthropology. Delhi. Journal of Human Ecology 1992. Special Issue; 7-23.
57. Dahlberg A, Menegaz-Bock R. Emergence of the permanent teeth in Pima Indian children. Journal of Dental Research 1958; 37: 1123-1140.
58. Garn S, Sandusky S, Nagy J, Trowbridge F. Negro-Caucasoid differences in permanent tooth emergence at a constant income level. Archives of Oral Biology 1973: 18: 609-615.
59. Gillett RM. Dental emergence among urban Zambian school children: an assessment of the accuracy of three methods in assigning ages. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1997; 102: 447-454.
60. Liversidge HM, Molleson T. Developing permanent tooth length as an estimate of age. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1999; 44(5): 917-920.
61. Liversidge H, Lyons F, Hector M. The accuracy of three methods of age estimation using radiographic measurements of developing teeth Forensic Science International 2003; 131: 22-29.
62. Schour I, Massler M. The development of the human dentition. The Journal of the American Dental Association 1941; 28: 1153-1160
63. Moorrees CFA, Fanning EA, Hunt EE. Formation and resorption of three deciduous teeth in children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1963; 21: 205-213.
64. Lunt RC, Law DB. A review of the chronology of calcification of deciduous teeth. Journal of the American Dental Association 1974; 89: 599-606
65. Nyström M, Peck L, Kleemola-Kujala E, Evälahti M, Kataja M. Age estimation in small children: reference values based on counts of deciduous teeth in Finns. Forensic Science International 2000; 110: 179-188.
66. Nyström M, Ranta H. Tooth formation and the mandibular symphysis during the first five postnatal months. Journal of Forensic Sciences 2003; 48(2): 1-5
67. Castellana C, Kósa F. Estimation of fetal age from dimensions of atlas and axis ossification centres. Forensic Science International 2001; 117: 31-43.
68. Ingalls N. Studies on femur III: effects of maceration and drying in the White and the Negro American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1927; 10: 297-321.
69. Huxley A. Analysis of shrinkage in human fetal diaphyseal lengths from fresh to dry bone using Petersohn and Köhler's data. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1998; 43(2): 423-426
70. Huxley A, Kósa F. Calculation of percentage shrinkage in human fetal diaphyseal lengths from fresh bone to carbonised and calcined bone using Pertyesohn and Kohler's data. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1999; 44 (3): 577-583.
71. Warren MW. Radiographic determination of developmental age in fetuses and stillborns. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1999; 44(4): 708-712.
72. Sherwood R, Meindl R, Robinson H, May R. Fetal age: methods of estimation and effects of pathology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2000; 113: 305-315.
73. Rikhasor R, Qureshi A, Rathi S, Channa N. Skeletal maturity in Pakistani children. Journal of Anatomy 1999; 195: 305-308.
74. Garn SM, Clark DC. Problems in the nutritional assessment of Black individuals. American Journal of Public Health 1976; 66: 262-267.
75. Sahni D, Jit I, Time of fusion of epiphyses at the elbow and wrist joints in girls in Northwest India. Forensic Science International 1995; 74: 47-55.
76. Buikstra JE, Ubelaker D, eds. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. 1994, Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series 44. Fayetteville; Arkansas Archaeological Survey.
77. Uberaker DH. The estimation of age at death from immature human bone. In: Iscan MY, ed. Age Markers in the Human Skeleton. Illinois, Charles C Thomas, 1989.
78. Kahana T, Birkby W, Goldin L, Hiss J. Estimation of age in adolescents - the basilaris synchondrosis Journal of Forensic Sciences 2003; 48(3): 1-5.
79. Albert A, Maples W. Stages of epiphyseal union for the thoracic and lumbar vertebral centra as a method of age datermination for teenage and young adult skeletons. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1995; 40(4): 623-633.
80. Balthazard T, Dervieux H. Etudes anthropologiques sur le foetus humain. Annales Medecine Legale 1921; 1: 37-42.
81. Olivier G. Practical Anthropology. Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1969
82. Huxley A, Jimenez S. Technical note: error in Olivier and Pineau's regression formulae for calculation of stature and lunar age from radial diaphyseal length in forensic fetal remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1996; 100: 435-437,
83. Himes J, Yarbrough C, Martorell R. Estimation of stature in children from radiographically determined metacarpal length. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1977; 22: 452-456.
84. Telkka A, Palkama A, Vertama P. Prediction of stature from radiographs of long bones in children. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1962; 7: 474-476.
85. Palkama A, Hopsu V, Takki S, Takki K. Children's age and stature estimated from femur diameter. Annales Medecine Experimetalis et Biologiae Fenniae 1965; 44: 86-87.
86. Henneberg M. Secular trends in body size - indicator of general improvement or specific environmental factors? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1997; Suppl 24: 127.
87. Hoppa RD, Gruspier KL. Estimating diaphyseal length from fragmentary subadult skeletal remains: implications for palaeodemography reconstructions of a southern Ontario ossuary. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1996; 100: 341-354.
88. Feldesman MR. Femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1992; 87: 477-459.
89. O'Brien M. Children's Dental Health in the United Kingdom 1993. 1994. London, Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
90. Knott N. Identification by the teeth of casualties in the Aberfan Disaster. British Dental Journal 1967; 122: 144-145.
91. Prokopec M, Glosova L, Ubelaker D. Change in hair pigmentation in children from birth to 5 years in a Central European population (longitudinal study). Forensic Science Communications 2000; 2(3): ejournal.
92. Grimes E, Noake P, Dixon L, Urquart A. Sequence polymorphism in the human melanocortin 1 receptor gene as an indicator of the red hair phenotype. Forensic Science International 2001; 122: 124-129.
93. Rees J. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R): more than just red hair. Pigment Cell Research 2000; 13: 135-140.
94. Smith A, Box N, Marks L, Chen W, Smit D, Wyeth J, Huttley G, Easteal S, Sturm R. The human melanocortin-1 receptor locus: analysis of transcription unit, locus polymorphism and halotype evolution. Gene 2001; 281: 81-94.
95. Sturm R, Teasdale R, Box N. Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation, Gene 2001; 277: 49-62.
96. Tsuji A, Ishiko A, Takasaki T, Ikeda N. Estimating age of humans based on telomere shortening. Forensic Science International 2002; 126: 197-199.
97. Hasegawa Y, Fujii K, Yamada M, Tachibana K, Tanaka T, Onigata K, Nishi Y, Kato S, Hasegawa T. Identification of novel human Gh-1 gene polymorphisms that are associated with hormone secretion and height. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000; 85: 1290-1295.
98. Iwasaki H, Emi M, Ezura Y, Ishida R, Kajita M, Kodaira M, Yoshida H, Suzuki T, Hosoi T, Inoue S, Shiraki M, Swensen J, Orimo H. Association of a Trp16Ser variation in the gonadotrophin releasing hormone signal peptid with bone mineral density, revealed by SNP-dependent PCR typing. Bone 2003; 32: 185-190.
99. Evans A. An evaluation of the effect of sport on the immature skeleton and its potential for individualisation. MSc Dissertation, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth UK.
100. Home Office. Criminal Statistics: England and Wales 1999. 2000. London: HMSO.
101. Mendlewicz M, Jean-Louise G, Gekker M, Rapaport M. Neonaticide in the city of Rio de Janerio: forensic and psycholegal perspectives. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1999; 44(4): 741-745
102. Schmidt P, Grass H, Madea B. Child Homicide in Cologne (1985-94). Forensic Science International 1996; 79: 131-144.
103. Crist TA, Washburn A, Park H, Hood I, Hickey M. Cranial bone displacement as a taphonomic process in potential child abuse cases. In: Haglund W, Sorg M, eds. Forensic Taphonomy: the postmortem late of human remains. New York, CRC Press, 1997.
104. Evans M-J. Mimics of non-accidental injury in children. In: Rutty G, ed. Essentials of Autopsy Practice London, Springer, 2001.
105. Weber W. Experimental study of skull fractures in children Z. Rechtsmed 1984; 92: 87-94.
106. Bohnert M, Rost T, Faller-Marquardt M, Rodohl D, Pollack S. Fractures of the base of the skull in charred bodies - postmortem heat injuries or signs of mechanical traumatisation? Forensic Science International 1997; 87: 55-62.
107. Walker PL. Skeletal evidence for child abuse: A physical anthropological perspective, Journal of Forensic Sciences 1997; 42(2): 196-207.
108. Kleinman P. Marks S, Richmond J, Blackbourne B. Inflicted skeletal injury: a postmortem radiologic-histopathologic study in 31 infants. American Journal of Radiology 1995; 165: 647-650.
109. Rivara F, Kamitsuka M, Quan L. Injuries to children younger than 1 year of age. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 93-97.
110. Plunkett J, Plunkett M. Physiologic periosteal changes in infancy. American Journal of Forensic Pathology 2000; 21: 213-216.
111. Kleinman P. Schlesinger A. Mechanical factors associated with posterior rib fractures: laboratory and case studies. Pediatric Radiology 1997; 27: 87-91.
112. Rutty G. Post-mortem changes and artefacts. In: Rutty G, ed. Essentials of Autopsy Practice, London, Springer, 2001
113. Pollanen M, Chiasson D. Fracture of the hyoid bone in strangulation: comparisons of fractured and unfractured hyoids from victims of strangulation. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1996; 41: 110-113
114. Swift B, Rutty G. The human ear. Its role in forensic practice. Journal of Forensic Sciences 2003; 48: 153-160.
115. Di Maio, Gunshot Wounds: practical aspects of firearms, ballistics, and forensic techniques. New York, CRC Press, 1999.
116. Raikos N, Tsoukali H, Njau S. Determination of opiates in postmortem bone and bone marrow. Forensic Science International 2001; 123: 146-141.
117. Moorrees CFA, Fanning EA, Hunt EE. Age variation of formation stages for ten permanent teeth. Journal of Dental Research 1963; 42: 1490-1502.
118. Gustafson G, Koch G. Age estimation up to 16 years of age based on dental development. Odont. Revy 1974; 25: 297-306.
119. Demirjian A, Goldstein H, Tanner JM. A new system of dental age assessment. Human Biology 1973; 45(2): 211-227
120. Holman DJ, Jones RE. Longitudinal analysis of deciduous tooth emergence II: parametric survival analysis in Bangladeshi, Guatemalan, Japanese, and Javanese children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1998; 105(2): 209-230.
121. Willems G, Van Olmen A, Spiessens B, Carels C. Dental age estimation in Belgian children: Demirjian's technique revisited. Journal of Forensic Sciences 2001; 46(4): 893-895.
122. Chagula W. The age at eruption of third permanent molars in male East Africans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1960; 18(2): 77-82.
123. Davis P, Hägg U. The accuracy and precision of the "Demirijian System" when used for age determination in Chinese children. Swedish Dental Journal 1994; 18: 113-116.