Solidification cracking in austenitic stainless steel welds

Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences

Volumn 28, Issue 3-4, 2003, Pages 359-382

  Shankar, V ^a   Gill, T P S ^a   Mannan, S L ^b   Sundarlsan, S ^b  

^a INDIRA GANDHI CENTRE FOR ATOMIC RESEARCH   (India)

^b INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS   (India)

Author keywords

Austenitic stainless steels; Composition effects; Solidification cracking; Varestraint testing

Indexed keywords

AUSTENITE; COMPOSITION EFFECTS; CRACK INITIATION; EUTECTICS; MICROSTRUCTURE; NIOBIUM; NITROGEN; SOLIDIFICATION; STAINLESS STEEL; SULFUR; TITANIUM; WELDING;

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL WELDS; ELEMENTAL SEGREGATION; HOT CRACKING; LOW MELTING EUTECTICS; SOLIDIFICATION CRACKING;

WELDS;

EID: 0242348700     PISSN: 02562499     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02706438     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Arata Y, Matsuda F, Katayama S 1977 Solidification crack susceptibility in weld metals of fully austenitic stainless steels (report II) - effect of ferrite, P, S, C, Si, and Mn on ductility properties of solidification brittleness. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 6: 105-116
2. Arata Y, Matsuda F, Saruwatari S 1974 Varestraint test for solidification crack susceptibility in weld metals of austenitic stainless steels. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 3: 79-88
3. Babu S S, Vitek J M, Iskander Y S, David S A 1997 New model for prediction of ferrite number of stainless steel welds. Sci. Technol. Welding Joining 2: 279-285
4. Bhadeshia H K D H, David S A, Vitek J M 1991 Solidification sequences in stainless steel dissimilar alloy welds. Mater. Sci. Technol. 7: 50-61
5. Blake P D 1979 Nitrogen in steel weld metals. Metal Constr. 9: 196-197
6. Borland J C 1960 Generalized theory of super-solidus cracking in welds (and castings). Br. Weld. J. 7:508-512
7. Borland J C, Younger R N 1960 Some aspects of cracking in welded Cr-Ni austenitic steels. Br. Weld. J. 7: 22-59
8. Brooks J A 1974 Effect of alloy modifications on HAZ cracking of A-286 stainless steel. Weld. J. 53: 517s-523s
9. Brooks J A 1975 Weldability of high N, high-Mn austenitic stainless steel. Weld. J. 54: 189s-195s
10. Brooks JA, Lambert Jr. F J 1978 The effects of phosphorus, sulfur and ferrite content on weld cracking of type 309 stainless steel. Weld. J. 57: 139s-143s
11. Brooks J A, Thompson A W, Williams J C 1984 A fundamental study of the beneficial effects of δ-ferrite in reducing weld cracking. Weld. J. 63: 71s-83s
12. Brooks J A, Thompson AW 1991 Microstructural development and solidification cracking susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel welds. Int. Mater. Rev. 36: 16-44
13. Cieslak M J, Ritter A M, Savage W F 1982 Solidification cracking and analytical electron microscopy of austenitic stainless steel weld metals. Weld. J. 61: 1s-8s
14. Clyne T W, Davies G J 1981 The influence of composition on solidification cracking susceptibility in binary alloy systems. Bri. Foundryman 74: 65-73
15. David S A, Goodwin G M, Braski D N 1979 Solidification behaviour of austenitic stainless steel filler metals. Weld. J. 58: 330s-336s
16. Dixon B 1988 Weld metal solidification cracking in austenitic stainless steels. Aust. Weld. J. 16: 2-10
17. Eckenrod J J, Kovach C W 1979 Effect of nitrogen on the sensitization, corrosion and mechanical properties of 18Cr-8Ni stainless steels (eds) C R Brinkman, H W Garvin, ASTM STP 679, pp 17-41
18. Egnell E, May W M 1970 Welding trials on a titanium-bearing austenitic steel. Welding Inst. Conf. on welding of creep-resistant steels, pp 144-151
19. Folkhard E 1988 Welding metallurgy of stainless steels (New York: Springer Verlag)
20. Fredriksson H 1979 Transition from peritectic to eutectic reaction in iron-base alloys. Solidification and casting of metals (Eondon: The Metals Society) pp 131-138
21. Goodwin G M 1987 Development of a new hot-cracking test - the sigmajig. Weld. J. 66: 33s-38s
22. Goodwin G M 1988 The effects of heat input and weld process on hot cracking in stainless steel. Weld. J. 67: 88s-94s
23. Goodwin G M 1990 Test methods for evaluating hot cracking : review and perspective. Advances in welding metallurgy (Miami, FE: Am. Welding Soc./Jap. Welding Soc./Japn. Welding Eng. Soc.) pp 37-49
24. Hammar O, Svensson U 1979 Influence of steel composition on segregation and microstructure during solidification of austenitic stainless steels. Solidification and casting of metals (Eondon: The Metals Society) pp 401-410
25. Hemsworth B, Boniszewski T, Eaton N F 1969 Classification and definition of high temperature welding cracks in alloys. Met. Constr. Br. Weld. J. 2: 5-16
26. Hoerl A, Moore T J 1957 The welding of type 347 steels. Weld. J. 46: 442s-448s
27. Hull F C 1960 Effects of alloying additions on hot cracking of austenitic stainless steels. Proc. ASTM 60: 667-690
28. Hull F C 1967 The effect of <5-ferrite on the hot cracking of stainless steel. Weld. J. 46: 399s-409s
29. Jolley G, Geraghty JE 1979 Solidification cracking in 18Cr-13Ni-lNb stainless steel weld metal: the role of magnesium additions. Solidification and casting of metals (Eondon: The Metals Society) pp 411-415
30. Kakhovskii N I et al 1971 Effects of silicon, nitrogen and manganese on chemical heterogeneity in type 0Kh23N28M3D3T weld metals and their resistance to hot cracking. Avtomatich. Svarka 8: 11-14
31. Kelly T F, Cohen M, Vandersande J B 1984 Rapid solidification of a droplet-processed stainless steel. Met. Trans. A15: 819-833
32. Koseki T, Flemings M C 1996 Solidification of undercooled Fe-Cr-Ni alloys part II - microstructural evolution. Metall. Mater. Trans. A27: 3226-3240
33. Koseki T, Matsumiya T, Yamada W, Ogawa T 1994 Numerical modeling of solidification and subsequent transformation of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. A25: 1309-1321
34. Kotecki D J, Siewert T A 1992 WRC-1992 constitution diagram for stainless steel weld metals: A modification of the WRC-1988 diagram. Weld. J. 71: 171s-178s
35. Kujanpaa V, Suutala N, Takalo T, Moisio T 1979 Correlation between solidification cracking and microstructure in austenitic-ferritic stainless steel welds. Weld. Res. Int. 9: 55-76
36. Kujanpaa V P 1985 Effects of steel type and impurities in solidification cracking of austenenitic stainless steel welds. Met. Constr. 117: 40R-46R
37. Kurz W, Fischer D J 1985 Fundamentals of solidification (New York: Trans. Tech.)
38. Ei E, Messler R W 1999 The effects of phosphorus and sulfur on susceptibility to weld hot cracking in austenitic stainless steels. Weld. J. 88: 387-s-396-s
39. Lin W, Nelson T, Eippold J C 1992 In Proc. 'Eighth Annual North American Welding Research Conference ' (Columbus, OH: Am. Welding Soc./Edison Welding Inst./TWI) pp 1-6
40. Lingenfelter A C 1972 Varestraint testing of nickel alloys. Weld. J. 51: 430s-436s.
41. Lundin C D, DeEong W T, Spond D F 1975 Ferrite-fissuring relationships in austenitic stainless steel weld metals. Weld. J. 54: 241s-246s
42. Lundin C D, Chou C-P D, Sullivan D J 1980 Hot cracking resistance of austenitic stainless steel weld metals. Weld. J. 59: 226s-232s
43. Lundin C D, Eingenfelter A C, Grotke G E, Eessman G G, Matthews S J 1982 The varestraint test. Weld. Res. Bull. (280): 1-19
44. Lundin C D, Chou C-P D 1983 Hot cracking of austenitic stainless steels weld metals. WRC Bull. No. 289
45. Lundin C D, Menon R, Eee C H, Osorio V 1986 New concepts in varestraint testing for hot cracking. In Welding Research: The State of the Art, JDC University Research Symposium Proceedings, ASM, pp 33-42
46. Lundin C D, Eee C H, Menon R, Osorio V 1988a Weldability evaluations of modified 316 and 347 austenitic stainless steels: Part I - preliminary results. Weld. J. 67: 35s-46s
47. Lundin C D, Eee C H, Menon R 1988b Hot ductility and weldability of free machining austenitic stainless steel. Weld. J. 67: 119s-130s
48. Lundin C D, Eee C H, Qiao C Y P 1988c Group sponsored study - weldability and hot ductility behaviour of nuclear grade austenitic stainless steels. Final Report, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
49. Massalski T B 1996 A Hoy phase diagrams (Metals Park, OH: ASM)
50. Masumoto I, Takami K, Kutsuna M 1972 Hot cracking of austenitic stainless steel weld metal. J. Jpn. Welding Soc. 41: 1306-1314
51. Matsuda F 1990 Hot crack susceptibility of weld metal. In Advances in welding metallurgy (Miami, FL: Am. Welding Soc./Jap. Welding Soc./Japn. Welding Eng. Soc.) pp 19-35
52. Matsuda F, Nakagawa H, Nakara K, Sasaki I 1976 Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 5: 53-67
53. Matsuda F, Nakagawa H, Uehara T, Katayama S, Arata Y 1979 A new explanation for role of <5-ferrite improving weld solidification crack susceptibility in austenitic stainless steel. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 8: 105-112
54. Matsuda F, Katayama S, Arata Y 1981 Solidification crack susceptibility in weld metals of fully austenitic stainless steels - solidification crack susceptibility and amount of phosphide and sulphide in SUS 310 weld metal. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 10: 201-212
55. Matsuda F, Nakagawa H, Katayama S, Arata Y 1982a Solidification crack susceptibility in weld metals of fully austenitic stainless steels (report VI) - effect of La or REM addition on solidification crack resistance. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 11: 79-94
56. Matsuda F, Nakagawa H, Sorada K 1982b Dynamic observation of solidification and solidification cracking during welding with optical microscope. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 11: 67-77
57. Matsuda F, Nakagawa H, Katayama S, Arata Y 1983a Solidification crack susceptibility in weld metals of fully austenitic stainless steels (report VIII) - effect of nitrogen on cracking in SUS 304 weld metal. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 12: 89-95
58. Matsuda F, Katayama S, Arata Y 1983b Solidification crack susceptibility in weld metals of fully austenitic stainless steels (report IX) - effect of titanium on solidification crack resistance. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 12: 87-92
59. Matsuda F, Nakagawa H, Kato I, Murata Y 1986 Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 15: 99-112
60. Matsuda F, Nakagawa H, Eee J B 1989a Weld cracking in duplex stainless steel (Report II) - modelling of cellular dendritic growth during weld solidification. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 18: 107-117
61. Matsuda F, Nakagawa H, Eee J B 1989b Weld cracking in duplex stainless steel (Report III) - numerical analysis of solidification BTR in stainless steel. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 18: 119-126
62. Maziasz P J 1989 Developing an austenitic stainless steel for improved performance in advanced fossil power facilities. J. Met. 12: 14-20
63. Medovar I 1954 On the nature of weld hot cracking. Avtomatich. Svarka 7: 12-28
64. Menon R, Kotecki D J 1989 Literature review - nitrogen in stainless steel weld metal. WRC Bull. No. 389, pp 142-161
65. Mills K C, Keene B J 1990 Int. Mater. Rev. 35: 185-216
66. Miura M 1981 Weldability of austenitic stainless steel tubes. J. Sumitomo Met. 34: 201-213
67. Mudali U K, Dayal R K, Gill T P S, Gnanamoorthy J B 1986 Influence of nitrogen addition on microstructure and pitting corrosion resistance of austenitic weld metals. Werkstoffe Korros. 37: 637-643
68. Ogawa T, Tsunetomi E 1982 Hot cracking susceptibility of austenitic stainless steels. Weld. J. 61: 82s-93s
69. Ogawa T, Suzuki K, Zaizen T 1984 The weldability of nitrogen-containing austenitic stainless steel: part II - porosity, cracking and creep properties. Weld. J. 63: 213s-223s
70. Olson D E 1985 Prediction of austenitic weld metal microstructure and properties. Weld. J. 64: 281s-295s
71. Omsen A, Eliasson E 1971 Distribution of nitrogen during solidification of a 17-5Cr-13Ni-2-8Mo stainless steel. J. Iron Steel Inst. 10: 830-833
72. Pehlke R D, Elliott J F 1960 Trans. A/ME 218: 1088-1101
73. Pellini W S 1952 Strain theory of hot tearing. Foundry November 1952, p 125
74. Pepe J J, Savage W F 1967 Effects of constitutional liquation on 18-Ni maraging steel weldments. Weld. J. 46:411s-422s
75. Persson N G 1971 The influence of sulphur on the structure and weldability of a titanium-bearing austenitic stainless steel. Proc. of the Soviet-Swedish Symposium. Clean Steel, Sandviken, Sweden I: 142-151
76. Prokhorov N N, Prokhorov N Nikol 1971 Fundamentals of the theory for technological strength of metals while crystallizing during welding. Trans Jap. Welding Soc. 2: 109-117
77. Rabensteiner G, Tosch J, Schaberiter H 1983 Hot cracking problems in different fully austenitic weld metals. Weld. J. 62:21s-27s
78. Savage W F, Lundin C D 1965 Application of the varestraint technique to the study of weldability. Weld. J. 45: 497s-503s
79. Schaeffler A L 1949 Constitution diagram for stainless steel weld metal. Met. Progr. 56: 680-680B Scherer R, Riedrich G, Hougardy H 1941 US Patent 2 240 672
80. Semenyuk N I, Rabkin D M, Korshun A O 1986 Determining the hot cracking temperature range in the welding of aluminium alloys. Autom. Weld. 39: 16-18
81. Shankar V 2000 Role of compositional factors in hot cracking of austenitic stainless steel weldments. PhD thesis, Indian Institute of Technology - Madras, Chennai
82. Shankar V, Gill T P S, Terrance A L E, Mannan S L, Sundaresan S 2000a Relation between microstructure, composition and hot cracking in Ti-stabilised austenitic stainless steel weldments. Metall. Mater. Trans. A31: 3109-3122
83. Shankar V, Gill T P S, Mannan S L, Sundaresan S 2000b Criteria for hot cracking evaluation in austenitic stainless steel welds using the longitudinal varestraint and transvarestraint tests. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 5: 91-97
84. Siewert T A, McCowan C N, Olson D L 1988 Ferrite number prediction to 100 FN in stainless steel weld metal. Weld. J. 37: 289s-298s
85. Smith C S 1948 Grains, phases and interfaces: an interpretation of microstructure. Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Eng. 175: 15-51
86. Stevens S M 1989 Forms of nitrogen in weld metal. WRC Bull. (369): pp 1-2
87. Suutala N, Moisio T 1979 Solidification technology in the foundry and the casthouse (London: The Metals Society)
88. Suutala N 1982 Effect of manganese and nitrogen on the solidification mode in austenitic stainless steel welds. Met. Trans. A13: 2121-2130
89. Suutala N 1983 Effect of solidification conditions on the solidification mode in austenitic stainless steels. Met. Trans. A14: 191-197
90. Thier H, Killing R, Killing U 1987 Solidification modes of weldments in corrosion resistant steels -how to make them visible. Met. Constr. 19: 127-130
91. Vitek J M, Iskander Y S, Oblow E M 2000 Improved ferrite number prediction in stainless steel are welds using artificial neural networks - Parts I and II. Weld. J. 79: 33-s-40-s, 41-s-50-s
92. Won Y M, Yeo T-J, Seol D J, Oh K H 2000 A new criterion for internal crack formation in continuously cast steels. Met. Mater. Trans. B31: 779-794
93. Wolstenholme D A 1973 Weld crater cracking in Incoloy 800. Weld. Met. Fabrication 41: 433-438
94. Zhitnikov N P 1981 The hot cracking resistance of austenitic CrNi weld metal and weld zone in relation to nitrogen content. Weld. Prod. 3: 14-16