메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 417-434

Phytoplankton natural fluorescence variability in the Sargasso Sea

Author keywords

Fluorescence; Quantum yield; Sargasso Sea

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; FLUORESCENCE; QUANTUM THEORY; RAMAN SCATTERING; STATISTICAL METHODS;

EID: 0242381358     PISSN: 09670637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00019-0     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0029472669 scopus 로고
    • Scales of variability of bio-optical properties as observed from near-surface drifters
    • Abbott, M.R., Brink, K.H., Booth, C.R., et al., 1995. Scales of variability of bio-optical properties as observed from near-surface drifters. Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (7), 13345-13367.
    • (1995) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.100 , Issue.7 , pp. 13345-13367
    • Abbott, M.R.1    Brink, K.H.2    Booth, C.R.3
  • 2
    • 0016334129 scopus 로고
    • The remote sensing of spectral radiance from below the ocean surface
    • Jerlov, N.G., Steemann Nielsen, E. (Eds.), Academic Press, London
    • Austin, R.W., 1974. The remote sensing of spectral radiance from below the ocean surface. In: Jerlov, N.G., Steemann Nielsen, E. (Eds.), Optical Aspects of Oceanography. Academic Press, London, pp. 317-344.
    • (1974) Optical Aspects of Oceanography , pp. 317-344
    • Austin, R.W.1
  • 3
    • 0030221017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote sensing of sea surface sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence - Consequences of natural variations in the optical characteristics of phytoplankton and the quantum yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence
    • Babin, M., Morel, A., Gentili, B., 1996. Remote sensing of sea surface sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence - consequences of natural variations in the optical characteristics of phytoplankton and the quantum yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence. International Journal of Remote Sensing 17 (12), 2417-2448.
    • (1996) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.17 , Issue.12 , pp. 2417-2448
    • Babin, M.1    Morel, A.2    Gentili, B.3
  • 5
    • 0027062498 scopus 로고
    • Model of the mean cosine of underwater radiance and estimation of underwater scalar irradiance
    • Bannister, T.T., 1992. Model of the mean cosine of underwater radiance and estimation of underwater scalar irradiance. Limnology and Oceanography 37, 773-780.
    • (1992) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.37 , pp. 773-780
    • Bannister, T.T.1
  • 8
    • 0028995784 scopus 로고
    • Influences of absorption and scattering on vertical changes in the average cosine of the underwater light field
    • Berwald, J., Stramski, D., Mobley, C.D., Kiefer, D.A., 1995. Influences of absorption and scattering on vertical changes in the average cosine of the underwater light field. Limnology and Oceanography 40 (8), 1347-1357.
    • (1995) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.40 , Issue.8 , pp. 1347-1357
    • Berwald, J.1    Stramski, D.2    Mobley, C.D.3    Kiefer, D.A.4
  • 9
    • 0025564049 scopus 로고
    • In vivo absorption properties of algal pigments
    • Ocean Optics X
    • Bidigare, R.R., Ondrusek, M.E., Morrow, J.H., Kiefer, D.A., 1990. In vivo absorption properties of algal pigments. SPIE 1302 (Ocean Optics X), 290-302.
    • (1990) SPIE , vol.1302 , pp. 290-302
    • Bidigare, R.R.1    Ondrusek, M.E.2    Morrow, J.H.3    Kiefer, D.A.4
  • 11
    • 84968543117 scopus 로고
    • Fluorescence yields in photosynthetic systems and its relations to electron transport
    • Sanadi, DR. (Ed.), Academic Press, New York
    • Butler, W.L., 1966. Fluorescence yields in photosynthetic systems and its relations to electron transport. In: Sanadi, DR. (Ed.), Current Topics in Bioenergetics, Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, pp. 49-73.
    • (1966) Current Topics in Bioenergetics , vol.1 , pp. 49-73
    • Butler, W.L.1
  • 12
    • 0027047722 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of photosynthetic rate from measurements of natural fluorescence: Analysis of the effects of light and temperature
    • Chamberlin, W.S., Marra, J.M., 1992. Estimation of photosynthetic rate from measurements of natural fluorescence: analysis of the effects of light and temperature. Deep-Sea Research I 39 (10), 1695-1706.
    • (1992) Deep-Sea Research I , vol.39 , Issue.10 , pp. 1695-1706
    • Chamberlin, W.S.1    Marra, J.M.2
  • 13
    • 0025205482 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a simple relationship between natural fluorescence, chlorophyll, and photosynthesis in the sea
    • Chamberlin, W.S., Booth, C.R., Kiefer, D.A., Marra, J.H., Murphy, R.C., 1990. Evidence for a simple relationship between natural fluorescence, chlorophyll, and photosynthesis in the sea. Deep-Sea Research I 37 (6), 951-973.
    • (1990) Deep-Sea Research I , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 951-973
    • Chamberlin, W.S.1    Booth, C.R.2    Kiefer, D.A.3    Marra, J.H.4    Murphy, R.C.5
  • 14
    • 0022112975 scopus 로고
    • The role of reabsorption in the spectral distribution of phytoplankton fluorescence emission
    • Collins, D.J., Kiefer, D.A., SooHoo, J.B., McDermid, I.S., 1985. The role of reabsorption in the spectral distribution of phytoplankton fluorescence emission. Deep-Sea Research I. 32, 983-1003.
    • (1985) Deep-Sea Research I , vol.32 , pp. 983-1003
    • Collins, D.J.1    Kiefer, D.A.2    Soohoo, J.B.3    McDermid, I.S.4
  • 15
    • 0030765936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculation of solar-induced fluorescence in surface and sub-surface waters
    • Culver, M.E., Perry, M.J., 1997. Calculation of solar-induced fluorescence in surface and sub-surface waters. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (5), 10563-10572.
    • (1997) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.102 , Issue.5 , pp. 10563-10572
    • Culver, M.E.1    Perry, M.J.2
  • 17
    • 0035026331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical and biogeochemical variability from hours to years at the Bermuda testbed mooring site: June 1994-March 1998
    • Dickey, T., Zedler, S., Yu, X., Doney, S., et al., 2001. Physical and biogeochemical variability from hours to years at the Bermuda testbed mooring site: June 1994-March 1998. Deep-Sea Research II 48 (8-9), 2105-2140.
    • (2001) Deep-Sea Research II , vol.48 , Issue.8-9 , pp. 2105-2140
    • Dickey, T.1    Zedler, S.2    Yu, X.3    Doney, S.4
  • 18
    • 0030426908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A synoptic atmospheric surface forcing data set and physical upper ocean model for the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series study site
    • Doney, S.C., 1996. A synoptic atmospheric surface forcing data set and physical upper ocean model for the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series study site. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (11), 25615-25634.
    • (1996) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.101 , Issue.11 , pp. 25615-25634
    • Doney, S.C.1
  • 19
    • 0009152180 scopus 로고
    • Chlorophyll a fluorescence in phytoplankton: Relationship to photosynthesis and biomass
    • Falkowski, P., Kiefer, D.A., 1985. Chlorophyll a fluorescence in phytoplankton: relationship to photosynthesis and biomass. Journal of Plankton Research 7 (5), 715-731.
    • (1985) Journal of Plankton Research , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. 715-731
    • Falkowski, P.1    Kiefer, D.A.2
  • 20
    • 0028794647 scopus 로고
    • Variations in chlorophyll fluorescence yields in phytoplankton in the world oceans
    • Falkowski, P., Kolber, Z., 1995. Variations in chlorophyll fluorescence yields in phytoplankton in the world oceans. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 22 (2), 341-355.
    • (1995) Australian Journal of Plant Physiology , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 341-355
    • Falkowski, P.1    Kolber, Z.2
  • 21
    • 84986754967 scopus 로고
    • Metal contamination and its effects on primary production measurements
    • Fitzwater, S.E., Knauer, G.A., Martin, J.H., 1982. Metal contamination and its effects on primary production measurements. Limnology and Oceanography 27, 544-551.
    • (1982) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.27 , pp. 544-551
    • Fitzwater, S.E.1    Knauer, G.A.2    Martin, J.H.3
  • 22
    • 0000479140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of solar-stimulated natural fluorescence and primary productivity in Mexican Pacific waters
    • Garcia-Mendoza, E., Maske, H., 1996. The relationship of solar-stimulated natural fluorescence and primary productivity in Mexican Pacific waters. Limnology and Oceanography 41 (8), 1697-1710.
    • (1996) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.41 , Issue.8 , pp. 1697-1710
    • Garcia-Mendoza, E.1    Maske, H.2
  • 23
    • 0018460702 scopus 로고
    • Diffuse reflectance of the ocean: The theory of its augmentation by chlorophyll a at 685 nm
    • Gordon, H.R., 1979. Diffuse reflectance of the ocean: the theory of its augmentation by chlorophyll a at 685 nm. Applied Optics 18, 1161-1166.
    • (1979) Applied Optics , vol.18 , pp. 1161-1166
    • Gordon, H.R.1
  • 24
    • 0000564354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of Raman scattering to water-leaving radiance: A reexamination
    • Gordon, H.R., 1999. Contribution of Raman scattering to water-leaving radiance: a reexamination. Applied Optics 38 (15), 3166-3174.
    • (1999) Applied Optics , vol.38 , Issue.15 , pp. 3166-3174
    • Gordon, H.R.1
  • 25
    • 0027332982 scopus 로고
    • Angular distribution of fluorescence from phytoplankton
    • Gordon, H.R., Voss, K.J., Kilpatrick, K.A., 1993. Angular distribution of fluorescence from phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 38 (7), 1582-1585.
    • (1993) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.38 , Issue.7 , pp. 1582-1585
    • Gordon, H.R.1    Voss, K.J.2    Kilpatrick, K.A.3
  • 26
    • 0000454756 scopus 로고
    • Advances in understanding phytoplankton fluorescence and photosynthesis
    • Falkowski, P.G., Woodhead, A.D. (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York
    • Kiefer, D.A., Reynolds, R.A., 1992. Advances in understanding phytoplankton fluorescence and photosynthesis. In: Falkowski, P.G., Woodhead, A.D. (Eds.), Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea. Plenum Press, New York.
    • (1992) Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea
    • Kiefer, D.A.1    Reynolds, R.A.2
  • 27
    • 0024929903 scopus 로고
    • Natural fluorescence of chlorophyll a: Relationship to photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentration in the western South Pacific gyre
    • Kiefer, D.A., Chamberlin, W.S., Booth, C.R., 1989. Natural fluorescence of chlorophyll a: relationship to photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentration in the western South Pacific gyre. Limnology and Oceanography 34 (5), 868-881.
    • (1989) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.34 , Issue.5 , pp. 868-881
    • Kiefer, D.A.1    Chamberlin, W.S.2    Booth, C.R.3
  • 28
    • 0000653810 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of quantum yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence from the upward irradiance spectrum in the sea
    • Kishino, M., Sugihara, A., Okami, N., 1984. Estimation of quantum yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence from the upward irradiance spectrum in the sea. La Mer 22 (3-4), 233-240.
    • (1984) La Mer , vol.22 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 233-240
    • Kishino, M.1    Sugihara, A.2    Okami, N.3
  • 31
    • 0030274108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence algorithms for the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS)
    • Letelier, R.M., Abbott, M.R., 1996. An analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence algorithms for the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS). Remote Sensing of the Environment 58 (2), 215-223.
    • (1996) Remote Sensing of the Environment , vol.58 , Issue.2 , pp. 215-223
    • Letelier, R.M.1    Abbott, M.R.2
  • 32
    • 0031074457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chlorophyll natural fluorescence response to upwelling events in the Southern Ocean
    • Letelier, R.M., Abbott, M.R., Karl, D.M., 1997. Chlorophyll natural fluorescence response to upwelling events in the Southern Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 24 (4), 409-412.
    • (1997) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 409-412
    • Letelier, R.M.1    Abbott, M.R.2    Karl, D.M.3
  • 33
    • 0034475063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of late winter mesoscale events in the biogeochemical variability of the upper water column of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
    • Letelier, R.M., Karl, D.M., Abbott, M.R., Flament, P., et al., 2000. Role of late winter mesoscale events in the biogeochemical variability of the upper water column of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 105 (12), 28723-28739.
    • (2000) Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans , vol.105 , Issue.12 , pp. 28723-28739
    • Letelier, R.M.1    Karl, D.M.2    Abbott, M.R.3    Flament, P.4
  • 34
    • 0000895967 scopus 로고
    • A method for continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll concentration
    • Lorenzen, C.J., 1966. A method for continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll concentration. Deep-Sea Research I 13, 223-227.
    • (1966) Deep-Sea Research I , vol.13 , pp. 223-227
    • Lorenzen, C.J.1
  • 35
    • 0027009078 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and interannual variability in primary production and the particle flux in the northwestern Sargasso Sea: US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Station
    • Lohrenz, S.E., Knauer, G.A., Asper, V.L., Tuel, M., Michaels, A.F., Knap, A.H., 1992. Seasonal and interannual variability in primary production and the particle flux in the northwestern Sargasso Sea: US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Station. Deep-Sea Research I 39, 1373-1391.
    • (1992) Deep-Sea Research I , vol.39 , pp. 1373-1391
    • Lohrenz, S.E.1    Knauer, G.A.2    Asper, V.L.3    Tuel, M.4    Michaels, A.F.5    Knap, A.H.6
  • 36
    • 0000290674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the fluorescence quantum yield by oceanic phytoplankton in their natural habitat
    • Maritorena, S., Morel, A., Gentili, B., 2000. Determination of the fluorescence quantum yield by oceanic phytoplankton in their natural habitat. Applied Optics 39 (36), 6725-6737.
    • (2000) Applied Optics , vol.39 , Issue.36 , pp. 6725-6737
    • Maritorena, S.1    Morel, A.2    Gentili, B.3
  • 37
    • 84975594419 scopus 로고
    • Raman scattering and in-water ocean optical properties
    • Marshall, B.R., Smith, R.C., 1990. Raman scattering and in-water ocean optical properties. Applied Optics 29 (1), 71-84.
    • (1990) Applied Optics , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-84
    • Marshall, B.R.1    Smith, R.C.2
  • 40
    • 0001174545 scopus 로고
    • Annual variations in primary production of the sea off Bermuda
    • Menzel, D.W., Ryther, J.H., 1961. Annual variations in primary production of the sea off Bermuda. Deep-Sea Research I 7, 282-288.
    • (1961) Deep-Sea Research I , vol.7 , pp. 282-288
    • Menzel, D.W.1    Ryther, J.H.2
  • 41
    • 0028562972 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal patterns of ocean biogeochemistry at the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series study site
    • Michaels, A.F., Knap, A.H., et al., 1994. Seasonal patterns of ocean biogeochemistry at the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series study site. Deep-Sea Research I 41 (7), 1013-1048.
    • (1994) Deep-Sea Research I , vol.41 , Issue.7 , pp. 1013-1048
    • Michaels, A.F.1    Knap, A.H.2
  • 42
    • 0029729551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study and the Hydrostation S program
    • Michaels, A.F., Knap, A.H., 1996. Overview of the U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study and the Hydrostation S program. Deep-Sea Research II 43 (2-3), 157-198.
    • (1996) Deep-Sea Research II , vol.43 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 157-198
    • Michaels, A.F.1    Knap, A.H.2
  • 44
    • 0017525439 scopus 로고
    • Passive remote sensing of phytoplankton via chlorophyll a fluorescence
    • Neville, R.A., Gower, J.F.R., 1977. Passive remote sensing of phytoplankton via chlorophyll a fluorescence. Journal of Geophysical Research 82, 3487-3493.
    • (1977) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.82 , pp. 3487-3493
    • Neville, R.A.1    Gower, J.F.R.2
  • 46
    • 0028001875 scopus 로고
    • Non-photochemical quenching and the diadinoxanthin cycle in a marine diatom
    • Olaizola, M., La Roche, J., Kolber, Z., Falkowski, P.G., 1994. Non-photochemical quenching and the diadinoxanthin cycle in a marine diatom. Photosynthesis Research 41, 357-370.
    • (1994) Photosynthesis Research , vol.41 , pp. 357-370
    • Olaizola, M.1    La Roche, J.2    Kolber, Z.3    Falkowski, P.G.4
  • 47
    • 0000476072 scopus 로고
    • Energy transformation and fluorescence in photosynthesis
    • Demers, S. (Ed.), Springer, Berlin
    • Owens, T.G., 1991. Energy transformation and fluorescence in photosynthesis. In: Demers, S. (Ed.), Particle Analysis in Oceanography. Springer, Berlin, pp. 101-137.
    • (1991) Particle Analysis in Oceanography , pp. 101-137
    • Owens, T.G.1
  • 49
    • 0025624401 scopus 로고
    • Meridional variations in the springtime phytoplankton community in the Sargasso Sea
    • Siegel, D.A., Iturriaga, R., et al., 1990. Meridional variations in the springtime phytoplankton community in the Sargasso Sea. Journal of Marine Research 48, 379-412.
    • (1990) Journal of Marine Research , vol.48 , pp. 379-412
    • Siegel, D.A.1    Iturriaga, R.2
  • 50
    • 0000629828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale motions, satellite altimetry and new production in the Sargasso Sea
    • Siegel, D.A., Fields, E., McGillicuddy Jr, D.J., 1999. Mesoscale motions, satellite altimetry and new production in the Sargasso Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 13359-13379.
    • (1999) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.104 , pp. 13359-13379
    • Siegel, D.A.1    Fields, E.2    McGillicuddy D.J., Jr.3
  • 51
    • 0035033224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bio-optical modeling of primary production on regional scales: The Bermuda Bio-Optics Project
    • Siegel, D.A., Westberry, T.K., O'Brien, M.C., Nelson, N.B., et al., 2001. Bio-optical modeling of primary production on regional scales: The Bermuda Bio-Optics Project. Deep-Sea Research II 48, 1865-1896.
    • (2001) Deep-Sea Research II , vol.48 , pp. 1865-1896
    • Siegel, D.A.1    Westberry, T.K.2    O'Brien, M.C.3    Nelson, N.B.4
  • 52
    • 0019476977 scopus 로고
    • Optical properties of the clearest natural waters
    • Smith, R.C., Baker, K., 1981. Optical properties of the clearest natural waters. Applied Optics 20 (2), 177-184.
    • (1981) Applied Optics , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 177-184
    • Smith, R.C.1    Baker, K.2
  • 53
    • 0021482269 scopus 로고
    • Oceanographic bio-optical profiling system
    • Smith, R.C., Booth, C.R., Star, J.L., 1984. Oceanographic bio-optical profiling system. Applied Optics 23, 2791-2797.
    • (1984) Applied Optics , vol.23 , pp. 2791-2797
    • Smith, R.C.1    Booth, C.R.2    Star, J.L.3
  • 54
    • 0035038405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of the effective quantum yield for carbon assimilation in the Sargasso Sea
    • Sorensen, J.C., Siegel, D.A., 2001. Variability of the effective quantum yield for carbon assimilation in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 48, 2005-2035.
    • (2001) Deep-Sea Research II , vol.48 , pp. 2005-2035
    • Sorensen, J.C.1    Siegel, D.A.2
  • 55
    • 84975645854 scopus 로고
    • Optical modeling of clear ocean light fields: Raman scattering effects
    • Stavn, R.H., Weidemann, A.D., 1988. Optical modeling of clear ocean light fields: Raman scattering effects. Applied Optics 27 (19), 4002-4010.
    • (1988) Applied Optics , vol.27 , Issue.19 , pp. 4002-4010
    • Stavn, R.H.1    Weidemann, A.D.2
  • 56
    • 0035031806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Timer-Series Study (BATS): A decade-scale look at ocean biology and biogeochemistry
    • Steinberg, D.K., Carlson, C.A., Bates, N.R., Johnson, R.J., Michaels, A.F., Knap, A.M., 2001. Overview of the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Timer-Series Study (BATS): a decade-scale look at ocean biology and biogeochemistry. Deep-Sea Research II 48, 1405-1447.
    • (2001) Deep-Sea Research II , vol.48 , pp. 1405-1447
    • Steinberg, D.K.1    Carlson, C.A.2    Bates, N.R.3    Johnson, R.J.4    Michaels, A.F.5    Knap, A.M.6
  • 57
    • 0000275832 scopus 로고
    • Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophylls and total carotenoids
    • a practical handbook of seawater analysis
    • Strickland, J.D.H, Parsons, T.R., 1968. Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophylls and total carotenoids. In: a practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 167, 185-192.
    • (1968) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin , vol.167 , pp. 185-192
    • Strickland, J.D.H.1    Parsons, T.R.2
  • 58
    • 0022924707 scopus 로고
    • Passive fluorescence and photosynthesis in the ocean: Implications for remote sensing
    • Topliss, B.J., Platt, T., 1986, Passive fluorescence and photosynthesis in the ocean: Implications for remote sensing. Deep-Sea Research I 33, 849-864.
    • (1986) Deep-Sea Research I , vol.33 , pp. 849-864
    • Topliss, B.J.1    Platt, T.2
  • 59
    • 0000575504 scopus 로고
    • Phytoplankton production in the Sargasso Sea as determined using optical mooring data
    • Waters, K.J., Smith, R.C., 1994. Phytoplankton production in the Sargasso Sea as determined using optical mooring data. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (9), 18385-18402.
    • (1994) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.99 , Issue.9 , pp. 18385-18402
    • Waters, K.J.1    Smith, R.C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.