Cytokine cascade in sepsis

Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 35, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 535-544

  Cavaillon, Jean Marc ^a   Adib Conquy, Minou ^a   Fitting, Catherine ^a   Adrie, Christophe ^b   Payen, Didier ^c  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

^b DELAFONTAINE HOSPITAL   (France)

^c HÔPITAL LARIBOISIÈRE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RANTES; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR;

CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INFECTION RESISTANCE; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SEPSIS;

ANIMALS; APACHE; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; MICE; RANTES; SEPSIS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 0242383218     PISSN: 00365548     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00365540310015935     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Taveira da Silva AM, Kaulbach HC, Chuidian FS, Lambert DR, Suffredini AF, Danner RL. Shock and multiple-organ dysfunction after self-administration of Salmonella endotoxin. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1457-60.
2. Cavaillon JM. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as mediators of Gram-negative sepsis. In "Cytokines and chemokines in infectious diseases handbook" (M. Kotb & T. Calandra, Eds.). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2003.
3. Appay V, Rowland-Jones SL. RANTES: a versatile and controversial chemokine. Trends Immunol 2001; 22: 83-7.
4. Friedland J, Suputtamongkol Y, Remick D, Chaowagul W, Stricter R, Kunkel S, et al. Prolonged elevation of interleukin-8 and interleukin-6 concentrations in plasma and of leukocyte interleukin-8 m-RNA levels during septicemic and localized Pseudomonas pseudomallei infection. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 2402-8.
5. Hack C, Hart M, Strack van Schijndel R, Eerenberg A, Nuijens J, Thijs L, Aarden L. Interleukin-8 in sepsis: relation to shock and inflammatory mediators. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 2835-42.
6. Miller EJ, Cohen AB, Nagao S, Griffith D, Maunder RJ, Martin TR, et al. Elevated levels of NAP-1/interleukin-8 are present in the airspaces of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and are associated with increased mortality. Am J Respir Dis 1992; 148: 427-32.
7. Endo S, Inada K, Ceska M, Takakuwa T, Yamada Y, Nakae H, et al. Plasma interleukin 8 and polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase concentrations in patients with septic shock. J Inflam 1995; 45: 136-42.
8. Marty C, Misset B, Tamion F, Fitting C, Carlet J, Cavaillon J-M. Circulating interleukin-8 concentrations in patients with multiple organ failure of septic and nonseptic origin. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 673-9.
9. Redl H, Schlag G, Bahrami S, Schade U, Ceska M, Stutz P. Plasma neutrophil-activating peptide-1/interleukin-8 and neutrophil elastase in a primate bacteremia model. J Infect Dis 1991; 164: 383-8.
10. Bossink AW, Paemen L, Jansen PM, Hack CE, Thijs LG, Van Damme J. Plasma levels of the chemokines monocyte chemotactic proteins-1 and -2 are elevated in human sepsis. Blood 1995; 86: 3841-7.
11. O'Grady NP, Tropea M, Preas HL, Reda D, Vandiveir RW, Banks SM, Suffredini AF. Detection of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP -1α and MIP-1β during experimental endotoxemia and human sepsis. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 136-41.
12. Olszyna DP, Prins JM, Dekkers PEP, De Jonge E, Speelman P, van Deventer SJH, van der Poll T. Sequential measurements of chemokines in urosepsis and experimental endotoxemia. J Clin Immunol 1999; 19: 399-405.
13. Gimbrone MA, Obin MS, Brock AF, Luis EA, Hass PE, Hébert CA, et al. Endothelial interleukin-8: a novel inhibitor of leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Science 1989; 246: 1601-3.
14. Simonet WS, Hughes TM, Nguyen HQ, Trebasky LD, Danilenko DM, Medlock ES. Long-term impaired neutrophil migration in mice overexpressing human interleukin-8. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 1310-9.
15. Rutledge B, Rayburn H, Rosenberg R, North R, Gladue R, Corless C, Rollins B. High level monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in transgenic mice increases their susceptibility to intracellular pathogens. J Immunol 1995; 155: 4838-43.
16. Hechtman D, Cybulsky M, Fuchs H, Bakker J, Gimbrone M. Intravascular IL-8: inhibitor of polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation at sites of acute inflammation. J Immunol 1991; 147: 883-92.
17. Cunha FQ, Cunha Tamashiro WMS. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-8 inhibit neutrophil migration in vitro and in vivo. Mediat Inflam 1992; 1: 397-401.
18. Solomkin JS, Bass RC, Bjornson HS, Tindal CJ, Babcock GF. Alterations of neutrophils responses to tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-8 following human endotoxemia. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 943-7.
19. Cummings CJ, Martin TR, Frevert CW, Quan JM, Wong VA, Mongovin SM, et al. Expression and function of the chemokine receptor CXCR1 and CXCR2 in sepsis. J Immunol 1999; 162: 2341-6.
20. Cavaillon JM, Muñoz C, Fitting C, Misset B, Carlet J. Circulating cytokines: the tip of the iceberg? Circ Shock 1992; 38: 145-52.
21. Muñoz C, Misset B, Fitting C, Bleriot JP, Carlet J, Cavaillon J-M. Dissociation between plasma and monocyte-associated cytokines during sepsis. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21: 2177-84.
22. Marie C, Fitting C, Cheval C, Losser MR, Carlet J, Payen D, et al. Presence of high levels of leukocyte-associated interleukin-8 upon cell activation and in patients with sepsis syndrome. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 865-71.
23. Olszyna DP, De Jonge E, Dekkers PEP, van Deventer SJH, van der Poll T. Induction of cell-associated chemokines after endotoxin administration to healthy humans. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 2736-8.
24. Minami A, Fujimoto K, Ozaki Y, Nakamura S. Augmentation of host resistance to microbial infections by recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha. Infect Immun 1988; 56: 3116-20.
25. Weigent D, Huff T, Peterson J, Stanton G, Baron S. Role of interferon in streptococcal infection in the mouse. Microb Pathogen 1986: 1: 399-407.
26. Amiot F, Boussadia O, Cases S, Fitting C, Lebastard M, Cavaillon J-M, et al. Mice heterozygous for a deletion of the TNFα and LTα genes: biological importance of a non linear response of TNFα dosage. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27: 1035-42.
27. Kuhns DB, Long Priel DA, Gallin JI. Endotoxin and IL-1 hyporesponsiveness in a patient with recurrent bacterial infections. J Immunol 1997: 158: 3959-64.
28. Pfeffer K, Matsuyama T, Kundig TM, Wakeham A, Kishihara K, Shahinian A, et al. Mice deficient for the 55 kd tumor necrosis factor receptor are resistant to endotoxic shock, yet succumb to L. monocytogenes infection. Cell 1993; 73: 457-67.
29. Amiot F, Fitting C, Tracey KJ, Cavaillon J-M, Dautry F. LPS-induced cytokine cascade and lethality in Ltα/TNFα deficient mice. Mol Med 1997; 3: 864-75.
30. Fantuzzi G, Hui Z, Faggioni R, Benigni F, Ghezzi P, Sipe JD, et al. Effect of endotoxin in IL-1β deficient mice. J Immunol 1996; 157: 291-6.
31. Li P, Allen H, Banerjee S, Francklin S, Herzog L, Johnston C, et al. Mice deficient in IL-1β converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1β and resistant to endotoxic shock. Cell 1995; 80: 401-11.
32. Bohn E, Sing A, Zumbihl R, Biefeldt C, Okamura H, Kurimoto M, et al. IL-18 regulates early cytokine production in, and promotes resolution of, bacterial infection in mice. J Immunol 1998; 160: 299-307.
33. Tsutsui H, Matsui K, Kawada N, Hyodo Y, Nahashi N, Okamura H, et al. IL-18 accounts for both TNFα and Fas ligand-mediated hepatotoxic pathways in endotoxin-induced liver injury in mice. J Immunol 1997; 159: 3961-7.
34. Netea MG, Fantuzzi G, Kullberg BJ, Stuyt RJL, Pulido EJ, McIntyre RC, et al. Neutralization of IL-18 reduces neutrophil tissue accumulation and protects mice against lethal Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium endotoxemia. J Immunol 2000; 164: 2644-9.
35. Hochholzer P, Lipford GB, Wagner H, Pfeffer K, Heeg K. Role of interleukin-18 during lethal shock: decreased lipopolysaccharide sensitivity but normal surperantigen reaction in IL-18-deficient mice. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 3502-8.
36. Echtenacher B, Freudenberg MA, Jack RS, Männel DN. Differences in innate defense mechanisms in endotoxemia and polymicrobial septic peritonitis. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 7271-6.
37. Nakane A, Okamoto M, Asano M, Kohanawa M, Minagawa T. Endogenous gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6 in Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 1165-72.
38. Beutler B, Milsark IW, Cerami AC. Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin. Science 1985; 229: 869-71.
39. Tracey KJ, Fong Y, Hesse DG, Manogue KR, Lee AT, Kuo GC, et al. Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia. Nature 1987; 330: 662-4.
40. Caty MG, Guice KS, Oldham KT, Remick DG, Kunkel SI. Evidence for tumor necrosis factor-induced pulmonary microvascular injury after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann Surg 1990; 212: 694-700.
41. Stüber F, Petersen M, Bokelmann F, Schade U. A genomic polymorphism within the tumor necrosis factor locus influences plasma TNF concentrations and outcome of patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 381-4.
42. Westendorp RG, Langermans JA, de Bel CE, Meinders AE, Vandenbroucke JP, van Furth R, van Dissel JT. Release of tumor necrosis factor: an innate host characteristic that may contribute to the outcome of meningococcal disease. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1057-60.
43. Nansen A, Pravsgaard Christensen J, Marker O, Randrup Thomsen A. Sensitization to lipopolysaccharide in mice with asymptomatic viral infection: role of T-cell-dependent production of interferon-γ. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 151-7.
44. Rothstein JL, Schreiber H. Synergy between tumor necrosis factor and bacterial products causes hemorrhagic necrosis and lethal shock in normal mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 607-11.
45. Heinzel FP. The role of interferon-gamma in the pathology of experimental endotoxemia. J Immunol 1990; 145: 2920-4.
46. Doherty GM, Lange JR, Langstein HN, Alexander HR, Buresh CM, Norton JA. Evidence for IFN-gamma as a mediator of the lethality of endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Immunol 1992; 149: 1666-70.
47. Marchant A, Devière J, Byl B, De Groote D, Vincent J, Goldman M. Interleukin-10 production during septicaemia. Lancet 1994; 343: 707-8.
48. Goldie AS, Fearon KC, Ross JA, Barclay GR, Jackson RE, Grant IS, et al. Natural cytokine antagonists and endogenous antiendotoxin core antibodies in sepsis syndrome. The Sepsis Intervention Group. JAMA 1995; 274: 172-7.
49. Marie C, Cavaillon J-M, Losser M-R. Elevated levels of circulating transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with the sepsis syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 520-1.
50. Yoshizawa KI, Naruto M, Ida N. Injection time of interleukin-6 determines fatal outcome in experimental endotoxin shock. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996; 16: 995-1000.
51. Gérard C, Bruyns C, Marchant A, Abramowicz D, Vandenabeele P, Delvaux A, et al. Interleukin-10 reduces the release of tumor necrosis factor and prevents lethality in experimental endotoxemia. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 547-50.
52. Berg D, Kühn R, Rajewsky K, Müller W, Menon S, Davidson N, et al. Interleukin-10 is a central regulator ofthe response to LPS in Marine models of endotoxin shock and the Shwartzman reaction but not endotoxin tolerance. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 2339-47.
53. Standiford TJ, Stricter RM, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL. Neutralization of IL-10 increases lethality in endotoxemia. Cooperative effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 1995; 155: 2222-9.
54. van der Poll T, Marchant A, Buurman WA, Berman L, Keogh CV, Lazarus DD, et al. Endogenous IL-10 protects mice from death during septic peritonitis. J Immunol 1995; 155: 5397-401.
55. Steinhauser ML, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL, Lukacs NW, Strieter RM, Standiford TJ. IL-10 is a major mediator of sepsis-induced impairment in lung antibacterial host defense. J Immunol 1999; 162: 392-9.
56. Donnelly SC, Strieter RM, Reid PT, Kunkel SL, Burdick MD, Armstrong I, et al. The association between mortality rates and decreased concentrations of interleukin-10 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the lung fluids of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 191-6.
57. Brandtzaeg P, Osnes L, Øvstebø R, Joø GB, Westwik AB, Kierulf P. Net inflammatory capacity of human septic shock plasma evaluated by a monocyte-based target cell assay: identification of interleukin-10 as a major functional deactivator of human monocytes. J Exp Med 1996; 184: 51-60.
58. Fumeaux T, Pugin J. Role of interleukin-10 in the intracellular sequestration of human leukocyte antigen-DR in monocytes during septic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1475-82.
59. Gogos CA, Drosou E, Bassaris HP, Skoutelis A. Pro- versus anti- inflammatory cytokine profile in patients with severe sepsis: a marker for prognosis and future therapeutic options. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 176-80.
60. van Dissel JT, van Langevelde P, Westendorp RGJ, Kwappenberg K, Frolich M. Anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and mortality in febrile patients. Lancet 1998; 351: 950-3.
61. Cavaillon J-M. Pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines; myth or reality. Cell Mol Biol 2001; 47; 695-702.
62. De Beaux AC, Maingay JP, Ross JA, Fearon KC, Carter DC. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 increase endotoxin-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cell interleukin-8 release. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1995; 15: 441-5.
63. Shibata Y, Foster LA, Kurimoto M, Okamura H, Nakamura RM, Kawajari K, et al. Immunoregulatory roles of IL-10 in innate immunity: IL-10 inhibits macrophage production of IFNγ-inducing factors but enhances NK cell production of IFNγ. J Immunol 1998; 161: 4283-8.
64. Marie C, Pitton C, Fitting C, Cavaillon J-M. Regulation by anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGFβ) of interleukin-8 production by LPS- and/or TNFα-activated human polymorphonuclear cells. Mediators Inflam 1996; 5: 334-40.
65. Adib-Conquy M, Petit A-F, Marie C, Fitting C, Cavaillon J-M. Paradoxical priming effects of IL-10 on cytokine production. Intern Immunol 1999; 11: 689-98.
66. Moore KW, De Waal Malefyt R, Coffman RE, O'Garra A. Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19: 683-765.
67. Girardin E, Roux-Lombard P, Grau GE, Suter P, Gallati H, Dayer JM. Imbalance between tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble TNF receptor concentrations in severe meningococcaemia. Immunology 1992; 76: 20-3.
68. Cavaillon J-M. Pathophysiological role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in sepsis. Sepsis 1998; 2: 127-40.
69. Suter PM, Suter S, Girardin E, Roux-Lombard P, Grau GE, Dayer JM. High bronchoalveolar levels of tumor necrosis factor and its inhibitors, interleukin-1, interferon, and elastase, in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome after trauma, shock, or sepsis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1016-22.
70. Waage A, Espevik T, Lamvik J. Detection of tumor necrosis factor-like cytotoxicity in serum from patients with septicemia but not from untreated cancer patients. Scand J Immunol 1986; 24: 739-43.
71. Waage A, Halstensen A, Espevik T. Association between tumor necrosis factor in serum and fatal outcome in patients with meningococcal disease. Lancet 1987; i: 355-7.
72. Tetta C, Gianotti L, Cavaillon JM, Wratten ME, Fini M, Braga M, et al. Coupled plasma filtration-adsorption in a rabbit model of endotoxic shock. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 1526-33.
73. Dinarello CA, Ikejima T, Warner SJ, Orencole SF, Lonnemann G, Cannon JG, Libby P. Interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1. I. Induction of circulating interleukin 1 in rabbits in vivo and in human mononuclear cells in vitro. J Immunol 1987; 139: 1902-10.
74. Descoteaux A, Matlashewski G. Regulation of tumor necrosis factor gene expression and protein synthesis in murine macrophages treated with recombinant tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 1990; 145: 846-53.
75. DeForge LE, Kenney JS, Jones ML, Warren JS, Remick DG. Biphasic production of IL-8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human whole blood. Separation of LPS- and cytokine-stimulated components using anti-tumor necrosis factor and anti-IL-1 antibodies. J Immunol 1992; 148: 2133-41.
76. Wanidworanum C, Strober W. Predominant role of tumor necrosis factor-α in human monocyte IL-10 synthesis. J Immunol 1993; 151: 6853-61.
77. de Waal Malefyt R, Figdor CG, Huijbens R, Mohan-Peterson S, Bennett B, Culpepper J, et al. Effects of IL-13 on phenotype, cytokine production, and cytotoxic function of human monocytes. Comparison with IL-4 and modulation by IFN-gamma or IL-10. J Immunol 1993; 151: 6370-81.
78. Suffredini AF, Reda D, Banks SM, Tropea M, Agosti JM, Miller R. Effects of recombinant dimeric TNF receptor on human inflammatory responses following intravenous endotoxin administration. J Immunol 1995; 155: 5038-45.
79. Fong Y, Tracey KJ, Moldawer LL, Hesse DG, Manogue KB, Kenney JS, et al. Antibodies to cachectin/tumor necrosis factor reduce interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 6 appearance during lethal bacteremia. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 1627-33.
80. Redl H, Schlag G, Ceska M, Davies J, Buurman WA. Interleukin-8 release in baboon septicemia is partially dependent on tumor necrosis factor. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 1464-6.
81. van der Poll T, Jansen J, Levi M, ten Cate H, ten Cate J, van Deventer S. Regulation of interleukin 10 release by tumor necrosis factor in humans and chimpanzees. J Exp Med 2001; 180: 1985-8.
82. Vogel SN, Havell EA. Differential inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced phenomena by anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 2397-400.
83. Rayhane N, Lortholary O, Fitting C, Callebert J, Huerre M, Dromer F, Cavaillon J-M. Enhanced sensitivity of tumor necrosis factor/lymphotoxin-α deficient mice to Cryptococcus neoformans infection despite increased levels of nitrite/nitrate, gamma-interferon and interleukin-12. J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 1637-47.
84. Rayhane N, Fitting C, Cavaillon J-M. Dissociation of INFγ from IL-12 and IL-18 during endotoxin tolerance. J Endotoxin Res 1999; 5: 319-24.
85. Bone RC, Grodzin CJ, Balk RA. Sepsis: a new hypothesis for pathogenesis of the disease process. Chest 1997; 121: 235-43.
86. Cavaillon J-M, Adib-Conquy M, Cloëz-Tayarani I, Fitting C. Immunodepression in sepsis and SIRS assessed by ex vivo cytokine production is not a generalized phenomenon: a review. J Endotoxin Res 2001; 7: 85-93.
87. Adrie C, Adib-Conquy M, Laurent I, Monchi M, Vinsonneau C, Fitting C, et al. Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest as a 'sepsis like' syndrome. Circulation 2002; 106: 562-8.
88. Wood J, Rodrick M, O'Mahony J, Palder S, Saporoschetz I, D'Eon P, Mannick J. Inadequate interleukin 2 production. A fundamental immunological deficiency in patients with major burns. Ann Surg 1984; 200: 311-20.
89. Ertel W, Keel M, Neidhardt R, Steckholzer U, Kremer JP, Ungethuem U, Trentz O. Inhibition of the defense system stimulating interleukin-12 interferon-γ pathway during critical illness. Blood 1997; 89: 1612-20.
90. Muret J, Marie C, Fitting C, Payen D, Cavaillon J-M. Ex vivo T-lymphocyte derived cytokine production in SIRS patients is influenced by experimental procedures. Shock 2000; 13: 169-74.
91. McCall CE, Grosso-Wilmoth LM, LaRue K, Guzman RN, Cousart SL. Tolerance to endotoxin-induced expression of the interleukin-1β gene in blood neutrophils of humans with the sepsis syndrome. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 853-61.
92. Marie C, Muret J, Fitting C, Losser M-R, Payen D, Cavaillon J-M. Reduced ex vivo interleukin-8 production by neutrophils in septic and non-septic systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Blood 1998; 91: 3439-46.
93. Marie C, Muret J, Fitting C, Payen D, Cavaillon J-M. IL-1 receptor antagonist production during infectious and non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 2277-83.
94. Schultz MJ, Olszyna DP, de Jonge E, Verbon A, van Deventer SJH, van der Poll T. Reduced ex vivo chemokine production by polymorphonuclear cells after in vivo exposure of normal humans to endotoxin. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1264-7.
95. Van Deuren M, Van Der Ven-Jongekrijg H, Demacker PNM, Baterlink AKN, Van Dalen R, Sauerwein RW, et al. Differential expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their inhibitors during the course of meningococcal infections. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 157-61.
96. Marchant A, Alegre M, Hakim A, Piérard G, Marécaux G, Friedman G, et al. Clinical and biological significance of interleukin-10 plasma levels in patients with septic shock. J Clin Immunol 1995; 15: 265-72.
97. Randow F, Syrbe U, Meisel C, Krausch D, Zuckermann H, Platzer C, Volk H. Mechanism of endotoxin desensitization: involvement of interleukin- 10 and transforming growth factor-β. J Exp Med 1995; 181: 1887-92.
98. Weiss M, Fisher G, Barth E, Boneberg E, Schneider E-M, Georgieff M, Hartung T. Dissociation of LPS-induced monocytic ex vivo production of granulocyte colony stimulating factor and TNFα in patients with septic shock. Cytokine 2000; 13: 51-4.
99. Granowitz EV, Porat R, Mier JW, Orencole SF, Kaplanski G, Lynch EA, et al. Intravenous endotoxin suppresses the cytokine response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy humans. J Immunol 1993; 151: 1637-45.
100. Adib-Conquy M, Adrie C, Moine P, Asehnoune K, Fitting C, Pinsky MR, et al. NF-κB expression in mononuclear cells of septic patients resembles that observed in LPS-tolerance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 1877-83.
101. Adib-Conquy M, Moine P, Asehnoune K, Edouard A, Espevik T, Miyake K, et al. Toll-like receptor-mediated TNF and IL-10 production are not similarly affected during systemic inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 158-64.
102. Munford RS, Pugin J. Normal response to injury prevent systemic inflammation and can be immunosuppressive. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 316-21.