Impact of social environment characteristics on neuroendocrine regulation

Psychosomatic Medicine

Volumn 58, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 459-471

  Seeman, Teresa E ^a   Mcewen, Bruce S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

HPA axis; neuroendocrine function; social support; social ties; sympathetic nervous system

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LONGEVITY; MACACA; MENTAL STRESS; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 0029819115     PISSN: 00333174     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199609000-00008     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Broadhead EW, Kaplan BH, James SA, et al: The epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health. Am J Epidemiol 117:521-537, 1983
2. Cohen S, Syme SL: Social Support and Health. Orlando, Academic Press, 1984
3. House JS, Landis KR, Umberson D: Social relationships and health. Science 241:540-545, 1988
4. House JS, Robbins C, Metzner HL: The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: Prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 116:123-140, 1982
5. Seeman M, Seeman T, Sayles M: Social networks and health status: A longitudinal analysis. Soc Psych Q 48:237-248, 1985
6. Umberson D: Family status and health behaviors: Social control as a dimension of social integration. J Health Soc Behav 28:306-319, 1987
7. Sallis JF, Hovell MF, Hofstetter CR, et al: A multivariate study of determinants of vigorous exercise in a community sample. Prev Med 18:20-34, 1989
8. Cohen S: Social supports and physical health: symptoms, health behaviors, and infectious disease. In Cummings EM, Greene AL, Karraker KH (eds), Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Perspectives on Stress and Coping. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991, 213-234
9. Duncan TE, McAuley E: Social support and efficacy cognitions in exercise adherence: A latent growth curve analysis. J Behav Med 16:199-218, 1993
10. Bovbjerg VE, McCann BS, Brief DJ, et al: Spouse support and long-term adherence to lipid-lowering diets. Am J Epidemiol 141:451-460, 1995
11. Seeman TE, Syme SL: Social networks and coronary artery disease: A comparative analysis of network structural and support characteristics. Psychosom Med 49:341-354, 1987
12. Seeman TE, Kaplan GA, Knudsen L, et al: Social ties and mortality in the elderly: A comparative analysis of age-dependent patterns of association. Am J Epidemiol 126:714-723, 1987
13. Seeman TE, Berkman LF, Kohout F, et al: Intercommunity variation in the association between social ties and mortality in the elderly: A comparative analysis of three communities. Ann Epidemiol 3:325-335, 1993
14. Bovard EW: A concept of hypothalamic functioning. Perspect Biol Med 1961, Autumn, 52-60
15. Bovard EW: The balance between negative and positive brain system activity. Perspect Biol Med 1962, Autumn, 116-127
16. Bovard EW: Brain mechanisms in effects of social support on viability. In Williams RB Jr. (ed), Perspectives on Behavioral Medicine, Vol 2, Neuroendocrine Control and Behavior. Orlando, FL, Academic Press, 1985, 103-129
17. Cassel J: The contribution of the social environment to host resistance. Am J Epidemiol 104:107-123, 1976
18. Williams Jr, RB: Neuroendocrine response patterns and stress: Biobehavioral mechanisms of disease. In Williams Jr. RB (ed), Perspectives on Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 2, Neuroendocrine Control and Behavior. Orlando, FL, Academic Press, 1985, 71-101
19. Sapolsky RM: Stress, the Aging Brain, and the Mechanisms of Neuron Death. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1992
20. McEwen BS, Stellar E: Stress and the individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med 153:2093-2101, 1993
21. Henry JP: Coronary heart disease and arousal of the adrenal cortical axis. In Dembroski TM, Schmidt TH, Blumchen G (eds), Biobehavioral Bases of Coronary Heart Disease. Basel, Karger, 1983, 365-381
22. Krantz DS, Manuck SB: Acute psycophysiologic reactivity and risk of cardiovascular disease: A review and methodologic critique. Psychol Bull 96:435-464, 1984
23. Findley T: Role of neurohypophysis in the pathogenesis of hypertension and some allied disorders associated with aging. Am J Med 7:70-84, 1949
24. Troxler RG, Sprague EA, Albanese RA, et al: The association of elevated plasma cortisol and early atherosclerosis as demonstrated by coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis 26: 151-162, 1977
25. Eliot RS, Buell JC, Dembroski TM: Biobehavioral perspectives on coronary heart disease, hypertension, and sudden cardiac death. Acta Med Scand 13(Suppl. 660):203-219, 1982
26. Munck A, Guyre PM, Holbrook NJ: Physiological function of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocr Rev 5:25-44, 1984
27. Matthews KA, Weiss SM, Detre T, et al: Handbook of Stress, Reactivity, and Cardiovascular Disease. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1986
28. Brindley D, Rolland Y: Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may result in atherosclerosis. Clin Sci 77:453-461, 1989
29. Truhan AP, Ahmed AR: Corticosteroids: A review with emphasis on complications of prolonged systemic therapy. Ann Allergy 62:375-391, 1989
30. Munck A, Guyre PM: Glucocorticoids and immune function. In Ader R, Felten DL, Cohen N (eds), Psychoneuroimmunology, 2nd ed, New York, Academic Press 1991, 447-474
31. Wood DL, Sheps SG, Elveback LR, et al: Cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension. Hypertension 6:301-306, 1984
32. Menkes MS, Matthews KA, Krantz DS, et al: Cardiovascular reactivity to the cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension. Hypertension 14:524-530, 1989
33. Kaplan JR, Petersson K, Manuck SB, et al: Role of sympathoadrenal medullary activation in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Circulation 84(suppl 6):VI23-VI32:1991
34. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Adams MR, et al: Propanolol inhibits coronary atherosclerosis in behaviorally predisposed monkeys fed an atherogenic diet. Circulation 76:1364-1373, 1987
35. Manuck SB, Olsson G, Hjemdahl P, et al: Does cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress have prognostic value in postinfarction patients? A pilot study. Psychosom Med 54: 102-108, 1992
36. Everitt AV: The pituitary gland: relation to aging and diseases of old age. Postgrad Med 40:644-650, 1966
37. Alexander F: Psychosomatic Medicine. New York, Norton, 1950
38. Weiner H: Psychobiology and Human Disease. New York, Elsevier North-Holland, 1977
39. Fischer CS, Jackson RM, Stueve CA, et al: Networks and Places: Social Relations in the Urban Setting. New York, The Free Press, 1977
40. Thoits PA: Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. J Health Soc Behav 23:145-159, 1982
41. Pearlin LI, Menaghan EG, Lieberman MA, et al: The stress process. J Health Soc Behav 22:337-357, 1981
42. Wellman B, Wortley S: Brothers' keepers: Situating kinship relations in broader networks of social support. Sociol Perspect 32:273-306, 1989
43. Goldschmidt W: Man's Way. Cleveland, World, 1959
44. Washburn SL: Social Life of Early Man. Chicago, Aldine, 1961
45. Bowlby J: Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1. London, Hogarth Press, 1970
46. Alcock J: Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach. Boston, Sinauer, 1983
47. Henry JP: The archetypes of power and intimacy. In Birren JE, Bengtson VL (eds), Emergent Theories of Aging. New York, Springer, 1988, 269-298
48. Rook KS: The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol 46:1097-1108, 1984
49. Burg MM, Seeman TE: Families and health: The negative side of social ties. Ann Behav Med 16:109-115, 1994
50. Rowe JW, Kahn RL: Human aging: Usual and successful. Science 237:143-149, 1987
51. Kissel S: Stress-reducing properties of social stimuli. J Pers Soc Psychol 2:378-384, 1965
52. Levine S, Wiener SG, Coe CL: Temporal and social factors influencing behavioral and hormonal responses to separation in mother and infant squirrel monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 18:297-306, 1993
53. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Clarkson TB, et al: Social status, environment, and atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys. Arteriosclerosis 2:359-368, 1982
54. Shively C, Kaplan J: Effects of social factors on adrenal weight and related physiology of Macaca fascicularis. Physiol Behav 33:777-782, 1984
55. Sapolsky RM: Endocrinology alfresco: Psychoendocrine studies of wild baboons. Recent Prog Horm Res 48:437-468, 1993
56. Schneiderman N: Behavior, autonomic function, and animal models of cardiovascular pathology. In Dembroski TM, Schmidt TH, Blumchen G (eds), Biobehavioral Bases of Coronary Heart Disease. New York, Karger, 1983, 304-351
57. Gray JA: A model of the limbic system and basal ganglia: Applications to anxiety and schizophrenia. In Gazzaniga MS (Editor-in-chief), The Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1995, 1165-1176
58. McEwen BS: Stressful experience, brain, and emotions: Developmental, genetic, and hormonal influences. In Gazzaniga MS (Editor-in-chief), The Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1995, 1117-1135
59. LeDoux JE: In search of an emotional system in the brain: Leaping from fear to emotional and consciousness. In Gazzaniga MS (Editor-in-chief), The Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1995, 1049-1062
60. Phillips RG, LeDoux JE: Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cured and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci 2:274-285, 1992
61. Schulkin J, McEwen BS, Gold PW: Allostasis, amygdala, and anticipatory angst. Neuroendocr Biobehav Rev 18:385-396, 1994
62. Sterling P, Ever J: Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In Fisher S, Reason HS (eds), Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981
63. LeDoux JE, Iwata J, Cicceti P, et al: Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. J Neurosci 8:2517-2519, 1988
64. Henry JP, Stephens PM: Stress, Health and the Social Environment: A Sociobiologic Approach to Medicine. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1977
65. Sapolsky RM: Stress in the Wild. Sci Am 262:116-123, 1990
66. Davitz JR, Mason DJ: Socially facilitated reduction of a fear response in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 48:149-151, 1955
67. Harlow HF: The nature of love. Am Psychol 13:673, 1958
68. Welch BL, Welch AS: Effect of grouping on the level of brain norepinephrine in white Swiss mice. Life Sci 4:1011, 1965
69. Hennessey MB: Presence of companion moderates arousal of monkeys with restricted social experience. Physiol Behav 33:693-698, 1984
70. Stanton ME, Patterson JM, Levine S: Social influences on conditioned cortisol secretion in the squirrel monkey. Psychoneuroendocrinology 10:125-134, 1985
71. Clarkson TB, Kaplan JR, Adams MR, et al: Psychosocial influences on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis among nonhuman primates. Circulation 76(suppl 1):1-29, 1987
72. Suomi SJ: Genetic and maternal contributions to individual differences in rhesus monkey biobehavioral development. In Krasnagor N (ed), Psychobiological Aspects of Behavioral Development. New York, Academic Press, 1988, 397-419
73. Hofer MA: Studies on how early maternal separation produces behavioral changes in young rats. Psychosom Med 37:245-264, 1975
74. Hofer MA, Weiner H: The development and mechanisms of cardiorespiratory responses to maternal deprivation in rat pups. Psychosom Med 33:353-362, 1971
75. Levine S: The influence of social factors on the response to stress. Psychother Psychosom 60:33-38, 1993
76. Henry JP, Meehan JP, Stephens PM: The use of psychosocial stimuli to induce prolonged systolic hypertension in mice. Psychosomatic Med 29:408-432, 1967
77. Suomi SJ, Scanlan JM, Rasmussen KLR, et al: Pituitary-adrenal response to capture in Cayo Santiago-derived group M rhesus monkeys. Puerto Rice Health Sciences Journal (PRHSJ) 8:171-176, 1989
78. Sapolsky RM: Hypercortisolism among socially subordinate wild baboons originates at the CNS level. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:1047-1051, 1989
79. Sapolsky RM, Mott GE: Social subordinance in wild baboons is associated with suppressed high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations: The possible role of chronic social stress. Endocrinology 121:1605-1610, 1987
80. Sapolsky RM: Endocrine aspects of social instability in the Olive Baboon (Papio anubis). Am J Primatology 5:365-379, 1983
81. Williams JK, Vita JA, Manuck SB, et al: Psychosocial factors impair vascular responses of coronary arteries. Circulation 84:2146-2153, 1991
82. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Clarkson TB, et al: Social stress and atherosclerosis in normocholesterolemic monkeys. Science 220:733-735, 1983
83. Hamm TE Jr, Kaplan JR, Clarkson TB, et al: Effects of gender and social behavior on the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis in cynomolgus macaques. Atherosclerosis 48:221-233, 1983
84. Kaplan JR, Adams MR, Clarkson TB, et al: Psychosocial influences on female "protection" among cynomolgus macaques. Atherosclerosis 53:283-295, 1984
85. Saltzman W, Mendoza SP, Mason WA: Sociophysiology of relationships in squirrel monkeys: I. Formation of female dyads. Physiol Behav 50:271-280, 1991
86. Kalin NH, Carnes M: Biological correlates of attachment bond disruption in humans and nonhuman primates. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8:459, 1984
87. Shively CA, Clarkson TB, Kaplan JR: Social deprivation and coronary artery atherosclerosis in female cynomolgus monkeys. Atherosclerosis 77:69-76, 1989
88. 3H] corticosterone uptake in the hippocampus and septum varies with social settings in mice: Hormone-receptor autoregulation may be involved. Neurosci Lett 9:249-254, 1978
89. Henry JP: The relation of social to biological processes in disease. Soc Sci Med 16:369-380, 1982
90. Yodyingyuad U, Riva C, Abbott DH, et al: Relationship between dominance hierarchy, cerebrospinal fluid levels of amine transmitter metabolites (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and homovanillic acid) and plasma cortisol in monkeys. Neuroscience 16:851-858, 1985
91. Albert SC, Sapolsky RM, Altmann J: Behavioral, endocrine, and immunological correlates of immigration by an aggressive male into a natural primate group. Horm Behav 26:167-178, 1992
92. Chao HM, Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ, et al: The effect of social stress on hippocampal gene expression. Mol Cell Neurosci 4:543-548, 1993
93. Pich EM, Heinrichs SC, Rivier C, et al: Blockade of pituitary-adrenal axis activation induced by peripheral immunoneutralization of corticotropin-releasing factor does not affect the behavioral response to social defeat stress in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 18:495-507, 1993
94. McKittrick CR, Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ, et al: Serotonin receptor binding in a colony model of chronic social stress. Biol Psychiatry 37:383-393 1995
95. Francis RC, Soma K, Fernald RD: Social regulation of the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90:7794-7798, 1993
96. Eberhart JA, Keverne EB, Meller RE: Social influences on plasma testosterone levels in male talapoin monkeys. Horm Behav 14:247-266, 1980
97. Gust DA, Gordon TP, Hambright MK, et al: Relationship between social factors and pituitary-adrenocortical activity in female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Horm Behav 27:318-331, 1993
98. Sapolsky RM, Ray JC: Styles of dominance and their endocrine correlates among wild olive baboons (Papio anubis). Am J Primatology 18:1-13, 1989
99. Sapolsky RM: Adrenocortical function, social rank, and personality among wild baboons. Biol Psychiatry 28:862-878, 1990
100. Ray JC, Sapolsky RM: Styles of male social behavior and their endocrine correlates among high-ranking wild baboons. Am J Primatology 28:231-250, 1992
101. Hasert MF, Higley JD, Linnoila M, et al: Interrelationships of social support with CNS serotonin activity and total salivary immunoglobulin E in female rhesus monkeys (abstr). Ann Behav Med 16(suppl):S052:1994
102. Blumenthal JA, Burg MM, Barefoot J, et al: Social support, Type A behavior, and coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med 49:331-340, 1987
103. Cohen S, Kaplan JR, Manuck SB: Social support and coronary heart disease:underlying psychological and biological mechanisms. In Shumaker SA, Czajkowski SM (eds), Social Support and Cardiovascular Disease. New York, Plenum Press, 195-221, 1994
104. Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg JD, et al: Psychosocial influences on mortality after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 311:552-559, 1984
105. Berkman LF, Leo-Summers L, Horwitz RI: Emotional support and survival after myocardial infarction: A prospective, population-based study of the elderly. Ann Intern Med 117:1003-1009, 1992
106. Case RB, Moss AJ, Case N, et al: Living alone after myocardial infarction. Impact on prognosis. JAMA 267:515-519, 1992
107. Williams RB, Barefoot JC, Califf RM, et al: Prognostic importance of social and economic resources among medically treated patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. JAMA 267:520-524, 1992
108. Adler NE, Boyce WT, Chesney MA, et al: Socioeconomic status and health: the challenge of the gradient. Am Psychologist 49:15-24, 1994
109. Adler NE, Boyce WT, Chesney MA, et al: Socioeconomic inequalities in health: No easy solution. JAMA 269:3140-3145, 1993
110. Baker IA, Sweetnam PM, Yarnell JWG, et al: Hemostatic and other risk factors for ischemic heart disease and social class: Evidence from the Caerphilly and Speedwell Studies. Int J Epidemiol 17:759-765, 1988
111. Rose G, Marmot MG: Social class and coronary heart disease. Br Heart J 45:13-19, 1981
112. Moller L, Kristensen TS, Hollnagel H: Social class and cardiovascular risk factors in Danish men. Scand J Soc Med 19:116-126, 1991
113. Markowe HLJ, Marmot MG, Shipley MJ, et al: Fibrinogen: A possible link between social class and coronary heart disease. Br Med J 2:1312-1314, 1985
114. Dressler WW: Blood pressure, relative weight, and psychosocial resources. Psychosom Med 45:527-536, 1983
115. Dressier WW, Dos Santos EJ, Viteri FE: Blood pressure, ethnicity, and psychosocial resources. Psychosom Med 48: 509-519, 1986
116. Bland SH, Krogh V, Winkelstein W, et al: Social network and blood pressure: A population study. Psychosom Med 53: 598-607, 1991
117. Unden AL, Orth-Gomer K, Elofsson S: Cardiovascular effects of social support in the work place: Twenty-four-hour ECG monitoring of men and women. Psychosom Med 53:50-60, 1991
118. Linden W, Chambers L, Maurice J, et al: Sex differences in social support, self-deception, hostility, and ambulatory cardiovascular activity. Health Psychol 12:376-380, 1993
119. Gore S: The effect of social support in moderating the health consequences of unemployment. J Health Soc Behav 19:157-165, 1978
120. Thomas PD, Goodwin JM, Goodwin JS: Effect of social support on stress-related changes in cholesterol level, uric acid level, and immune function in an elderly sample. Am J Psychiatry 142:735-737, 1985
121. Cobb S: Physiologic changes in men whose jobs were abolished. J Psychosom Res 18:245-258, 1974
122. Kemp VH, Hatmaker DD: Stress and social support in high-risk pregnancy. Res Nurs Health 12:331-336, 1989
123. Seeman TE, Berkman LF, Blazer D, et al: Social ties and support and neuroendocrine function, MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Ann Behav Med 16:95-106, 1994
124. Brandtstadter J, Baltes-Gotz B, Kirschbaum C, et al: Developmental and personality correlates of adrenocortical activity as indexed by salivary cortisol: Observations in the age range of 35 to 65 years. J Psychosom Res 35:173-185, 1991
125. Bourne PG, Rose RM, Mason JW: 17-OHCS levels in combat Special Forces "A" Team under threat of attack. Arch Gen Psychiatry 19:135-140, 1968
126. Pope MK, Smith TW: Cortisol excretion in high and low cynically hostile men. Psychosom Med 53:386-392, 1991
127. Jemmott III JB, Locke SE: Psychosocial factors, immunologic mediation, and human susceptibility to infectious diseases: How much do we know? Psychol Bull 95:78-108, 1984
128. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Dura JR, Speicher CE, et al: Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: Longitudinal changes in immunity and health. Psychosom Med 53:345-362, 1991
129. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Malarkey WB, Chee MA, et al: Negative behavior during marital conflict is associated with immunological down-regulation. Psychosom Med 55:395-409, 1993
130. Baron RS, Cutrona CE, Hicklin D, et al: Social support and immune function among spouses of cancer patients. J Pers Soc Psychol 59:344-352, 1990
131. Kamarck TW, Manuck SB, Jennings JR: Social support reduces cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: A laboratory model. Psychosom Med 52:42-58, 1990
132. Edens JL, Larkin KT, Abel JL: The effect of social support and physical touch on cardiovascular reactions to mental stress. J Psychosom Res 36:371-382, 1992
133. Lepore SJ, Mata Allen KA, Evans GW: Social support lowers cardiovascular reactivity to an acute stressor. Psychosom Med 55:518-524, 1993
134. Gerin W, Pieper C, Levy R, et al: Social support in social interaction: A moderator of cardiovascular reactivity. Psychosom Med 54:324-336, 1992
135. Back KW, Bogdonoff MD: Plasma lipid responses to leadership, conformity, and deviation. In Leiderman HP, Shapiro D (eds), Psychobiological Approaches to Social Behavior. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1964, 24-42
136. Kirschbaum C, Klauer T, Filipp SH, et al: Sex specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress. Psychosom Med 57:23-31 1995
137. Kaplan GA, Salonen IT, Cohen RD, et al: Social connections and mortality from all causes and cardiovascular disease: Prospective evidence from eastern Finland. Am J Epidemiol 128:370-380, 1988
138. Berkman LF, Breslow L: Health and Ways of Living. New York, Oxford University Press, 1983
139. Kessler RC, McLeod JD: Sex differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events. Am Sociol Rev 49:620-631, 1984
140. Kessler RC, McLeod JD, Wethington E: The costs of caring: A perspective on the relationship between sex and psychological distress. In EG Sarason, BR Sarason (eds), Social support: Theory, Research and Applications. The Hague, Martinus Nijoff, 1985, 491-507
141. Lefler A, Krannich RS, Gillespie DL. Contact, support and friction: Three faces of networks in community life. Social Perspect 29:337-355, 1986
142. Schuster TL, Kassler RC, Aseltine RH: Supportive interactions, negative interactions and depressed mood. Am J Community Psychol 18:423-438, 1990
143. Wethington E, McLeod JD, Kessler RC: The importance of life events in explaining sex differences in psychological distress. In Barnett RC, Biener LB, Baruch GK (eds), Gender and Stress. New York, Basic Books, 1987, 144-156
144. Ewart CK, Taylor CB, Kraemer HC, et al: High blood pressure and marital discord: Not being nasty matters more than being nice. Health Psychol 10:155-163, 1991
145. Murray HA: Studies of stressful interpersonal disputations. Am Psychol 18:28-36, 1963
146. Dembroski TM, MacDougall JM, Shields JL: Physiological reactions to social challenge in persons evidencing the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. J Hum Stress 3:2-10, 1977
147. Dembroski TM, MacDougall JM, Lushene R: Interpersonal interaction and cardiovascular response in Type A subjects and coronary patients. J Hum Stress 5:28-36, 1979
148. Krantz DS, Manuck SB, Wing RR: Psychological stressors and task variables on elicitors of reactivity. In Matthews KA, Weiss SM, Detre T, et al, (eds), Handbook of Stress, Reactivity, and Cardiovascular Disease. New York, Wiley, 1986, 85-107
149. Dimsdale JE, Stern MJ, Dillon E: The stress interview as a tool for examining physiological reactivity. Psychosom Med 50:64-71, 1988
150. Glass DC, Krakoff LR, Contrada R, et al: Effect of harassment and competition upon cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses in Type A and type B individuals. Psychophysiology 17:453-463, 1980
151. Van Egeren LF, Fabrega Jr H, Thornton DW: Electrocardiographic effects of social stress on coronary-prone (Type A) individuals. Psychosom Med 45:195-203, 1983
152. Delamater AM, Albrecht R, Smith JA, et al: Cardiovascular correlates of Type A behavior components during social interaction. J Psychosomatic Res 33:641-650, 1989
153. Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N: The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in young children. Child Dev 58:1359-1473, 1987
154. Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N: Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science 240:167-171, 1988
155. Gunnar MR, Larson MC, Hertsgaard L, et al: The stressfulness of separation among 9-month-old infants: Effects of social context variables and infant temperament. Child Dev 63:290-303, 1992
156. Delhi F, Mayo W, Vallee M, et al: Reactivity to novelty during youth as a predictive factor of cognitive impairment in the elderly: A longitudinal study in rats. Brain Res 653:51-56, 1994
157. Meany MJ, Mitchell JB, Aitken DH, et al: The effects of neonatal handling on the development of the adrenocortical response to stress: Implications for neuropathology and cognitive deficits in later life. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16:85-103, 1991
158. Lupien S, LeCours A, Lussier I, et al: Basal cortisol levels and cognitive deficits in human aging. J Neurosci 14:2893-2903, 1994
159. Seeman TE, McEwen BS, Singer BS, et al: Increase in Urinary Cortisol Excretion and Declines in Memory: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging (submitted for publication)