On the nature of PMSE: Electron diffusion in the vicinity of charged particles revisited

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Volumn 108, Issue 8, 2003, Pages

  Rapp, Markus ^a   Lübken, Franz Josef ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aerosol particles; Mesopause region; Neutral air turbulence; PMSE

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; DIFFUSION; ELECTRON; IONOSPHERE; MESOPAUSE; POLAR MESOSPHERE SUMMER ECHO;

EID: 0242334913     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002857     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Andreassen, O., C. Wasberg, D. Fritts, and J. Isler, Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions, 1, Model description and comparison of two-dimensional evolutions, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8095-8108, 1994.
2. Batchelor, G. K., Small-scale variation of convected quantities like temperature in a turbulent fluid, J. Fluid Mech., 5, 113-133, 1959.
3. Blix, T. A., Small scale plasma and charged aerosol variations and their importance for polar mesosphere summer echoes, Adv. Space Res., 24, 537-546, 1999.
4. Blix, T. A., and E. Thrane, Noctilucent clouds and regions with polar mesospheric summer echoes studied by means of rocket-borne electron and ion DC-probes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2303-2306, 1993.
5. Blix, T. A., M. Rapp, and F.-J. Lübken, Relations between small scale electron number density fluctuations, radar backscatter and charged aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002430, in press, 2003.
6. Chaxel, Y., Radar and modelling studies of polar mesospheric summer echoes, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Coll., London, 1997.
7. Cho, J., W. Swartz, M. Kelley, and C. Miller, CUPRI observations of PMSE during salvo B of NLC-91: Evidence of both partial reflection and turbulent scatter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2291-2294, 1993.
8. Cho, J. Y., and M. C. Kelley, Polar mesosphere summer radar echoes, Rev. Geophys., 31, 243-265, 1993.
9. Cho, J. Y., C. M. Alcala, M. C. Kelley, and W. E. Swartz, Further effects of charged aerosols on summer mesospheric radar scatter, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 661-672, 1996.
10. Cho, J. Y. N., Radar scattering from the summer polar mesosphere: Theory and observations, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y., 1993.
11. Cho, J. Y. N., and J. Röttger, An updated review of polar mesosphere summer echoes: Observation, theory, and their relationship to noctilucent clouds and subvisible aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 2001-2020, 1997.
12. Cho, J. Y. N., T. M. Hall, and M. C. Kelley, On the role of charged aerosols in polar mesosphere summer echoes, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 875-886, 1992.
13. Croskey, C., J. Mitchell, M. Friedrich, K. Torkar, U.-P. Hoppe, and R. Goldberg, Electrical structure of pmse and nlc regions during the dropps program, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1427-1430, 2001.
14. Czechowsky, P., and R. Rüster, VHF radar observations of turbulent structures in the polar mesopause region, Ann. Geophys., 15, 1028-1036, 1997.
15. Czechowsky, P., R. Rüster, and G. Schmidt, Variations of mesospheric structures in different seasons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 459-462, 1979.
16. Ecklund, W. L., and B. B. Balsley, Long-term observations of the arctic mesosphere with the MST radar at Poker Flat, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7775-7780, 1981.
17. Gibson-Wilde, D., J. Werne, D. Fritts, and R. Hill, Direct numerical simulation of VHF radar measurements of turbulence in the mesosphere, Radio Sci., 35, 783-798, 2000.
18. Havnes, O., F. Melandsø, C. L. Hoz, T. K. Aslaksen, and T. Hartquist, Charged dust in the Earth's mesopause: Effects on radar backscatter, Phys. Ser., 45, 535-544, 1992.
19. Havnes, O., L. I. Næsheim, T. Hartquist, G. E. Morfill, F. Melandsø, B. Schleicher, J. Trøim, T. Blix, and E. Thrane, Meter-scale variations of the charge carried by mesospheric dust, Planet. Space Sci., 44, 1191-1194, 1996a.
20. Havnes, O., J. Trøim, T. Blix, W. Mortensen, L. I. Næsheim, E. Thrane, and T. Tønnesen, First detection of charged dust particles in the Earth's mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10,839-10,847, 1996b.
21. Havnes, O., A. Brattli, T. Aslaksen, W. Singer, R. Latteck, T. Blix, E. Thrane, and J. Trørn, First common volume observations of layered plasma structures and polar mesospheric summer echoes by rocket and radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1419-1422, 2001.
22. Heisenberg, W., Zur statistischen Theorie der Turbulenz, Z. Phys., 124, 628-657, 1948.
23. Hill, R. J., Nonneutral and quasi-neutral diffusion of weakly ionized multi-constituent plasma, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 989-998, 1978.
24. Hill, R. J., and K. A. Mitton, Turbulence-induced ionization fluctuations in the lower ionosphere, NOAA Tech. Rep. 454-ETL 68, pp. 1-112, 1998.
25. Hill, R. J., D. E. Gibson-Wilde, J. A. Werne, and D. C. Fritts, Turbulence-induced fluctuations in ionization and application to PMSE, Earth Planet. Space, 51, 499-513, 1999.
26. Hocking, W. K., Measurement of turbulent energy dissipation rates in the middle atmosphere by radar techniques: A review, Radio Sci., 20, 1403-1422, 1985.
27. Hoffmann, P., W. Singer, and J. Bremer, Mean seasonal and diurnal variation of PMSE and winds from 4 years of radar observations at ALOMAR, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1525-1528, 1999.
28. Kelley, M. C., D. T. Farley, and J. Röttger, The effect of cluster ions on anomalous VHF backscatter from the summer polar mesosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 1031-1034, 1987.
29. Klostermeyer, J., A height- and time-dependent model of polar mesosphere summer echoes, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6715-6727, 1997.
30. Kopp, E., P. Eberhardt, U. Herrmann, and L. Björn, Positive ion composition of the high latitude summer D-region with noctilucent clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 13,041-13,051, 1985.
31. Latteck, R., W. Singer, and H. Bardey, The ALWIN MST radar: Technical design and performance, in Proceedings of the 14th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, Potsdam, Germany, ESA SP, vol. 437, pp. 179-184, Eur. Space Agency, Noordwijk, Neth., 1999.
32. Lübken, F. J., On the extraction of turbulent parameters from atmospheric density fluctuations, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20,385-20,395, 1992.
33. Lübken, F.-J., G. Lehmacher, T. Blix, U.-P. Hoppe, E. Thrane, J. Cho, and W. Swartz, First in-situ observations of neutral and plasma density fluctuations within a PMSE layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2311-2314, 1993.
34. Lübken, F.-J., M. Rapp, T. Blix, and E. Thrane, Microphysical and turbulent measurements of the Schmidt number in the vicinity of polar mesosphere summer echoes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 893-896, 1998.
35. Lübken, F.-J., M. Rapp, and P. Hoffmann, Neutral air turbulence and temperatures in the vicinity of polar mesosphere summer echoes, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000915, 2002.
36. Mitchell, J., C. Croskey, and R. Goldberg, Evidence for charged aerosol particles and associated meter-scale structure in identified PMSE/NLC regions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1423-1426, 2001.
37. Rapp, M., and F.-J. Lübken, Electron temperature control of PMSE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3285-3288, 2000.
38. Rapp, M., F.-J. Lübken, A. Müllemann, G. E. Thomas, and E. J. Jensen, Small scale temperature variations in the vicinity of NLC: Experimental and model results, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4392, doi:10.1029/2001JD001241, 2002.
39. Rapp, M., F.-J. Lübken, P. Hoffmann, R. Latteck, G. Baumgarten, and T. A. Blix, PMSE dependence on aerosol charge, number density and aerosol size, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002650, in press, 2003.
40. Reid, G. C., Ice particles and electron "bite-outs" at the summer polar mesopause, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,891-13,896, 1990.
41. Röttger, J., Polar mesosphere summer echoes: Dynamics and aeronomy of the mesosphere, Adv. Space Res., 14, 123-137, 1994.
42. Røyrvik, O., and L. G. Smith, Comparison of mesospheric VHF radar echoes and rocket probe electron concentration measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9014-9022, 1984.
43. Smiley, B., S. Robertson, M. Horanyi, T. Blix, M. Rapp, R. Latteck, and J. Gumbel, Measurement of negatively and positively charged particles inside PMSE during MIDAS SOLSTICE 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002425, in press, 2003.
44. Swartz, W., J. Cho, and C. Miller, CUPRI system configuration for NLC-91 and observations of PMSE during Salvo A, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2287-2290, 1993.
45. Trakhtengerts, V. Y., and A. G. Demekhov, Nonequilibrium electron density fluctuations and wave scattering in the mesosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57, 1153-1164, 1995.
46. Ulwick, J. C., K. D. Baker, M. C. Kelley, B. B. Balsley, and W. L. Ecklund, Comparison of simultaneous MST radar and electron density probe measurements during STATE, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6989-7000, 1988.
47. Ulwick, J. C., M. C. Kelley, C. Alcala, T. Blix, and E. V. Thrane, Evidence for two different structuring and scattering mechanisms and the associated role of aerosols in the polar summer mesosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2307-2310, 1993.
48. von Cossart, G., J. Fiedler, and U. von Zahn, Size distributions of nlc particles as determined from 3-color observations of nlc by ground-based lidar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1513-1516, 1999.
49. Witt, G., The nature of noctilucent clouds, Space Res., IX, 157-169, 1969.
50. Zeidler, E., Teubner-Taschenbuch der Mathematik, Teubner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996.